Suchergebnisse

Syria is an agricultural developing country, characterized by semi-arid climate and high population growth rate, facing challenges related to mainly agriculture sector and food insecurity. The resolution of the latter is one of the Millennium Development Goal, which can be explicated by the goal to "eradicate extreme poverty and hunger". Within such a framework the present thesis is devoted to study the food security situation in Syria and the peculiar factors affecting the income of the poor household. In specific, the work investigates food security situation and explores the agricultural risks by studying their main types, current strategies, public management policies and the future possible improvements for risk management. A variety of analytical approaches have been used since the main methodologies for carrying out the research depending essentially on quantitative as qualitative analyses. As preliminary analysis, secondary data were used to investigate the food security situation, while secondary data on farm semi-structured survey and an ad hoc Delphi method survey have been implemented to examine the agricultural risks and risk management strategies. The food security situation seems very similar to that of other Middle Eastern countries like Jordan and Lebanon. Food aggregate and per capita availability have an acceptable level which is also applied to food accessibility and supply stability. In contrast, food utilization exhibits low level compared to other countries, and lies under the world average in some cases e.g. for many vitamins intake. Therefore, The Government of Syria (GOS) should fill in the gap of food deficiencies both by developing the agricultural products and introducing reforms to the trade sector especially those related to importing/exporting food stuff. The agricultural risks in Syria are related mainly to production, price and policy change risks. The mentioned risks are quite different both in type and intensity according to the different zones (Farming Systems). The yield risks result mostly from the increasing incidence of drought, frost, storm, flood and diseases, while price risks are related largely to the marketing constraints of the freely marketed crops (e.g. citrus, fruits and vegetables). Policy change risks (e.g. changes in macroeconomic policies or input/output prices) affect mainly the strategic crops (cotton, wheat and sugar beet) that are marketed by the state. Finally, idiosyncratic risks (individual or personal) seem not very relevant, on average, at the national level. Agricultural risk management policies and strategies are also different according to Syrian zones. In general, diversification of income sources and cultivated crops are the main strategies adopted by farmers, while adopting a risk sharing strategy like "agricultural insurance" is still unfavorable one. Finally, GOS institutions contribute to agricultural risk management by several means like the agricultural supporting policies including the agricultural disasters relief. However, much effort must be done by GOS to manage the agricultural risks including the establishment of agricultural insurance framework.

Privacy as a fundamental human right remains a challenge in our data-driven society. Legislators in developed countries did their best to enact laws to protect this right. The most well-established privacy law is the GDPR in the European Union. While the GDPR creates a detailed framework to define every aspect of interaction with data, there are still some gaps that remained. One of these gaps is the lack of numeric assessment methods to measure different risks that data subjects may face in a data breach situation. Based on Article 35 of the GDPR, EU companies are required to perform a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), but the law does not mention precisely how to do such assessments and does not provide any numeric methodologies. In this thesis work, we explain the details of this challenge and introduce different existing frameworks to overcome it. We get in details of the PRUDEnce, a framework to assess the re-identification risk in the background knowledge based attacks. The main contribution of this thesis is examining the PRUDEnce framework in the temporal purchasing footprints dataset of shopping baskets and proving the ability of the framework in providing a numeric risk assessment in such datasets. Our findings confirm the results of the main research paper and demonstrate how the risk changes numerically with the increment of the background knowledge of adversaries.

