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The paper shows that the intensification of digitalization processes in public relations generates a whole variety of new risks and threats. The purpose of this work is to systematize the risks and threats of the digital transformation of society for the subsequent development of advanced law-making decisions. To effectively counter digital threats and create effective legal regulation in the use of digital technologies, it is necessary to divide all digitalization threats into 3 groups: hypothetical, justifiable, and epistemological. The justifiable threats include those that appear at the present stage of technical development and urgently require legal solutions. According to the authors, it is on the study of this group of threats that scientists need to focus their attention in order to provide a practice-oriented approach to research. The authors identified three main subgroups of justifiable threats to digitalization: threats to economic security, information leaks, and cybercrime. This work was performed with financial support from the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. NSh-2668-2020.6 "National-Cultural and Digital Trends in the Socio-Economic, Political and Legal Development of the Russian Federation in the 21st Century".

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contextualise and examine critically the collection of the papers dealing with the broad and multi-faceted question of risk, threats and challenges governments are exposed to in the 21st century. To this end, the concept of 'distributed risks and threats' is introduced to account of challenges spread across the context, in which governments are embedded.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper offers a critical insight into the content of the issue.


Findings
The key argument that this paper advances is that while the nature of risks, threats and challenges that governments are exposed to today is qualitatively new and their scope unprecedented, a lot of governments' capacity remains idle, i.e. ready to be deployed to address these risks, threats and challenges.


Research limitations/implications
As a review paper, the points conveyed in this paper sketch and highlight, rather than explore in-depth, the possible and new research avenues that the collection of papers prompts.


Practical implications
This paper highlights that the – developed over the centuries – capacity of the government to act and address risks and threats is incommensurate with the agility of challenges borne in the 21st century.


Originality/value
This paper introduces the concept of 'distributed risks and threats' to account of the qualitatively new and hybrid challenges spread across the context, in which governments are embedded. This conceptualization of risks and threats, or challenges, offers a handy way to contextualize the variety of ways in which the government is challenged today.

The Equal Treatment Directive, which will come into force on 21 December 2007, aims to outlaw'discrimination' between men and women in the calculation of insurance premiums, is founded upon a fallacious understanding of the nature of actuarial calculations and the morality of'discriminatory' calculations where state provision of insurance has traditionally been 'non‐discriminatory'. The Equal Treatment Directive will have perverse consequences contrary to the aims of its creators ‐ benefiting the better‐off at the expense of the poor and, in some circumstances, men at the expense of women ‐ and will also threaten the private provision of pensions and healthcare essential to solving the looming pensions and healthcare funding crisis among EU member states.