Suchergebnisse

Most air pollution research conducted in Brazil has focused on assessing the daily-term effects of pollutants, but little is known about the health effects of air pollutants at an intermediate time term. The objective of this study was to determine the monthly-term association between air pollution and respiratory morbidity in five cities in South Brazil. An ecological time-series study was performed using the municipality as the unit of observation in five cities in South Brazil (Gravataí ; Triunfo, Esteio, Canoas, and Charqueadas) between 2013 and 2016. Data for hospital admissions was obtained from the records of the Hospital Information Service. Air pollution data, including PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 (µ ; g/m3) were obtained from the environmental government agency in Rio Grande do Sul State. Panel multivariable Poisson regression models were adjusted for monthly counts of respiratory hospitalizations. An increase of 10 &mu ; g/m3 in the monthly average concentration of PM10 was associated with an increase of respiratory hospitalizations in all age groups, with the maximum effect on the population aged between 16 and 59 years (IRR: Incidence rate ratio 2.04 (95% CI: Confidence interval = 1.97&ndash ; 2.12)). For NO2 and SO2, stronger intermediate-term effects were found in children aged between 6 and 15 years, while for O3 higher effects were found in children under 1 year. This is the first multi-city study conducted in South Brazil to account for intermediate-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory health.

IntroductionAlterations in duration of gestation and fetal growth such as preterm birth (PTB) or small and large for gestational age (SGA, LGA) have long-term consequences on respiratory health. The risk of health services use for respiratory conditions in infants born PTB, SGA or LGA in Canada needs to be evaluated.
Objectives and ApproachWe evaluated the association between PTB, SGA and LGA and health services utilization for respiratory diseases in early childhood. We linked three administrative health databases to identify all singleton live births in Alberta between 2005-2010. We obtained data on the number of hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits in the first five years of life for acute upper respiratory infections, acute lower respiratory infections, wheezing disorders, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and influenza and pneumonia. Odds ratios (OR) of health services use for PTB, SGA, LGA were calculated adjusting for important covariates (e.g., maternal age, sex, socioeconomic status, total antepartum risk score).
ResultsThe cohort contained 206,994 infants of whom 9.1% were PTB, 8.5% were SGA and 9.4% were LGA. Babies born prematurely (PTB) were more likely to have a respiratory disease in the first five years of life than babies experienced fetal growth alterations (SGA or LGA). PTB increased significantly the odds of acute lower respiratory infections by 30 to 90%, of wheezing disorders by 40 to 70%, of influenza and pneumonia by 30 to 60%, and of acute upper respiratory infections by 10 to 50%. By contrast, SGA increased the odds of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by 3 to 300%, and LGA increased the odds of acute upper respiratory infections by 11 to 18% and of acute lower respiratory infections by 8 to 11%.
Conclusion/ImplicationsPrematurity and alterations in fetal growth are associated with increased hospital and ED admissions in early childhood. The patterns differ for PTB, SGA, and LGA. Linkage of administrative health data provides useful epidemiological evidence to inform the burden of early childhood respiratory diseases resulting from adverse birth outcomes.

Most air pollution research conducted in Brazil has focused on assessing the daily-term effects of pollutants, but little is known about the health effects of air pollutants at an intermediate time term. The objective of this study was to determine the monthly-term association between air pollution and respiratory morbidity in five cities in South Brazil. An ecological time-series study was performed using the municipality as the unit of observation in five cities in South Brazil (Gravataí, Triunfo, Esteio, Canoas, and Charqueadas) between 2013 and 2016. Data for hospital admissions was obtained from the records of the Hospital Information Service. Air pollution data, including PM(10), SO(2), CO, NO(2), and O(3) (µg/m(3)) were obtained from the environmental government agency in Rio Grande do Sul State. Panel multivariable Poisson regression models were adjusted for monthly counts of respiratory hospitalizations. An increase of 10 μg/m(3) in the monthly average concentration of PM(10) was associated with an increase of respiratory hospitalizations in all age groups, with the maximum effect on the population aged between 16 and 59 years (IRR: Incidence rate ratio 2.04 (95% CI: Confidence interval = 1.97–2.12)). For NO(2) and SO(2), stronger intermediate-term effects were found in children aged between 6 and 15 years, while for O(3) higher effects were found in children under 1 year. This is the first multi-city study conducted in South Brazil to account for intermediate-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory health.