Lombardy is one of the most densely populated and industrialized regions in Europe, where nearly 280 Seveso sites are located. The issue of risk communication, as set by the European Seveso Directive is therefore of high relevance in this region. Nevertheless, the Lombardy Region Authorities consider that the implementation of the Directive's provisions is too weak. Therefore, the Lombardy Region financed an exploratory research in November 2009 and all the research activities ended in February 2011. (Éupolis Lombardia 2011). The research was conducted in order to estimate the existing gaps in risk communication, the subsequent conflicts and to evaluate how to improve the participation of the population in the emergency preparedness activities. The main goal of the project was to improve the communication of risk to the population exposed to industrial risks, hence to mitigate the related social conflict on the basis of an institutional learning process involving governmental bodies industrial organizations and the population. The project was supported by a multidisciplinary research group, which investigated the following aspects:- the regional activities regarding the risk communication at local level;- the nature and status of the main stakeholders groups' perception of the industrial risks and the existing conflicts, collected through interviews and groups' discussions;- the analysis of the gaps and ways of improvement related to an effective strategy of communication between industry, population and emergency services. A forum involving all the institutional stakeholders was set to discuss this issue.The paper reports the main results of the research and illustrates the potential strategies to improve the risk communication and the population participation and preparedness for the Lombardy Region. The results showed that the level of risk perception of the population in Lombardy is still too low to define a program of communication without having considered in more detail the mode of involvement of the population. In a context characterized by a distorted perception of risk, the low risk perception could be a sensitive issue that may impend the start of the communication process because it could generate anxiety, alarmism or unnecessary conflicts. Nevertheless, the experiments carried out showed that the population potentially exposed to the industrial risks, if properly involved, shows particular interest in issues related to prevention and self-protection. According to the main results of research project, the involvement of population into a dedicated programme on risk communication should not present a significant concern and the conflict between the industries and the population does not appear to be a particular obstacle to risk communication. On the contrary it was shown that collaboration could be beneficial for all the stakeholders while the most significant limitation to this process, is the low public perception of the problem. ; Lombardy is one of the most densely populated and industrialized regions in Europe, where nearly 280 Seveso sites are located. The issue of risk communication, as set by the European Seveso Directive is therefore of high relevance in this region. Nevertheless, the Lombardy Region Authorities consider that the implementation of the Directive's provisions is too weak. Therefore, the Lombardy Region financed an exploratory research in November 2009 and all the research activities ended in February 2011. (Éupolis Lombardia 2011). The research was conducted in order to estimate the existing gaps in risk communication, the subsequent conflicts and to evaluate how to improve the participation of the population in the emergency preparedness activities. The main goal of the project was to improve the communication of risk to the population exposed to industrial risks, hence to mitigate the related social conflict on the basis of an institutional learning process involving governmental bodies industrial organizations and the population. The project was supported by a multidisciplinary research group, which investigated the following aspects:- the regional activities regarding the risk communication at local level;- the nature and status of the main stakeholders groups' perception of the industrial risks and the existing conflicts, collected through interviews and groups' discussions;- the analysis of the gaps and ways of improvement related to an effective strategy of communication between industry, population and emergency services. A forum involving all the institutional stakeholders was set to discuss this issue.The paper reports the main results of the research and illustrates the potential strategies to improve the risk communication and the population participation and preparedness for the Lombardy Region. The results showed that the level of risk perception of the population in Lombardy is still too low to define a program of communication without having considered in more detail the mode of involvement of the population. In a context characterized by a distorted perception of risk, the low risk perception could be a sensitive issue that may impend the start of the communication process because it could generate anxiety, alarmism or unnecessary conflicts. Nevertheless, the experiments carried out showed that the population potentially exposed to the industrial risks, if properly involved, shows particular interest in issues related to prevention and self-protection. According to the main results of research project, the involvement of population into a dedicated programme on risk communication should not present a significant concern and the conflict between the industries and the population does not appear to be a particular obstacle to risk communication. On the contrary it was shown that collaboration could be beneficial for all the stakeholders while the most significant limitation to this process, is the low public perception of the problem.

