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This poster addresses the employment of the Armed Forces in homeland security tasks. Unconventional conflicts – hybrid, asymmetric, and transnational conflicts which involve state and non-state actors such as insurgents or terrorist organizations – are among the trend topics of defense and security. Since jihadist terrorism broke out in in Europe, security has become a main concern, occupying the front pages of newspapers and the agendas of governments. Therefore, the debate on the employment of the Armed Forces in homeland security tasks became central. The primary responsibility for protecting life and property and maintaining law and order in the civilian community is vested in police forces; supplementary responsibility is vested by statute in specific agencies other than the Ministry of Defense. Military forces may be used to support law enforcement agencies. In emergency situations, the Parliament may authorize the use of the military as a police force on home soil. Police departments are much larger in major metropolitan areas and much smaller than the average in rural areas, but in catastrophic attacks that affect large areas in several states simultaneously, there will not be enough police officers to do what has to be done. Since lateral reinforcement is not feasible when all adjacent areas are involved, the only source of augmentation for local departments will be from the Armed Forces. Subsidiary operations of the Amy in support to civil authorities – e.g. military aid in the event of a catastrophe – are one of the ordinary duties of the Army, whose main mission is to ensure security and defense of the territory. Although the readiness of use for the defense of the territory is reduced, the maintenance and development of this important primary mission is to guard the long-term, in anticipation of events imponderables in the military and security policy. In Western liberal-democracies the executive power is limited in the use of the military in domestic security operations because of legal norms. ...

This poster addresses the employment of the Armed Forces in homeland security tasks. Unconventional conflicts – hybrid, asymmetric, and transnational conflicts which involve state and non-state actors such as insurgents or terrorist organizations – are among the trend topics of defense and security. Since jihadist terrorism broke out in in Europe, security has become a main concern, occupying the front pages of newspapers and the agendas of governments. Therefore, the debate on the employment of the Armed Forces in homeland security tasks became central. The primary responsibility for protecting life and property and maintaining law and order in the civilian community is vested in police forces; supplementary responsibility is vested by statute in specific agencies other than the Ministry of Defense. Military forces may be used to support law enforcement agencies. In emergency situations, the Parliament may authorize the use of the military as a police force on home soil. Police departments are much larger in major metropolitan areas and much smaller than the average in rural areas, but in catastrophic attacks that affect large areas in several states simultaneously, there will not be enough police officers to do what has to be done. Since lateral reinforcement is not feasible when all adjacent areas are involved, the only source of augmentation for local departments will be from the Armed Forces. Subsidiary operations of the Amy in support to civil authorities – e.g. military aid in the event of a catastrophe – are one of the ordinary duties of the Army, whose main mission is to ensure security and defense of the territory. Although the readiness of use for the defense of the territory is reduced, the maintenance and development of this important primary mission is to guard the long-term, in anticipation of events imponderables in the military and security policy. In Western liberal-democracies the executive power is limited in the use of the military in domestic security operations because of legal norms. ...

It is widely assumed, at least from a Western perspective, that the armed forces provide national defence against external threats. In reality, within many consolidated Western democracies the armed forces are assuming an increasingly wide range of internal roles and tasks. These can include domestic security roles and the provision of humanitarian assistance in situations of natural or humanitarian catastrophe, often under the command and control of different civilian agencies. This SSR Paper seeks to make sense of this complex reality. Different internal roles of armed forces are analysed, drawing on the cases of Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Through carefully examining evolving internal roles and identifying patterns and lessons from these experiences, this SSR Paper provides an important contribution to understanding the evolving nature of contemporary armed forces.

