Suchergebnisse

Summary: The objectives of this work were: (1) establish the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, as well as unprotected sexual relations and repetition of courses in adolescents based on sex; (2) determine the dimensions of the intrusion (I), sensory search (BS), impulsivity (Im) and anxiety sensitivity (SA) according to sex; (3) relate possible personality profiles to such behaviour. The sample was composed of 1.324 adolescents (14-18 years old). Based on the assessed personality dimensions, 4 groups of adolescents were established. The group of adolescents with high scores in all personality dimensions has the highest rates of experimentation with consumption. In contrast, adolescents with low levels of I, BS and Im had the lowest rates. Preventive interventions should take into account the identified personality dimensions in order to be implemented more effectively. ; Resumen: Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) establecer la prevalencia del consumo de alcohol, de tabaco y de cannabis, así como de las relaciones sexuales sin protección y la repetición de curso en adolescentes en función del sexo; 2) determinar las dimensiones de personalidad introversión (I), búsqueda de sensaciones (BS), impulsividad (Im) y sensibilidad a la ansiedad (SA) en función del sexo; 3) relacionar posibles perfiles de personalidad con dichas conductas. La muestra se compuso de 1.324 adolescentes (14-18 años). A partir de las dimensiones de personalidad valoradas se establecieron 4 grupos de adolescentes. El grupo de adolescentes con puntuaciones altas en todas las dimensiones de personalidad es el que presentó mayores tasas de experimentación con el consumo. Por el contrario, el de los adolescentes con bajos niveles de I, BS e Im fue el que menores tasas presentó. Las intervenciones preventivas deberían tener en cuenta las dimensiones de personalidad señaladas para poder aplicarse con una mayor efectividad.

Unpredictable, subjective, elusive and difficult to lock in formal models are some adjectives that expert analysts have attributed the country risk. These traits are not surprising considering that behind the political risk is the complexity of the socio-political, economic and financial reality. Country risk in international trade affects solvency whereas in FDI is related to the losses caused by deprivation of property rights, cessation of activities or damage to assets. The country risk assessment is essential for multinational companies and for countries in the design of their development strategy. However, in view of its complexity, what is the most appropriate methodology for this kind of risk? Are econometric models appropriate? This article reviews and discusses various analysis methodologies and responds to these questions. ; Impredecible, subjetivo, escurridizo y difícil de encerrar en modelos formales son algunos calificativos que expertos analistas han atribuido al riesgo país. Estos rasgos no sorprenden si tenemos en cuenta que el riesgo país emana de la esfera política y pone de manifiesto toda la complejidad de la realidad sociopolítica, económica y financiera de un país. El riesgo país en el comercio internacional se circunscribe a la insolvencia que esa realidad compleja pueda ocasionar al estado o a una firma que opere en el país. En cambio, en las operaciones de inversión extranjera directa los riesgos están relacionados con las pérdidas que pudiera generar al inversor, minorando sus derechos de propiedad, dañando sus activos o mermando su actividad. La valoración del riesgo país es imprescindible para las empresas, a la hora de tomar decisiones de internacionalización, y para los países, en el diseño de su estrategia de desarrollo. Ahora bien, a la vista de la complejidad que entraña el análisis del contexto sociopolítico y su impacto en la economía, ¿cuál es la metodología más adecuada para valorarlo? ¿Son suficientes los modelos econométricos? Este artículo examina y analiza varias metodologías de análisis y da respuesta a estas preguntas.