Lombardy is one of the most densely populated and industrialized regions in Europe, where nearly 280 Seveso sites are located. The issue of risk communication, as set by the European Seveso Directive is therefore of high relevance in this region. Nevertheless, the Lombardy Region Authorities consider that the implementation of the Directive's provisions is too weak. Therefore, the Lombardy Region financed an exploratory research in November 2009 and all the research activities ended in February 2011. (Éupolis Lombardia 2011). The research was conducted in order to estimate the existing gaps in risk communication, the subsequent conflicts and to evaluate how to improve the participation of the population in the emergency preparedness activities. The main goal of the project was to improve the communication of risk to the population exposed to industrial risks, hence to mitigate the related social conflict on the basis of an institutional learning process involving governmental bodies industrial organizations and the population. The project was supported by a multidisciplinary research group, which investigated the following aspects:- the regional activities regarding the risk communication at local level;- the nature and status of the main stakeholders groups' perception of the industrial risks and the existing conflicts, collected through interviews and groups' discussions;- the analysis of the gaps and ways of improvement related to an effective strategy of communication between industry, population and emergency services. A forum involving all the institutional stakeholders was set to discuss this issue.The paper reports the main results of the research and illustrates the potential strategies to improve the risk communication and the population participation and preparedness for the Lombardy Region. The results showed that the level of risk perception of the population in Lombardy is still too low to define a program of communication without having considered in more detail the mode of involvement of the population. In a context characterized by a distorted perception of risk, the low risk perception could be a sensitive issue that may impend the start of the communication process because it could generate anxiety, alarmism or unnecessary conflicts. Nevertheless, the experiments carried out showed that the population potentially exposed to the industrial risks, if properly involved, shows particular interest in issues related to prevention and self-protection. According to the main results of research project, the involvement of population into a dedicated programme on risk communication should not present a significant concern and the conflict between the industries and the population does not appear to be a particular obstacle to risk communication. On the contrary it was shown that collaboration could be beneficial for all the stakeholders while the most significant limitation to this process, is the low public perception of the problem. ; Lombardy is one of the most densely populated and industrialized regions in Europe, where nearly 280 Seveso sites are located. The issue of risk communication, as set by the European Seveso Directive is therefore of high relevance in this region. Nevertheless, the Lombardy Region Authorities consider that the implementation of the Directive's provisions is too weak. Therefore, the Lombardy Region financed an exploratory research in November 2009 and all the research activities ended in February 2011. (Éupolis Lombardia 2011). The research was conducted in order to estimate the existing gaps in risk communication, the subsequent conflicts and to evaluate how to improve the participation of the population in the emergency preparedness activities. The main goal of the project was to improve the communication of risk to the population exposed to industrial risks, hence to mitigate the related social conflict on the basis of an institutional learning process involving governmental bodies industrial organizations and the population. The project was supported by a multidisciplinary research group, which investigated the following aspects:- the regional activities regarding the risk communication at local level;- the nature and status of the main stakeholders groups' perception of the industrial risks and the existing conflicts, collected through interviews and groups' discussions;- the analysis of the gaps and ways of improvement related to an effective strategy of communication between industry, population and emergency services. A forum involving all the institutional stakeholders was set to discuss this issue.The paper reports the main results of the research and illustrates the potential strategies to improve the risk communication and the population participation and preparedness for the Lombardy Region. The results showed that the level of risk perception of the population in Lombardy is still too low to define a program of communication without having considered in more detail the mode of involvement of the population. In a context characterized by a distorted perception of risk, the low risk perception could be a sensitive issue that may impend the start of the communication process because it could generate anxiety, alarmism or unnecessary conflicts. Nevertheless, the experiments carried out showed that the population potentially exposed to the industrial risks, if properly involved, shows particular interest in issues related to prevention and self-protection. According to the main results of research project, the involvement of population into a dedicated programme on risk communication should not present a significant concern and the conflict between the industries and the population does not appear to be a particular obstacle to risk communication. On the contrary it was shown that collaboration could be beneficial for all the stakeholders while the most significant limitation to this process, is the low public perception of the problem.

Summary of Contents * Introduction: The Work-Related Risk Todayby Gian Guido Balandi (Full Professor of Labour Law, Ferrara University) andLaura Calafà (Associate Professor of Labour Law, Verona University) Les RPS, révélateurs des ambiguïtés et de l'essoufflement de l'édifice social européensde Claude-Emmanuel Triomphe (Association Travail, Emploi, Europe, Société ASTREES), p. 3 The Prevention of Psychosocial Risks in European Union Law,by Marco Peruzzi (Research Fellow, Law Department, Verona University), p. 17 Les risques psychosociaux, une analyse juridique comparée entre le Nord et le Sud del'Europede Loïc Lerouge (Universitè Montesquieu, Bordeaux IV, responsable du programme derecherche "Approche juridique comparée des risques psychosociaux au travail. Démarche française et systèmes étrangers"), p. 37 National FocusesSpain Organización del trabajo, salud laboral y prevención de riesgos psicosociales en España: entre resistencias y avancesde Cristóbal Molina Navarrete (Catedrático de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social.Universidad de Jaén, Director Académico del Laboratorio-Observatorio de RiesgosPsicosiales. Gobierno Autonómico de Andalucía), p. 65Sweden The Prevention of Psychosocial Risks in the Workplace: Swedish Lawby Maria Steinberg (Senior Lecturer, Doctor of Law, Örebro University), p. 83 Belgium La Belgique face aux risques psychosociaux au travail. Focus sur la lutte contre le harcèlementde Véronique van der Plancke (Professeur de droit de travail, Université Notre-Dame de laPaix de Namur), p. 117 * Tutti i contributi inseriti in questo numero de "I Working Papers di Olympus" sono pubblicati, con traduzione in lingua italiana, in Lavoro e diritto, n. 2/2012, edito da "il Mulino" di Bologna.