As content of the Social State in its international dimension, and in compliance with UN Resolutions and the European Union, Spain participates actively in the implementation of peace agreements in the management of the tasks of reconstruction post-conflict, humanitarian aid operations and the fight against piracy. Justly, one of the most relevant contents of the IX Legislature in Spain has been the exercise of parliamentary control by the Congress of Deputies on Peace and Reconstruction Operations performed abroad by the Armed Forces. In summary, this is a decisive advance in the process of parliamentarisation and socialization of security policy and the consideration of the Armed Forces as an instrument of government in service to human rights, development cooperation and peace. ; Como contenido del Estado social en su dimensión internacional, y en cumplimiento de las resoluciones de Naciones Unidas y de la Unión Europea, España participa activamente en la aplicación de los acuerdos de paz, en la gestión de las tareas de reconstrucción post-conflicto, en las operaciones de ayuda humanitaria y en la lucha contra la piratería. Precisamente, uno de los contenidos más relevantes de la IX Legislatura de las Cortes Generales en España ha correspondido al ejercicio de la función parlamentaria de control, autorización e información del Congreso de los Diputados sobre las operaciones de paz y reconstrucción ejecutadas en el exterior por las Fuerzas Armadas. En síntesis, se trata de un decisivo avance en el proceso de parlamentarización y socialización de la política de seguridad y de la consideración de las Fuerzas Armadas como instrumento del Gobierno al servicio de los derechos humanos, la cooperación al desarrollo y la paz.

Polish foreign policy and role of the armed forces in geopolitical considerations of Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski addressed to Prime Minister Władysław SikorskiIn January 1943, Commander-in-chief and Prime Minister of Poland, General Władysław Sikorski, received a memorandum on the objectives of the Polish foreign policy drawn up by Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski (1897–1964), former military attaché in Bucharest (1938–1940). The policy was founded on three pillars: the Polish Armed Forces, the Polish populace, and propaganda. He emphasised that Poland would achieve true victory with the consolidation of its independent existence within its pre-war borders in the east, and strategically expanded borders – at the expense of Germany (East Prussia, Opole Silesia) – in the west. Central and Eastern Europe was to be divided between Poland (Union of Central Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Hungary) and the USSR (Eastern Union: the USSR, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Bulgaria). Romania could choose between the two. Peace and security in the world would rely on the cooperation of regional powers and the relations of states supervised by an international organisation. The durability of the post-war order would be ensured by the universal adoption of democracy, the protection of human and minority rights, extensive trade in commodities and raw materials, and the isolation of warmonger states from the international community. Польская иностранная политика и роль армии в геополитических рассуждениях подполковника Тадеуша Закржевского, обращенных к премьер-министру генералу Владиславу СикорскомуБывший военный атташе в Бухаресте (1938–1940), подполковник Тадеуш Закржевский (1897–1964) в январе 1943 г. отправил главнокомандующему и премьер-министру генералу Владиславу Сикорскому докладную записку о целях польской иностранной политики. Ее основой он назначил: польскую армию, отношение страны к немецкому оккупанту и пропаганду польских целей войны. Он подчеркивал, что польской победой в войне должно стать укрепление независимости в довоенных границах на Востоке, расширенных стратегически и экономически за счет Германии (Восточная Пруссия, Опольская Силезия). Центральная и Восточная Европа должны были быть разделены между Польшу (Центральноевропейский Союз – Польша, Чехословакия, Югославия, Греция, Венгрия) и Советский Союз (Восточный Союз – СССР, Финляндия, Латвия, Эстония, Болгария). Румыния могла принадлежать или к Восточному или к Центральному Союзу. Мир и мировая безопасность опирались бы на сотрудничество держав и региональные союзы государств в рамках международной организации. Прочность послевоенной системы обеспечили бы: всеобщность демократии, права человека и национальных меньшинств, торговое и сырьевое сотрудничество, изолирование агрессора от международного общества.