This paper explores the association between acute respiratory morbidity and different measures of exposure to airborne particulate matter, including sulfates, total suspended particulates, and fine and inhalable particulates. Regression analysis was used to test for the impacts of these alternative measures of particulate matter on respiratory morbidity using the 1979–1981 annual Health Interview Surveys and EPA's Inhalable Particle Monitoring Network. The general results indicate that, of the surrogate measures for particulate matter, sulfates appear to have the greatest association with morbidity. To the extent that sulfuric acid aerosols are correlated with airborne sulfates, the results suggest that respiratory impairment sufficient to lead to days of reduced activity may be related to the existence of acidity in the air. These findings are consistent with the results of ecological studies reporting an association between mortality and exposures to fine particles and sulfates.

SummaryThis study is based on the 1983 Rural Health Survey of Ethiopia. Patterns and levels of child morbidity by age, sex, geographic region, and sanitary facilities are examined. Morbidity levels peak in the second year of life. Diarrhoeal diseases are of major importance, especially among infants and toddlers. Parasitic diseases, and respiratory diseases other than pneumonia, become increasingly important with age.There are no significant sex differentials in morbidity except for higher rates of diarrhoeal diseases among female children. Geographic differentials are quite marked with particularly high morbidity levels from all disease types in the western mountainous regions of Ethiopia. Access to high quality drinking water, a latrine, and garbage disposal, are strongly related to reduced overall morbidity levels, though not necessarily to reduced diarrhoeal disease levels.

The article sets out the views on the causes of the incidence of various categories of military personnel with acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract (hereinafter – ARI URT), as having the greatest military and epidemiological significance for almost all military contingents.According to the results of a study of literature data, two groups of reasons for the formation of the incidence of acute respiratory infections of the airborne diseases are identified: external (associated with the exposure of military personnel to specific factors of military service) and internal (associated with the characteristics of individual susceptibility to this group of infections).Based on the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of military servicemen on conscription, the development features of the epidemic process of ARI URT in military units and compounds are shown.According to the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence rate of cadets at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy for 2011-2017 and a comparative analysis of the reversal rate for completed cases, the presence and relatively stable proportion of military personnel exposed to frequent ARI diseases of the airborne diseases throughout the entire 6-year period has been shown period of study.The results of a combined socio-psychological study in groups of often and rarely ill cadets are shown, showing individual signs and psychological characteristics, according to which individual military personnel can be assigned to the risk contingents of increased susceptibility to ARI URT for the purpose of organizing personalized sanitary-antipyretic (preventive) measures. ; В статье изложены взгляды на причины формирования заболеваемости разных категорий военнослужащих острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей как имеющими наибольшую военноэпидемиологическую значимость практически для всех воинских контингентов. По результатам изучения литературных данных выделены две группы причин формирования заболеваемости острых респираторных инфекций верхних дыхательных путей: внешние (связанные с воздействием на военнослужащих специфических факторов военной службы) и внутренние (связанные с особенностями индивидуальной восприимчивости к данной группе инфекций). На основе результатов ретроспективного эпидемиологического анализа заболеваемости военнослужащих по призыву показаны особенности развития эпидемического процесса острых респираторных инфекций верхних дыхательных путей в воинских частях и соединениях. По результатам ретроспективного эпидемиологического анализа персонифицированной заболеваемости курсантов Военномедицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова за 2011–2017 гг. и сравнительного анализа обращаемости по законченным случаям показаны наличие и относительно стабильная доля военнослужащих, подверженных частым заболеваниям острых респираторных инфекций верхних дыхательных путей на протяжении всего 6-летнего периода обучения. Приведены результаты комбинированного социопсихологического исследования в группах часто и редко болеющих курсантов, показывающие индивидуальные признаки и психологические особенности, по которым отдельные военнослужащие могут быть отнесены к контингентам риска повышенной восприимчивости к острым респираторным инфекциям верхних дыхательных путей для целей организации персонализированных санитарно-противоэпидемических (профилактических) мероприятий.

