The reporting of sports injuries has been generally inconsistent with modern epidemiological principles. Because of the approach to recording the incidence, nature, and severity of sports injuries, it is very difficult to assess statistically the risk factors of individual activities. Without this knowledge, one cannot isolate the many variables, both overt and covert, which contribute to injurious situations. Recommended practices are included within the paper.
This article examines the evidence for two propositions: that health and ability to function can often be sustained into advanced old age through interventions that (1) control risk factors among people already old and (2) improve lifelong health behaviors and life-styles starting with people currently still young. Beginning with a general model of age-related changes in health, function, and survival, the article shows how the interrelationship between the three varies between two extreme types of diseases: the fast, lethal type, where death occurs early and rapidly, with few years spent in unhealthy or disabled conditions; and the slow, degenerative type, where prolonged survival allows for added years in unhealthy or disabled conditions. Since this latter type is predominant among older people in the United States today, interventions to prevent morbidity and functional loss are of critical importance. The need for an improved research base to guide such interventions is strongly urged.
Based on a review of the literature, evidence for two propositions is examined: that health & ability to function can often be sustained into advanced old age through interventions that: (1) control risk factors among people already old; & (2) improve lifelong health behaviors & lifestyles among people currently still young. Beginning with a general model of age-related changes in health, function, & survival, it is shown how the interrelationship between the three varies between two extreme types of diseases: the fast, lethal type, where death occurs early & rapidly, with few years spent in unhealthy or disabled conditions; & the slow, degenerative type, where prolonged survival allows for added years in unhealthy or disabled conditions. Since this latter type is predominant among older people in the US today, interventions to prevent morbidity & functional loss are of critical importance & require an improved research base to guide them. 2 Tables, 3 Figures. HA
Choi empirically assesses a computer-crime victimization model by applying Routine Activities Theory (RAT). He tests the components of RAT via structural equation modeling to assess the existence of any statistical significance between individual online lifestyles, the levels of computer security, and levels of individual computer-crime victimization. A self-report survey, which contained multiple measures of the risk factors and computer-crime victimization, was administered to 204 college students to gather data to test the model. The findings provide empirical supports for the components of
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Choi empirically assesses a computer-crime victimization model by applying Routine Activities Theory (RAT). He tests the components of RAT via structural equation modeling to assess the existence of any statistical significance between individual online lifestyles, the levels of computer security, and levels of individual computer-crime victimization. A self-report survey, which contained multiple measures of the risk factors and computer-crime victimization, was administered to 204 college students to gather data to test the model. The findings provide empirical supports for the components of.
Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by rapid disorganized atrial electrical activity resulting in absence of atrial contractions. It is diagnosed on the basis of typical findings on an electrocardiogram (ECG). The characteristic ECG findings are absence of P-waves, and an irregular heart rate. Symptoms of atrial fibrillation include palpitations, dyspnea, reduced exercise capacity, chest pain and dizziness, but it often goes without symptoms. Although atrial fibrillation is often asymptomatic it has serious consequences for the health of affected individuals and is a substantial burden for the health care system. Atrial fibrillation is associated with a higher risk of several serious complications. It is associated with a three to five fold higher risk of stroke. Furthermore, it is associated with a higher risk of dementia, heart failure, and it is associated with increased mortality independent of age sex and other cardiovascular risk factors. Also, it is associated with lower quality of life, even patients without symptoms have a lower perceived general health and gobal life satisfaction than healthy subjects. The prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation increase with age. It is estimated that the lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation is one in every four adults over 40 years of age. As Western populations are projected to age in the coming decades it is likely that there will be an increase in the number of affected individuals with several types of chronic disease. Several studies projected that the future number of adults with atrial fibrillation in the United States will have doubled by the year 2050.13-15 Not much is known about the potential rise in the number of individuals with atrial fibrillation in the Netherlands and in the European Union but since these populations are projected to age, an increase in the number of patients can be expected.
The article is aimed at revealing the social risks that arise in society, encompass all aspects of life, and go beyond the oversight of social institutions that ensure safety in society. The authors argue that social risks in Ukraine have certain country-specific features, and that they have emerged and become widespread due to problems accumulated during a long transformational period. In the face of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine, the level of uncertainty has increased, and problems in the socio-economic sphere of the country have worsened. Put together, these factors led to changes in the lives of a large part of the population and increased the intensity of the manifestation of social risks. An analysis of the current situation in Ukraine shows that risks in the labor, demographic, and educational sectors, as well as risks related to the availability and quality of medical services, are of particular concern. The features of the manifestation of contemporary risks are the deterioration of the demographic situation, the decrease in the possibilities of reproduction of human capital, the disruption of balances in the labor market, the decline in the well-being of the population, the deterioration of the financial condition of social benefit funds and the heavy load on them. Social risks increase the probability of negative changes, the danger of the dysfunction of social institutions, the inhibition of social reproduction processes, the transmission of social norms and values, production processes, and are likely to lead to social instability and tension. The dynamism, instability, and unpredictability of socio-economic changes and their irreversibility give way to the emergence of new social risks. Accordingly, focusing on priorities and specific ways to minimize social risks is one of the most pressing and urgent tasks of our time, the solution of which requires the development and application of effective mechanisms that will ensure an adequate response to social risks in the system of ensuring the economic security of the state.