A partir del análisis crítico de diversas teorías del riesgo propuestas por autores como Paul Slovic, Cass Sunstein, Mary Douglas y Ulrich Beck, este artículo delinea algunos fundamentos para una teoría posmarxista del riesgo. Contra cualquier pretendida "Sociedad Mundial del Riesgo" se identificará una específica Lógica del Riesgo capaz de poseer alcance mundial pero que, más allá de su vocación utópica, es concebida como incapaz de lograr el cierre final de lo social, ya sea mediante los instrumentos de un "Estado costo-beneficio" o del desenvolvimiento dialéctico necesario de la sociedad industrial. ; From a critical analysis of different theories of the risk proposed by authors like Paul Slovic, Cass Sunstein, Mary Douglas and Ulrich Beck, this paper outlines some fundamentals for a post-Marxist theory of risk. Against the claim of a "World Society of Risk", it identifies a specific Logic of the Risk. In spite of that this logic is able to have a global reach and a utopian calling, is conceived as unable to achieve the final closing of the social, either through the instruments of a "cost-benefit state" or the necessary dialectical development of the industrial society. ; Departamento de Filosofía

A partir del análisis crítico de diversas teorías del riesgo propuestas por autores como Paul Slovic, CassSunstein, Mary Douglas y Ulrich Beck, este artículo delinea algunos fundamentos para una teoría posmarxista del riesgo. Contra cualquier pretendida "Sociedad Mundial del Riesgo" se identificará una específica Lógica del Riesgo capaz de poseer alcance mundial pero que, más allá de su vocación utópica, es concebida como incapaz de lograr el cierre final de lo social, ya sea mediante los instrumentos de un "Estado costo-beneficio" o del desenvolvimiento dialéctico necesario de la sociedad industrial. ; From a critical analysis of different theories of the risk proposed by authors like Paul Slovic, Cass Sunstein, Mary Douglas and Ulrich Beck, this paper outlines some fundamentals for a post-Marxist theory of risk. Against the claim of a "World Society of Risk", it identifies a specific Logic of the Risk. In spite of that this logic is able to have a global reach and a utopian calling, is conceived as unable to achieve the final closing of the social, either through the instruments of a "cost-benefit state" or the necessary dialectical development of the industrial society.

A partir del análisis crítico de diversas teorías del riesgo propuestas por autores como Paul Slovic, CassSunstein, Mary Douglas y Ulrich Beck, este artículo delinea algunos fundamentos para una teoría posmarxista del riesgo. Contra cualquier pretendida "Sociedad Mundial del Riesgo" se identificará una específica Lógica del Riesgo capaz de poseer alcance mundial pero que, más allá de su vocación utópica, es concebida como incapaz de lograr el cierre final de lo social, ya sea mediante los instrumentos de un "Estado costo-beneficio" o del desenvolvimiento dialéctico necesario de la sociedad industrial. ; From a critical analysis of different theories of the risk proposed by authors like Paul Slovic, Cass Sunstein, Mary Douglas and Ulrich Beck, this paper outlines some fundamentals for a post-Marxist theory of risk. Against the claim of a "World Society of Risk", it identifies a specific Logic of the Risk. In spite of that this logic is able to have a global reach and a utopian calling, is conceived as unable to achieve the final closing of the social, either through the instruments of a "cost-benefit state" or the necessary dialectical development of the industrial society.

A partir del análisis crítico de diversas teorías del riesgo propuestas por autores como Paul Slovic, CassSunstein, Mary Douglas y Ulrich Beck, este artículo delinea algunos fundamentos para una teoría posmarxista del riesgo. Contra cualquier pretendida "Sociedad Mundial del Riesgo" se identificará una específica Lógica del Riesgo capaz de poseer alcance mundial pero que, más allá de su vocación utópica, es concebida como incapaz de lograr el cierre final de lo social, ya sea mediante los instrumentos de un "Estado costo-beneficio" o del desenvolvimiento dialéctico necesario de la sociedad industrial. ; From a critical analysis of different theories of the risk proposed by authors like Paul Slovic, Cass Sunstein, Mary Douglas and Ulrich Beck, this paper outlines some fundamentals for a post-Marxist theory of risk. Against the claim of a "World Society of Risk", it identifies a specific Logic of the Risk. In spite of that this logic is able to have a global reach and a utopian calling, is conceived as unable to achieve the final closing of the social, either through the instruments of a "cost-benefit state" or the necessary dialectical development of the industrial society.