The populations in the vicinity of surface coal mining activities have a higher risk of morbidity due to diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory and hypertensive diseases, as well as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Despite the large and historical volume of coal production in Queensland, the main Australian coal mining state, there is little research on the association of coal mining exposures with morbidity in non-occupational populations in this region. This study explored the association of coal production (Gross Raw Output—GRO) with hospitalisations due to six disease groups in Queensland using a Bayesian spatial hierarchical analysis and considering the spatial distribution of the Local Government Areas (LGAs). There is a positive association of GRO with hospitalisations due to circulatory diseases (1.022, 99% CI: 1.002–1.043) and respiratory diseases (1.031, 95% CI: 1.001–1.062) for the whole of Queensland. A higher risk of circulatory, respiratory and chronic lower respiratory diseases is found in LGAs in northwest and central Queensland; and a higher risk of hypertensive diseases, diabetes mellitus and lung cancer is found in LGAs in north, west, and north and southeast Queensland, respectively. These findings can be used to support public health strategies to protect communities at risk. Further research is needed to identify the causal links between coal mining and morbidity in non-occupational populations in Queensland.

Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed disability for children. After adjusting for several socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate that an independent and statistically significant association exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that: (1) smokers will have a 55–75% excess in days with respiratory conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity; (2) a 1 μg increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3) a pack‐a‐day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed disability days for young children living in the household by 20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate.

Here we provide insights into conditions behind developing morbidity pattern in various categories of military personnel (a call-up for military service in military units and compounds, as well as cadets in military educational organizations of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) with acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract, having the greatest military-epidemiological importance for almost all military contingents.After investigating literary data, two groups of conditions for emerging disease patterns of acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract have been identified: external (related to the impact of specific factors of military service on military personnel) and internal (related to the peculiarities of individual susceptibility to infections). Based on the results of the retrospective epidemiological analysis on incidence of acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract, the peculiarities of the course of the epidemic process for infectious diseases among military personnel performing military service on conscription in military units and compounds, as well as in the Military Medical Academy named after S.M.Kirov for in the years 2011-2017 are shown. It is shown that the intra-annual dynamics of morbidity (according to the average monthly indicators) was uneven and formed two clearly shaped seasonal rises, significantly exceeding the upper limit of the year-round morbidity. At the same time, differences in the organization of educational and performance activities of different categories of military personnel have been identified, which have different effects on shaping morbidity. According to the 2011-2017 results of retrospective epidemiological analysis of personalized morbidity for cadets of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M.Kirov and comparative attendance analysis on revealed cases, the presence and relatively stable portion of military personnel who were more likely to have acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract during entire 6-year training period is shown.Based on the results of the analysis of the calculated average annual incidence of diseases with acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract, it was established that the distribution of cadets within the examined faculties of the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy was uneven in accordance with the four selected groups on the average annual disease incidence. There were highlighted cadets often sick and rarely acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract. The results of the combined socio-psychological study in groups of frequent and rare sick cadets are presented, showing individual signs and behavioural features, according to which individual soldiers can be classified as contingents of increased susceptibility risk to acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract for organizing personalized sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures. ; В статье изложены взгляды на условия формирования заболеваемости разных категорий военнослужащих (проходящих военную службу по призыву в воинских частях и соединениях, а также курсантов, обучающихся в военных образовательных организациях Министерства обороны Российской Федерации) острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей, как имеющими наибольшую военно-эпидемиологическую значимость практически для всех воинских контингентов. По результатам изучения литературных данных выделены две группы условий формирования заболеваемости острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей: внешние (связанные с воздействием на военнослужащих специфических факторов военной службы) и внутренние (связанные с особенностями индивидуальной восприимчивости к данной группе инфекций). На основе результатов ретроспективного эпидемиологического анализа заболеваемости острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей показаны особенности течения эпидемического процесса инфекционных заболеваний из данной группы среди военнослужащих, проходящих военную службу по призыву в воинских частях и соединениях, а также в Военно-медицинской академии им.С.М.Кирова за 2011-2017 годы. Показано, что внутригодовая динамика заболеваемости (по среднемесячным показателям) распределялась неравномерно и формировала два чётко выраженных сезонных подъема, достоверно превышающих верхний предел круглогодичной заболеваемости. При этом выявлены различия в организации учебной и служебной деятельности различных категорий военнослужащих, оказывающие разное влияние на формирование заболеваемости. По результатам ретроспективного эпидемиологического анализа персонифицированной заболеваемости курсантов Военно-медицинской академии им.С.М.Кирова за 2011-2017 годы и сравнительного анализа обращаемости по законченным случаям показано наличие и относительно стабильная доля военнослужащих, чаще других заболевавших острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей на протяжении всего 6-летнего периода обучения. По результатам анализа рассчитанной среднегодовой частоты возникновения заболеваний острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей установлена неравномерность распределения курсантов внутри обследованных факультетов Военно-медицинской академии им.С.М.Кирова в соответствии с четырьмя выделенными группами по среднегодовой частоте заболевания указанными инфекциями. Выделены курсанты, часто болеющие и редко болеющие острыми респираторными инфекциями верхних дыхательных путей. Приведены результаты комбинированного социо-психологического исследования в группах часто- и редкоболеющих курсантов, показывающие индивидуальные признаки и поведенческие особенности, по которым отдельные военнослужащие могут быть отнесены к контингентам риска повышенной восприимчивости к острым респираторным инфекциям верхних дыхательных путей для целей организации персонализированных санитарно-противоэпидемических (профилактических) мероприятий.