In questi ultimi anni numerosi osservatori del settore sanitario, pur muovendo da prospettive differenti, hanno concordato nell'affermare l'esistenza di un singolare paradosso: sebbene in presenza di un progresso scientifico e tecnologico della medicina inarrestabile e innegabile, aumentano i casi di malpractice medica, con conseguente incremento esponenziale delle azioni giudiziarie intentate da pazienti e loro congiunti nei confronti dei medici e/o delle strutture sanitarie. Viene quindi a parlarsi sempre più spesso di aumento del "rischio sanitario" e di necessità di interventi finalizzati a studiarlo, identificarlo, razionalizzarlo, gestirlo e ridurlo. A questo complesso di attività si da il nome di Risk Management. Questo strumento, nel settore della sanità, è definito come l'insieme di varie azioni complesse messe in atto per migliorare la qualità delle prestazioni sanitarie e garantire la sicurezza del paziente attraverso la riduzione del rischio clinico. Il sistema sanitario è un sistema complesso per diverse variabili (specificità dei singoli pazienti, modelli gestionali diversi, esperienze professionali multiple), al pari di altri sistemi quali le centrali nucleari, l'aviazione, la difesa militare. Data la complessità dell'organizzazione, l'errore e la possibilità di un incidente non sono eliminabili; devono essere quindi utilizzati tutti gli strumenti possibili perché siano, almeno, controllabili. È fondamentale favorire le condizioni lavorative ideali e porre in atto un insieme di azioni che renda difficile per l'uomo sbagliare ed attuare difese in grado di arginare le conseguenze venutesi a creare dal verificarsi di un errore. È importante considerare l'errore come fonte di conoscenza e miglioramento per evitare il ripetersi delle circostanze che lo hanno generato e mettere in atto iniziative capaci di presidiare la sicurezza dell'assistenza sanitaria. In quest'ottica la gestione del rischio clinico, voluta dai recenti Piani Sanitari Nazionali e sempre più richiamata nei diversi Piani Sanitari Regionali, rappresenta l'insieme delle azioni messe in atto per migliorare la qualità delle prestazioni sanitarie e garantire la sicurezza del Paziente. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di fornire una panoramica dello strumento del Risk Management applicato alla sanità, focalizzandosi non solo sulle assicurazioni, sui reclami o sui casi più gravi, ma su una vera e propria prevenzione del rischio con la finalità di ridurre sia i rischi per l'utente che il danno economico, di immagine e di mercato per l'azienda.

