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Revocation of community supervision is a defining feature of American criminal law. Nearly 4.5 million people in the United States are on parole, probation, or supervised release, and 1/3 eventually have their supervision revoked, sending 350,000 to prison each year. Academics, activists, and attorneys warn that "mass supervision" has become a powerful engine of mass incarceration. This is the first Article to study theories of punishment in revocation of community supervision, focusing on the federal system of supervised release. Federal courts apply a primarily retributive theory of revocation, aiming to sanction defendants for their "breach of trust." However, the structure, statute, and purpose of supervised release all reflect a utilitarian design justified solely by deterrence and incapacitation, not retribution. A utilitarian approach to revocation would not just be a theoretical change, but also would have a real-world impact by shortening prison terms, mitigating racial bias, and ending consecutive sentencing. While scholars view courts as the government branch most protective of criminal defendants, the judiciary has played a key role in expanding the state's power to punish through retributive revocation. Judges may feel a personal stake in sanctioning disrespect of their authority, yet they should revoke supervised release only to deter and incapacitate.

Between 1944 and 1949 the United States Navy held a war crimes tribunal that tried Japanese nationals and members of Guam's indigenous Chamorro population who had worked for Japan's military government. In Sacred MenKeith L. Camacho traces the tribunal's legacy and its role in shaping contemporary domestic and international laws regarding combatants, jurisdiction, and property. Drawing on Giorgio Agamben's notions of bare life and Chamorro concepts of retribution, Camacho demonstrates how the U.S. tribunal used and justified the imprisonment, torture, murder, and exiling of accused Japanese and Chamorro war criminals in order to institute a new American political order. This U.S. disciplinary logic in Guam, Camacho argues, continues to directly inform the ideology used to justify the Guantánamo Bay detention center, the torture and enhanced interrogation of enemy combatants, and the American carceral state.

In Sacred men, Keith Camacho mines the trial transcripts of the US Navy War Crimes Tribunal Program that took place on Guam between 1945 and 1949. The trials have generally been celebrated for the efficiency and impartiality with which they dispensed justice on Japanese war criminals, but Camacho's work stands out as the first to focus attention on indigenous Chamorros who were also put on trial for crimes committed during wartime. Often, these men had been employees of the Japanese imperial government that had ruled the Northern Marianas since 1914. Others were Guam Chamorros and Japanese settlers who had lived on Guam under the pre-WWII American government until Japan successfully conquered the island in 1941. Chamorros also entered these courtrooms as witnesses, providing testimony against the accused. This exploration of internal tensions among the indigenous people of the islands complicates the simple colonizer/colonized dichotomies that proliferate in many recent historical writings about the Marianas. Nevertheless, the larger thesis of this book emphasizes the power disparity between Chamorros and both the Japanese and American colonial governments. [excerpt] ; N/A

South Buton Regency, as one of the tourism destinations in the Buton Islands, features a variety of tourist attractions. The government must manage parking costs in tourist areas, and every use of the budget must be transparent, so a village government strategy to turn strengths into opportunities, strategies to exploit weaknesses into opportunities, strategies to transform threats into strengths, and strategies to avoid threats is required. As a result, the goal of this research is to examine the village government's parking fee optimization technique to boost Regional Original Income. This type of study employs a qualitative approach and a descriptive approach, as well as a SWOT analysis. According to the SWOT analysis, the parking management of the Kaburaburana tourist area has been progressing well in an endeavor to boost tourism potential. However, these findings continue to present challenges or hurdles at various stages of the process.

The purpose of this research was to determine the implementation of Tana Toraja abattoir/Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) policy based on aspects of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. According to the research's findings, implementing the RPH retribution policy has successfully communicated, specifically transmission or channeling, transparency, and continuity. Officers and the general public are effectively informed of RPH regulations. However, low public awareness of paying retribution and the officers' indecisive attitude is not optimal. The implementation of the abattoir (RPH) levy policy in Tana Toraja Indonesia district in Rembon District is based on four research focuses, namely communication (transmission, clarity, and consistency), resources (staff, information, facilities, and authority), disposition (appointment of officers, the attitude of officers and incentives) and the bureaucratic structure has not been running optimally.