Polish foreign policy and role of the armed forces in geopolitical considerations of Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski addressed to Prime Minister Władysław SikorskiIn January 1943, Commander-in-chief and Prime Minister of Poland, General Władysław Sikorski, received a memorandum on the objectives of the Polish foreign policy drawn up by Lieutenant Colonel Tadeusz Zakrzewski (1897–1964), former military attaché in Bucharest (1938–1940). The policy was founded on three pillars: the Polish Armed Forces, the Polish populace, and propaganda. He emphasised that Poland would achieve true victory with the consolidation of its independent existence within its pre-war borders in the east, and strategically expanded borders – at the expense of Germany (East Prussia, Opole Silesia) – in the west. Central and Eastern Europe was to be divided between Poland (Union of Central Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Hungary) and the USSR (Eastern Union: the USSR, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Bulgaria). Romania could choose between the two. Peace and security in the world would rely on the cooperation of regional powers and the relations of states supervised by an international organisation. The durability of the post-war order would be ensured by the universal adoption of democracy, the protection of human and minority rights, extensive trade in commodities and raw materials, and the isolation of warmonger states from the international community. Польская иностранная политика и роль армии в геополитических рассуждениях подполковника Тадеуша Закржевского, обращенных к премьер-министру генералу Владиславу СикорскомуБывший военный атташе в Бухаресте (1938–1940), подполковник Тадеуш Закржевский (1897–1964) в январе 1943 г. отправил главнокомандующему и премьер-министру генералу Владиславу Сикорскому докладную записку о целях польской иностранной политики. Ее основой он назначил: польскую армию, отношение страны к немецкому оккупанту и пропаганду польских целей войны. Он подчеркивал, что польской победой в войне должно стать укрепление независимости в довоенных границах на Востоке, расширенных стратегически и экономически за счет Германии (Восточная Пруссия, Опольская Силезия). Центральная и Восточная Европа должны были быть разделены между Польшу (Центральноевропейский Союз – Польша, Чехословакия, Югославия, Греция, Венгрия) и Советский Союз (Восточный Союз – СССР, Финляндия, Латвия, Эстония, Болгария). Румыния могла принадлежать или к Восточному или к Центральному Союзу. Мир и мировая безопасность опирались бы на сотрудничество держав и региональные союзы государств в рамках международной организации. Прочность послевоенной системы обеспечили бы: всеобщность демократии, права человека и национальных меньшинств, торговое и сырьевое сотрудничество, изолирование агрессора от международного общества.

With the implementation of mechanisms of Transitional Justice, a process of dialogue between the Colombian Government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - FARC, is being carried out at the present time and in addition with the intention that the National Liberation Army should become integrated in this process. Consequently, once consensus on the points that are part of the agenda is reached, a major agreement will be signed that will aim to achieve peace, putting an end to a conflict that dates back more than four decades and that has been influenced by diverse factors leaving a large number of victims as a consequence. In this context, the military and police forces have played an important role in its function of maintaining national security and public safety in the field of military confrontations which the institutions have had to reorganize in order to deal with the changes in the context of the conflict described. In the aftermath of the signing of the peace agreements, it is essential to analyze the roles which each of these institutions will have to assume in order to ensure non-recurrence of the conflict and to contribute to achieving social peace, as a next step to political peace. Terefore the objective of this research is aimed at determining the role of the Armed Forces and Police within the framework of the Colombian Post-Conflict, for which a hermeneutical historical paradigm is used. Keywords: Transitional Justice, Armed Forces, military confrontation, conflict victims, post-conflict, public safety, peace agreements, social peace, political peace. ; Con la implementación de mecanismos propios de la Justicia Transicional, se está llevando a cabo en la actualidad un proceso de diálogos entre el Gobierno Nacional Colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – F.A.R.C., además de tener la intención de articularse a este proceso el Ejército de Liberación Nacional. En consecuencia, una vez se logre el consenso sobre los puntos que hacen parte de la agenda, se suscribirá un gran acuerdo que tendrá como finalidad obtener la paz, poniendo fin a un conflicto armado que data de más de cuatro décadas y que ha estado influenciado por diversos factores dejando como consecuencia un gran número de víctimas. En este contexto las Fuerzas Militares y de Policía han tenido un papel relevante en su papel de mantener la seguridad nacional y la seguridad ciudadana en el ámbito de las confrontaciones bélicas para lo cual han debido reorganizarse las Instituciones con el fin de atender las mutaciones de la connotación del referido conflicto. En la etapa posterior a la firma de los acuerdos de paz es fundamental analizar los roles que deberá asumir cada una de estas Instituciones con el fin de garantizar la no repeticióndel conflicto y coadyuvar para la consecución de la paz social, como etapa siguiente a la paz política. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación se orienta a determinar el rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y de Policía en el marco del Posconflicto Colombiano, para lo cual se utilizará un paradigma histórico hermenéutico.