Accessibility is a key factor in the ordinary life of cities and regions, but it becomes even more so in cases of emergencies and disasters. In the latter it is essential to keep transportation networks in service so as to provide assistance to those in need and to carry equipments and materials for search and rescue activities. Natural hazards may be an important threat for roads and railways, but they are barely considered in the design of future infrastructures. Instead, it is critical to be able to forecast how a given corridor may interact with existing hazards on the one hand and on the other to anticipate what would be the major obstacles in already existing networks. In this article a method to assess the vulnerability of lifelines to seismic risk will be illustrated. The latter was developed in the frame of a project funded by the Lombardia regional government in the years 1999-2001. This research linked the analysis of lifelines to other urban and regional systems, addressing the many induced and indirect damages which are the inevitable consequence of public utilities interruption. The project provided two outputs: a vulnerability assessment of lifelines crossing the most seismic areas in the region and an event scenario. In both cases the work has been split in two steps: first suitable models have been developed, and then applied to the study area. The need for creating new models derives from the recognition that it is rather difficult to find systemic approaches in the current literature. The goal for this research, instead, was to start from the inter and intra dependency links connecting lifelines one to the other and to the many urban and regional systems which depend on them for their function. Therefore, it was decided to enlarge the scope of the project both spatially and systemically. With respect to the first issue, a larger area than that covered by the seismic municipalities of the region has been considered, so as to detect the spatial influence of localized damage. Regarding systemic factors, the degree of dependence on lifelines of other urban systems has been assessed for emergency situations and for the reconstruction phase. In the first case, hospitals, civil protection centres, fire departments were analysed so as to understand to which point and for how long they could still provide service without essential lifelines or being disconnected from major transportation routes. Referring to the reconstruction, not only the cost of repairs has been evaluated, but also the economic and social costs borne by economic sectors and by the population as a consequence of lifelines interruption or malfunctioning. Coherently, the final event scenario resembles much more to a chain connecting physical damages to the induced and secondary damages occurring in systems dependent on lifelines than to a sum of individual losses. First results obtained in the Brescia province show promising paths for future research, while pointing out the many obstacles that still exist to implement real interdisciplinary approaches. ; Nell'articolo il rapporto tra sistemi di accessibilità (ferroviaria e stradale) e grandi rischi viene affrontato da due diverse prospettive. La prima vede tali sistemi come esposti e vulnerabili a diverse forme di pericolosità naturale; la seconda li considera invece quali potenziali fonti di pericolo, indagando in particolare il trasporto di sostanze pericolose. Per quanto riguarda la prima parte dell'articolo, ovvero l'analisi di vulnerabilità delle infrastrutture di trasporto a diversi agenti naturali, verranno esplicitati i fattori di vulnerabilità fisica, sistemica e organizzativa. A sostegno della modellazione proposta, si fa riferimento sia alla letteratura internazionale sia al metodo sviluppato presso il Politecnico di Milano, nei suoi ultimi sviluppi. Interessa infatti presentare un metodo relativamente semplice da utilizzare a scala vasta per poi scendere nel dettaglio necessario laddove le priorità individuata a grande scala ne indichino la necessità. Tra i fattori di vulnerabilità fisica si indicheranno gli elementi maggiormente critici per diversi tipi di sollecitazione (sismica, vulcanica, alluvionale, etc.); per quanto attiene ai fattori di vulnerabilità sistemica si considerano le interdipendenze tra reti e sistemi (inclusi gli altri servizi a rete); per quanto attiene alla vulnerabilità organizzativa si indicheranno le difficoltà nel produrre un sistema integrato di allertamento, che consenta ad esempio di chiudere tratti di strada quando questi vengano segnalati come imminentemente interessati da un dato evento estremo. Infine si indicheranno i danni che il sistema di accessibilità può subire e le ripercussioni di questi sul territorio di interesse. Nella seconda parte viene trattato un particolare tipo di trasporto, quello delle sostanze pericolose, differenziando opportunamente tra ferroviario e stradale. Il ribaltamento del punto di vista comporta la necessità di identificare in modo puntuale i fattori di vulnerabilità questa volta territoriali rispetto alla fonte di rischio. Quest'ultima si presenta come particolarmente insidiosa, in quanto può colpire in qualsiasi punto della rete, benché vi siano alcuni studi che dimostrano l'esistenza di cluster di incidentalità. In entrambi i casi, quello delle reti minacciate da eventi naturali e quello delle reti come potenziale fonte di pericolo esse stesse, si mostra come le indagini di vulnerabilità consentano di identificare alcune misure di mitigazione e prevenzione del rischio, sia nel lungo termine, quindi con influenza sulla pianificazione territoriale, sia nel breve termine, con maggiori riflessi sui piani di emergenza e la gestione di eventuali crisi.