Levies are levies by retribution officials to compulsory compulsory levies with direct compliance and can be forced to collect, Understanding retribution Based on Agam Regency Local Regulation Number 01 of 2012 concerning Public Service Levy Article 1, is the collection of regions as payment for services or granting certain permits specifically provided and / or provided by the district government for personal or corporate interests. retribution is needed by the State in the numbers to provide services directly to the public. Formulation of problems1) Duties and Authorities of the Transportation Agency of Agam Regency in the implementation of parking fees on the edge of public roads, 2) The constraints faced by the Agam Regency Transportation Agency in the implementation of levies in edge of public roads 3) Efforts made by the Agam District Transportation Agency in the implementation of parking fees on the edge of public roads. The research method used by the writer in this study is the Sociological Research Method, namely by using document studies and interviews as a data source. The results of the research are: 1) the implementation of parking fees on the edge of public roads in Lubuk Basung Subdistrict, Agam Regency can be concluded that the implementation of parking fees on the side of public roads is good in terms of inspection, supervision is effective, but there are still things that need to be improved, especially improving supervision and guidance to parking attendants 2) factors that hinder the implementation of parker retribution due to the difficulty of collecting parking attendants so that they can be given direction in carrying out tasks 3) the efforts made by the Transportation Agency are to continuously improve supervision of parking attendants.Keywords: Parking Levy, Transportation Agency, Regional Regulation

e-Parking is a parking service to realize safe, comfortable and transparent parking, which is expected to be able to launch progressive rates so that disputes between parking attendants and the community can be avoided. E-Parking is intended to reduce the practice of illegal parking attendants and retribution leakage can be overcome. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with interview, observation and documentation data collection techniques. To assess the effectiveness of E-Parking using Budiani's theory which includes the accuracy of program targets, program socialization, program objectives and monitoring. The results showed that the city government of Samarindah has succeeded in providing a tax service program to the government. There are also several program objectives that have been achieved because the accuracy of the target has been right where the target is the community, the Samarinda City Transportation Service and the Parking Interpreter. The monitoring of the program has been effective, followed by mentoring and evaluation of improvements that have been routinely carried out.

How harshly should perpetrators of past abuses be punished, to reinforce the legitimacy of a new democracy? Drawing on sociopsychological theories, we hypothesize that prodemocratic mass attitudes are favored by the perception that defendants in transitional justice trials have been punished in a way that is morally proportional to their offenses. This perception is shaped by the social categorization of defendants and the opinions about the certainty of their guilt that predominate in the mass public. When defendants are largely seen as co-ethnics and their guilt is contested, like in the West German case, prodemocratic attitudes are likely to be strengthened by lighter punishments and undermined by harsher sanctions. The analysis of subnational variation in patterns of punishment in postwar West Germany confirms this hypothesis and shows that these attitudinal effects persist in the medium term. Our findings have implications for research on transitional justice and democratization.

Regional Own Source Revenue (PAD) is the regional government's principal source ofcapital, used to fund all expenditures and reduce reliance on payments from the federaland provincial governments. The size of the natural and tourism potential controlled bythe Government of Magelang Regency should significantly contribute to the PAD ofMagelang Regency, but it does not do so in practice. The purpose of this study is toassess the effectiveness and contribution of PAD sources in Magelang Regency,specifically local taxes and retributions on PAD. Secondary data in the form of a BudgetRealization Report (LRA) for the period 2016-2020 was utilised. The effectivenessanalysis revealed that the Government of Magelang Regency can collect local taxes veryefficiently for 5 (five) years in a row, with an annual effectiveness ratio exceeding 100%.Local retribution, on the other hand, has not been properly implemented, as evidenced bythe effectiveness ratio of local retribution, which varies year to year and is included inthe Less Effective group. Local taxes contribute enough to PAD, according tocontribution analysis, with an average contribution ratio of 34% in the Fairly Goodcategory. The contribution of local retributions to PAD, on the other hand, is included inthe Very Poor category, with an average contribution ratio of roughly 6% every year

