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The main purpose of the study was to examine role clarity as a moderator of the role efficacy-role performance relationship. A secondary issue was to investigate the influence of role clarity on role efficacy and role performance. On the basis of Bandura's theorizing, it was hypothesized that role efficacy should be a good predictor of role performance effectiveness only under conditions of high role clarity. Individuals reporting higher role clarity were expected to be more efficacious and perform better than those with lower role clarity. Consistent with hypotheses, role clarity moderated the prospective relationship between role efficacy and role performance effectiveness in the predicted direction for offensive role functions. Individuals who reported higher role clarity also reported higher role efficacy and performed better than those with lower role clarity. Results are discussed in the context of self-efficacy theory. Further prospective examinations, as well as experimental designs, are recommended.

This article uses discriminant analysis to assess sex and party differences across four aspects of party organization: incentives for participation, party role definitions, party activities and electoral ambition. The results illustrate that gender roles operate most distinctly in the two areas of electoral ambition and party activities. Party context is more important than sex in terms of the other two areas, party role definitions and incentives for participation. The authors conclude that party activists' gender-related behavior can be better understood by discovering how the context of party organization either modifies or reinforces such behavior.

ARTICLE USES DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS TO ASSESS SEX & PARTY DIFFERENCES ACROSS 4 ASPECTS OF PARTY ORGANIZATION. RESULTS ILLUSTRATE THAT GENDER ROLES OPERATE MOST DISTINCTLY IN THE AREAS OF ELECTORAL AMBITION & PARTY ACTIVITIES. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT PARTY ACTIVISTS' GENDER-RELATED BEHAVIOR CAN BE BETTER UNDERSTOOD BY DISCOVERING HOW THE CONTEXT OF PARTY ORG. EITHER MODIFIES OR REINFORCES SUCH BEHAVIOR.