Cuidar a un familiar dependiente es una actividad cada vez más necesaria debido al aumento de la esperanza de vida. Pero a la vez más conflictiva y dependiente de las características legislativas y cambios sociales ocurridos en cada país, como la incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral. Las cuidadoras familiares constituyen una población especialmente vulnerable cuya salud física y psicológica está en riesgo y que requiere de especial atención. Por este motivo, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los estudios empíricos que en los últimos cinco años se han realizado en cuidadoras españolas para conocer y valorar el impacto del cuidado en ellas. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de los estudios empíricos en población española publicados en castellano en tres bases de datos reconocidas internacionalmente. Como resultados principales se encontró la mayoritaria presencia femenina en el ámbito del cuidado informal y el uso mayoritario de cuestionarios para evaluar la carga asociada al cuidado, la personalidad y la sintomatología psicopatológica. Como principal conclusión se destaca el perfil de cuidadora española y su situación de especial vulnerabilidad. ; Because of the increasing life expectancy, caring for a dependent relative is a very necessary activity. It is also very conflictive and dependent of the legislative characteristics and the social changes in each country, such as the incorporation of women into the labor market. Family caregivers are a particularly vulnerable population, whose physical and psychological health is at risk and requires special attention. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze some empirical studies of the last five years that have been conducted with Spanish caregivers to evaluate the impact of caregiving. A bibliographic research of the empirical studies written in Spanish and with Spanish samples has been done in three databases internationally recognized. The main results were that caregivers are usually women, and research has mostly used questionnaires to assess the burden consequence of caregiving, personality and psychopathological symptoms. The main conclusion is the description of the profile of the Spanish caregiver as well as her special vulnerability situation.

Financial constraints or economic needs, career development, psychological satisfaction as well as demographic and situational factors cause workers to seek more than one job while enjoying leisure time. In this paper we examine how a worker with prospect theory type of preferences allocates her time between leisure, a safe job and a risky job. Optimal time allocation for a sufficient loss averse worker depends on the reference level which in turn determines whether the worker is willing to experience relative losses or not. When the reference level is relatively low then the sufficiently loss averse worker will allocate some of her time to leisure and will hold both jobs in order to diversify risk and reduce income loss arising from the risky job. However, if the probability of a good state of nature is very high and the reference level is very low, the worker spends time only on leisure and the risky job while avoids the safe job. Loss aversion does not affect the optimal time allocation to the three activities as the time allocation results in avoiding relative losses for any state of nature. When the reference level is relative high, but not too high, the worker will allocate her time between both safe and risky jobs as well as to the leisure. Worker with very high reference level will avoid the safe job and will divide her time between the risky job and the leisure. In both cases the worker is willing to accept relative losses in the bad state of nature provided it is compensated with relative gains in the good state of nature. Here the allocation of time to the three activities depends on the degree of loss aversion. When the reference level is relatively low, but not too low, an increase in the reference level will reduce leisure time, reduce time in the risky job and increase time in the safe job. At very low reference levels, an increase in the reference level will result in the worker re-allocating her time from leisure to the risky job assuming the probability of a good state of nature is higher than a threshold. When the reference level is high the opposite effects are observed. We also examine other comparative statics including the effect of changes in the wage rate.