Nell'articolo il rapporto tra sistemi di accessibilità (ferroviaria e stradale) e grandi rischi viene affrontato da due diverse prospettive. La prima vede tali sistemi come esposti e vulnerabili a diverse forme di pericolosità naturale; la seconda li considera invece quali potenziali fonti di pericolo, indagando in particolare il trasporto di sostanze pericolose. Per quanto riguarda la prima parte dell'articolo, ovvero l'analisi di vulnerabilità delle infrastrutture di trasporto a diversi agenti naturali, verranno esplicitati i fattori di vulnerabilità fisica, sistemica e organizzativa. A sostegno della modellazione proposta, si fa riferimento sia alla letteratura internazionale sia al metodo sviluppato presso il Politecnico di Milano, nei suoi ultimi sviluppi. Interessa infatti presentare un metodo relativamente semplice da utilizzare a scala vasta per poi scendere nel dettaglio necessario laddove le priorità individuata a grande scala ne indichino la necessità. Tra i fattori di vulnerabilità fisica si indicheranno gli elementi maggiormente critici per diversi tipi di sollecitazione (sismica, vulcanica, alluvionale, etc.); per quanto attiene ai fattori di vulnerabilità sistemica si considerano le interdipendenze tra reti e sistemi (inclusi gli altri servizi a rete); per quanto attiene alla vulnerabilità organizzativa si indicheranno le difficoltà nel produrre un sistema integrato di allertamento, che consenta ad esempio di chiudere tratti di strada quando questi vengano segnalati come imminentemente interessati da un dato evento estremo. Infine si indicheranno i danni che il sistema di accessibilità può subire e le ripercussioni di questi sul territorio di interesse. Nella seconda parte viene trattato un particolare tipo di trasporto, quello delle sostanze pericolose, differenziando opportunamente tra ferroviario e stradale. Il ribaltamento del punto di vista comporta la necessità di identificare in modo puntuale i fattori di vulnerabilità questa volta territoriali rispetto alla fonte di rischio. Quest'ultima si presenta come particolarmente insidiosa, in quanto può colpire in qualsiasi punto della rete, benché vi siano alcuni studi che dimostrano l'esistenza di cluster di incidentalità. In entrambi i casi, quello delle reti minacciate da eventi naturali e quello delle reti come potenziale fonte di pericolo esse stesse, si mostra come le indagini di vulnerabilità consentano di identificare alcune misure di mitigazione e prevenzione del rischio, sia nel lungo termine, quindi con influenza sulla pianificazione territoriale, sia nel breve termine, con maggiori riflessi sui piani di emergenza e la gestione di eventuali crisi. ; Accessibility is a key factor in the ordinary life of cities and regions, but it becomes even more so in cases of emergencies and disasters. In the latter it is essential to keep transportation networks in service so as to provide assistance to those in need and to carry equipments and materials for search and rescue activities. Natural hazards may be an important threat for roads and railways, but they are barely considered in the design of future infrastructures. Instead, it is critical to be able to forecast how a given corridor may interact with existing hazards on the one hand and on the other to anticipate what would be the major obstacles in already existing networks. In this article a method to assess the vulnerability of lifelines to seismic risk will be illustrated. The latter was developed in the frame of a project funded by the Lombardia regional government in the years 1999-2001. This research linked the analysis of lifelines to other urban and regional systems, addressing the many induced and indirect damages which are the inevitable consequence of public utilities interruption. The project provided two outputs: a vulnerability assessment of lifelines crossing the most seismic areas in the region and an event scenario. In both cases the work has been split in two steps: first suitable models have been developed, and then applied to the study area. The need for creating new models derives from the recognition that it is rather difficult to find systemic approaches in the current literature. The goal for this research, instead, was to start from the inter and intra dependency links connecting lifelines one to the other and to the many urban and regional systems which depend on them for their function. Therefore, it was decided to enlarge the scope of the project both spatially and systemically. With respect to the first issue, a larger area than that covered by the seismic municipalities of the region has been considered, so as to detect the spatial influence of localized damage. Regarding systemic factors, the degree of dependence on lifelines of other urban systems has been assessed for emergency situations and for the reconstruction phase. In the first case, hospitals, civil protection centres, fire departments were analysed so as to understand to which point and for how long they could still provide service without essential lifelines or being disconnected from major transportation routes. Referring to the reconstruction, not only the cost of repairs has been evaluated, but also the economic and social costs borne by economic sectors and by the population as a consequence of lifelines interruption or malfunctioning. Coherently, the final event scenario resembles much more to a chain connecting physical damages to the induced and secondary damages occurring in systems dependent on lifelines than to a sum of individual losses. First results obtained in the Brescia province show promising paths for future research, while pointing out the many obstacles that still exist to implement real interdisciplinary approaches.