In line with its aim, the nature of the research was of hypothesis testing through which, the effect of some empirical variables were analyses. Techniques of data collection used a table matrix on which all data of the identified variables were recorded. The data were computed statistically using path analysis. The research findings stated that there were partial and multiple effects of all the variables under the studies towards the investment boost on the toll roads. The significant multiple effect of all variables was indicated by the number of 87.43%. Meanwhile, the direct effect of natural resources was 22.09% and its effect through relationship with the five variables was 1.65%. The findings recommend the government as well as to the companies to be highly attentive to natural resources and to the five variables when building the toll roads. It is suggested that the government issue regulations for the investors' lenience, procurement, and safety. ; peer-reviewed

—The aim of this study is to determine the budgetary slack in the preparation of the target and identify the strategy being made by the Provincial Government of East Java in the optimizing retribution extension of IMTA. The informants used in this study are a levies collector and compulsory levies. The informants are derived from the levy collectors, among others treasurer reception, head of section for employment, staff IMTA Integrated Licensing Service (P2T), and the head of the Supervisory Norma Work. The informants from compulsory levies are based on the recommendation of staff from IMTA P2T.The results from this study indicated that the Chief Disnakertransduk Province of East Java, is an agency of the Governor of East Java Province in the public sector, which has created a budgetary slack in setting targets on IMTA levy extension. In optimization strategy levies extension, IMTA was done by issuing the Regional Regulation No. 15 in 2013. The intensification was done by expanding the revenue base, strengthening the collection process, improve supervision, increase efficiency and reduce the cost of collection and doing good planning. © 2019, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abstract:One of the important sources of regional income (APBD) to finance the implementation of regional government and development is local taxes. Regional Tax is a mandatory contribution owed by individual or corporate taxpayers to the region without direct compensation in balance. The research method used is a qualitative method with a statutory approach. The results of the study stated that the system of collecting regional taxes and regional retributions in the era of regional autonomy in terms of the Law on Regional Taxes and Levies was to adopt a self-assessment system; not adhere to the Government/Official assessment system. In addition, the system of collecting regional taxes and regional retributions in the era of regional autonomy has a smaller impact than the tax burden borne by the community. Therefore, the solution to this, the central government must continue to make major changes in the PDRD system.Keyword: Local Tax; APBD; PDRDAbstrak:Salah satu sumber pendapatan daerah (APBD) yang penting untuk membiayai pelaksanaan pemerintahan daerah dan pembangunan adalah Pajak Daerah. Pajak Daerah merupakan iuran wajib terutang yang dilakukan oleh wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi atau Badan kepada daerah tanpa imbalan langsung yang seimbang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa sistem pemungutan pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah di era otonomi daerah ditinjau dari Undang-Undang tentang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah adalah menganut sistem self asessment; bukan menganut sistem Government/Official assesment. Selain itu, sistem pemungutan pajak daerah dan retribusi daerah di era otonomi daerah memberikan dampak yang lebih kecil dari pada beban pajak yang diemban oleh masyarakat. Oleh karenanya, solusi terhadap hal tersebut, pemerintah pusat harus terus melakukan perubahan besar dalam sistem PDRD.Kata Kunci: Pajak Daerah; APBD; PDRD