This article presents retrospective study of the morbidity and prevalence morbidity of respiratory organs among children from different age groups and regions according to Ukrainian Ministry of Health official government statistics from 2005 to 2014. It was established that in Ukraine during this period there was a tendency for increase of respiratory diseases indicators — morbidity оn 12.6% (from 762.67 to 858.94 on 1000 children population) and the prevalence on 8,5% (from 847.18 to 918.83 on 1000 children population). In a during from 2012 to 2014 it was recorded high and unstable index of respiratory diseases among children in the first year of their life, which fluctuated between 810.56–812.22 on 1000, children population. Child mortality rate 0.24–0.23 on 1000 children population, which is twice times lower in comparison with 2005. The analysis of statistics shows growth of respiratory morbidity among children from Ukraine.Key words: morbidity of respiratory organs, morbidity, prevalence of morbidity, children's the population, tendency. ; В статье представлены результаты ретроспективного исследования заболеваемости и распространенности болезней органов дыхания у детей разных возрастных групп по данным официальной государственной статистики МЗ Украины и в регионах Украины за период 2005–2014 годов. В Украине за этот период определена тенденция к увеличению показателей болезней органов дыхания: заболеваемости — на 12,6% (с 762,67 до 858,94 на 1000 дет. нас.) и распространенности — на 8,5% (с 847,18 до 918,83 на 1000 дет. нас.). За период с 2012 по 2014 гг. среди детей первого года жизни был зарегистрирован высокий и нестабильный показатель заболеваемости болезнями органов дыхания, колебавшийся в пределах 810,56–812,22 на 1000 дет. нас., показатель смертности — в пределах 0,24–0,23 на 1000 дет. нас., что вдвое ниже по сравнению с 2005 годом. Проведенный анализ статистических показателей свидетельствует о росте болезней органов дыхания у детей в Украине.Ключевые слова: болезни органов дыхания, заболеваемость, распространенность болезней, детское население, тенденции. ; У статті наведено результати ретроспективного дослідження захворюваності та поширеності хвороб органів дихання у дітей різних вікових груп за даними офіційної державної статистики МОЗ України за період 2005–2014 років. В Україні за цей період виявлено тенденцію до зростання показників хвороб органів дихання: захворюваності — на 12,6% (з 762,67 до 858,941000 дит. нас.) і поширеності — на 8,5% (з 847,18 до 918,83 1000 дит. нас.). За період з 2012 по 2014 роки серед дітей першого року життя було зареєстровано високий та нестабільний показник захворюваності хворобами органів дихання, який коливався в межах 810,56–812,22 на 1000 дит. нас., показник смертності — в межах 0,24–0,23 на 1000 дит. нас., що удвічі нижче порівняно з 2005 роком. Проведений аналіз статистичних показників свідчить про ріст хвороб органів дихання у дітей в Україні.Ключові слова: хвороби органів дихання, захворюваність, поширеність хвороб, дитяче населення, тенденції.