Objetivo: contribuir a la reflexión sobre los riesgos y las conductas de riesgo de un grupo de niños, niñas y jóvenes trabajadores(as) con el fin de develar en sus realidades y vivencias nuevos significados y sentires que permitan fortalecer su capacidad de autocuidado. Metodología: investigación cualitativa que muestra la necesidad de abordar desde una mirada comprensiva y sentido crítico, las concepciones de calidad de vida y los comportamientos de riesgo desde los niños y niñas trabajadores. Resultados: el comportamiento de riesgo no es sólo una condición exclusiva de niños, niñas y jóvenes trabajadores(as), sino que se relaciona con los contextos y las historias sociales de las que ellos y ellas forman parte. Las familias de estos(as) niños(as) y jóvenes cuentan con débiles mecanismos simbólicos para apoyar y brindar seguridad, afecto y pautas a sus hijos, lo que se traduce en un vacío de cuidado hacia ellos y ellas, que los lleva a construir otros marcos referenciales y comportamientos de riesgo como el uso de drogas o actividades que a su vez conllevan situaciones de violencia como daños y robos a la propiedad privada. También algunos de ellos y ellas construyen sentidos y significados desde su cotidianidad e interrelaciones con los adultos en la casa, la escuela, el trabajo, lo que involucra su propio reconocimientoo subjetividad en cuanto a prácticas de autocuidado relacionadas con la protección del abuso sexual, cuidarse de la influencia de amigos consumidores y protección de los(as) niños(as) más pequeños(as) frente al consumo, sin embargo, por el hecho de autocuidarse no se eliminan los factores de riesgo del entorno (violencia, riesgos laborales) que son prioritariamente consecuencias o que dependen de las condiciones sociales y económicas en las cuales se dan estos factores. Conclusiones: se hace necesario acoger los niños y niñas trabajadores en los ámbitos institucionales y dar respuesta a sus demandas, derechos sociales, culturales y superar aquellos mecanismos de estigmatización y culpabilización por el hecho de trabajar o ser consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas. Se vislumbra la necesidad de fortalecer el capital político y social de las familias y los niños y niñas trabajadores para que puedan asumir un rol activo frente a la defensa y garantía de sus derechos. ; Objective: Contribute to the discussion on risks and risk behaviors of a group of working children and teenagers in order to unveil their realities and experiences, new meanings and feelings that will strengthen their ability to care for themselves. Methodology: A qualitative research that illustrates the need to address from a comprehensively look and critical thinking, the conceptions of quality of life and risk behaviors of children and young workers. Results: Risky behavior is not only an exclusive condition of children and young workers, but it is related to their contexts and social stories. Their families have weak symbolic devices to support and provide security, affection and guidance to their children, resulting in a lack of care, which leads them to create other frames of reference and risk behaviors, such as drug use or activities that result in violent situations, theft and damage to private property. Some of them also construct meanings and significance from their daily lives and relationships with adults at home, school, work, which involve their own recognition or subjectivity in terms of selfcare practices related to protection from sexual abuse, guard against peer pressure regarding drug use, and protecting younger children from consumption. However, self-care does not eliminate surrounding risk factors (violence, occupational hazards) or consequences that are primarily dependent on social and economic conditions that generate said factors. Conclusions: It is necessary to accommodate working children in institutional settings and respond to their demands, social and cultural rights, and overcome the stigma and blame mechanisms for working or being consumers of psychoactive substances. The need to strengthen the political and social capital of families and working children is observed, in order to enable them to take an active role regarding the defense and guarantee of their rights.

The aim of this paper is to defend the idea of polarization as impermeability, a sense of polarization that has been overlooked in the debate on political polarization. According to this sense of polarization, a person or group is polarized to the extent that it is impervious to the ideas or reasons of others. In this way, and contrary to the idea on which the senses of polarisation available in literature so far are based, a person or group may be polarised if there has been no movement from the centre to the extremes of the ideological spectrum. Likewise, it will be defended that understanding polarization in this new sense offers advantages for several reasons: i) polarization as impermeability is a sense of polarization more in line with some of the phenomena that are relevant to understanding today's democratic societies: the economy of attention, the personalization of information or echo chambers; ii) understanding polarization in a standard way, that is, as a shift from the centre towards the ends of the ideological spectrum, entails certain problems. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es defender la idea de polarización como impermeabilidad, un sentido de polarización que se ha pasado por alto en la literatura sobre polarización política. Según este sentido de polarización, una persona o un grupo se polariza en la medida en que cada vez sea más impermeable a las ideas o razones ajenas. De esta manera, y en contra de la idea en la que se basan los sentidos de polarización disponibles en la literatura hasta el momento, una población o un grupo puede polarizarse si no ha habido ningún movimiento del centro hacia los extremos del espectro ideológico. Asimismo, se defenderá que entender la polarización en este nuevo sentido ofrece ventajas por varias razones: i) la polarización como impermeabilidad es un sentido de polarización más acorde con algunos de los fenómenos que son relevantes para entender las sociedades democráticas actuales: la economía de la atención, la personalización de la información o las ...

La Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Sevilla, en su rama de Publicidad, ha incorporado una nueva asignatura, dictada a partir del curso 1993/94, con el sugerente (y riesgoso) título de ; The Faculty of Information Sciences of the University of Seville, in its branch of Advertising, has incorporated a new subject, issued from the 1993/94 academic year, with the suggestive (and risky) title of

Abismos temporales by Nelly Richard it is an urgent and necessary book in the current context of redefinitions of bodies, sexes and genders propelled by feminism. Her reflections and warnings go from the First Congress of Female Literature of the year 1987, through the risky readings of the transvestite contortions of the years of dictatorship and transition, until arriving at the resistances of today with a queer theory that has trouble focusing on the dissenting corporality of the South

This article examines the migration of Ecuadorian indigenous families to New York City in the context of the 2008 Financial Crisis and the tightening of immigration policies in the United States. Migration trajectories show increasingly risky travel conditions, and significant changes in labor market integration as well as settlement. The article shows that job insecurity and the social condition of illegality are mutually connected in the different stages of the migration trajectory and constitute a different experience from that of Ecuadorians who emigrated in previous decades.

El Tour de Francia, la competición más importante del mundo del ciclismo, estuvo disputada durante muchos años por selecciones nacionales, en lugar de los actuales equipos comerciales. Analizamos en este artículo las diferentes causas (económicas, simbólicas y políticas) que llevaron a la organización del Tour a tomar tan arriesgada decisión y cuál fue la evolución de la misma. Abstract: The Tour de France, the most important competition in cycling, was disputed for many years by national teams, instead of the current comercial teams. We analyze in this article the different reasons (ecnomic, symbolic and political) that led the Tour´s organization to this risky decisión, and which was the evolution of that.

Alcohol consumption is one of our species' vestiges. Fermentation was discovered in prehistoric times and that is why its history appears parallel to the evolution of mankind. Alcohol consumption is conceived as a social behavior, hence as a cultural rite, which has been source to a culture of alcohol. In ancient times, it was conceived as a mystical and cathartic experience; in the Middle Ages, as the deserved punishment of the poor; in the 19th century, as an addiction; and in the 20th century, as a risky chronic disease. Nowadays, the medical concerns for alcohol predominate in the area of health. So does the management of "alcohol risks" at work. Hence, medical, social and legal aspects of the problem are to be taken into consideration. According to the 2014 World Health Organization's report, in 15 years Europe's average alcohol consumption will be twice the World's. The traditional dichotomy between countries with "wet cultures" and those with "dry cultures" is disappearing and being homogenized in new ways of risky consumption that spread in younger populations. In this respect, Spain is considered to be a country in transition towards the "binge drinking" model; whereas in France the above mentioned model is already deeply settled. Nevertheless, both cases predict important social, medical and labor repercussions. This cultural change of consumption habits is forcing governments to undertake prevention policies to face today's high-risk alcohol consumption and its ruinous demographic and economic consequences. Both from a social and an individual perspective, alcohol consumption has its bigger impact on a country's morbidity, mortality and epidemiology rates and its economy alike. At work, alcohol consumption is measured following economic and subjective criteria and assessing its negative repercussions in work performance. Working environment, business lunchs and parties can mean alcohol consumption at work; and so do pressure on workers, demands of productivity, the establishment of working objectives ...