Although weather shocks are a major source of income fluctuation, most of the world's poor lack insurance coverage against them. Absence of formal insurance contributes to poverty traps, as investment decisions are conflicted with risk management ones: risk-averse farmers tend to underinvest and produce lower yielding yet safer crops. In the past few years, weather index insurance has gained increasing attention as an effective tool to provide small-scale farmers coverage against aggregate shocks. However, there is little empirical evidence about its effectiveness. This paper studies the effect of the recently introduced rainfall-indexed insurance on farmers' productivity, risk management strategies, as well as per capita income and expenditure in Mexico. The identification strategy takes advantage of the variation across counties and across time in which the insurance was rolled-out. The analysis finds that the presence of insurance in treated counties has significant and positive effects on maize productivity. Similarly, there is a positive association between the presence of insurance in the municipality and rural households' per capita expenditure and income, although no significant relation is found between the presence of insurance and the number of hectares destined for maize production.

Abstract: Law no. 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation Regulations has established provincial and regencies / city regional regulations in the hierarchy of laws and regulations as well as regional legal products. In order to explore regional financial resources, regencies / cities can issue regional regulations regarding regional user fees. However, the presence of local regulations on retribution in several regencies / cities often results in problems in the community because the presence of these regulations will add burden to the community concerned and / or conflict with higher policies or regulations. On this basis the government through the Ministry of Home Affairs conducted supervision and many canceled the regional regulation on retribution in various regions including regencies / city areas in West Java. This paper aims to analyze the authority and purpose of the cancellation of regional regulations and their effects on the regencies / city financial area in West Java. This study uses an empirical juridical approach with descriptive analysis in analyzing the research problems. The results of the study showed that the cancellation of the regulation on retribution was intended as a repressive effort by the central government so that the regions were not too far in making the regulation on retribution, the central government had the authority to conduct supervision and guidance by reviewing provincial and regencies / city regional regulations, in addition to judicial review by the Supreme Court. The existence of the cancellation of regional regulation on retribution has an effect on the loss of Regional Original Revenue (PAD) as a source of regional finance. The loss of retribution also affects the level of effectiveness and efficiency of local government administration, especially in aspects that are supported by the retribution budget.Keywords: retribution; regional regulations; law. Abstrak:UU No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan telah menetapkan peraturan ...

As the fundamental reason for this research is that many people who do not have building permiyt (IMB) in Alor District is Rp12,553,100,000. Realization of Building permit License by local Government of Alor Regency trough Local revenue and asset service and 2010 amounted to 37,23%. This data shows that local government effort in realizing IMB retribition is still very low or not yet optimal. The research questions is How Potential Levy of Building Establishment (IMB) to local Own Revenue (PAD) in Alor Regency. How to optimalized potential levy of Building Establishment Permit (IMB) (PAD)in ALor Regeency. The purpose of this research is to know potential levy of Building Establishment Permit (IMB) to know optimalization of Potential Levy of Building Establishment Permit (IMB). The result showed that local government efforts in realizing IMB terribution is still very low or not optimal. In addition the potential of IMB levy that has not been optimized, among others,in 2010 amounted to Rp 12,531,000,000, in 2011 amounting to Rp 12,529,850,000 and in 2012 the potential of IMB levy not yet optimized is Rp 12,529,360,000. The realization of IMB levy for 2010 amounted to 9,89%,realization of IMB levy for 2011 amounted to 21,69% and the realization of IMB levy for the year 2012 amaounted to 22,49%. From this achievement, it can be concluded that the local government of Alor Regency has not maximized and the realization of IMB levy. IMB levy that has not been optimized for 2010 amounted to 90,11%, the realization of IMB levy that has not been optimized for the year 2011amounted to 79,16% and the realization of IMB levy that has not been optimized for the year 2012 amounted to 79,62%. From this achievement, it can be concluded that the district government of Alor has not yet optimized the IMB levy. The building owner does not have building permit because the requirements set bay the Office of Spatial Planning and Building Alor regency Contained in Local Regulation No.12 of 1998 on the license of Building Establishment is not yet complete. The majority of building owners still do not know about the procedures for the costruction of building permit due to lack of socialization provided by the government