This study tackles one of the Jordanian Armed Forces Musicals bands, which shared a noble history with the Hashemite people and a long struggle since the establishment of the North Jordan Emirate.This study is intended to support the role of the Bugler by studying the role of the Armed Forces Musicals and its different types as well as a briefing on the Jordanian Armed Forces and its bands in addition to the musical instrument used in it.Also, this study aimed at clarifying the job of the Military Music, as one of its elements. In order to achieve this, the present researcher resorted to the method of field survey, personal interviews and musical documentation for the tunes, the style and the occasions of performance and analysis accompanied with the professional role of the specific instrument of these tones, which is Bugle then scheduling these tunes according to its naming, numbers of players and the occasions, which are closely related to these instrument.

Responding to the strong challenges against the dual functions of the armed forces according to which Indonesian armed forces does not perform purely military function, but is also a socio-political forces with the right to actively participate in government, the self reformed Indonesian armed forces has produced a new approach called the "New Paradigm" which envisages a reduction of its legitimate political role. Now, the military has retained only 38 seats (used to be 100) in the House of Representatives. And as of April 1999, the practice of kekaryaan has also been eliminated. Military personnel are still allowed to hold their posts in civilian bureaucracy, local legislatures, and as regional executives, but they would have to retire from active duty. These moves marked a partial retreat of the socio-political role of the Indonesian armed forces.

This article Military pedagogy and of psychology Armed In the forces holding place.

Forensic odontology (FO) is a branch of forensic medicine that in the interest of justice deals with proper handling and examination of dental evidence. Teeth can survive in most conditions encountered at death and during decomposition, even when the body is exposed to extreme forces and/or temperatures. FO is being practiced worldwide since 1775, after which it has not only become an integral part of the judicial system of the developed countries but also been adopted by the armed forces and investigative agencies of these countries. In India, the awareness of FO is gaining pace since the last decade after the establishment of various organizations and the Dental Council of India making it a part of the curriculum. However, its identity as an individual endeavour is still to be established. Awareness and applicability of FO in the Indian Defense Forces would be of great help for better and accurate record keeping of the dedicated and vigilant warriors of our army. These records will be of great help for easy recognition of our army men at the time of calamities, wars, and other difficulties. It would also be useful in the identification of terrorists who enter our country and travel easily in disguise.

The participation of the Republic of Angola in the African Peace and Security Architecture represents, in the current sub-Saharan context, the example of a search for strategic affirmation of a rising regional power, through a participatory, influential foreign policy and commitment, a bet on strategic balance duality in which the Angolan Armed Forces are an instrument of military cooperation and conflict resolution in Angola´s conjectural interest space. THIS article demystifies this paradigm and discusses the possible interests of Angola within the framework of participation in the African Peace and Security Architecture, constituting a framework for development and an affirmation of military capabilities. Employing the Armed Forces has a regional and continental assertion mechanism for Angola's external policy in the context of a non-permanent member of the Security Council in the United Nations.

El siglo XXI es el siglo de la interconexión y la complejidad. Todo se encuentra interrelacionado, lo que ha obligado a incluir la Defensa en el marco de la Seguridad con el propósito de dar respuestas a los retos que plantea y que ya no son solo militares sino de toda índole, incluidas crisis y catástrofes. Las fuerzas Armadas pueden contribuir con gran eficacia a la hora de atender tales retos. La tendencia no es ya al conflicto entre naciones, sino a la defensa de la Seguridad Nacional e Internacional, lo que genera un enorme cambio en los medios, preparación y doctrina. ; The 21st century is the century of interconnectedness and complexity. Everything is interrelated. This has made it necessary to include Defense in the Security framework to respond to the new challenges, which are not only military but of many different kinds, including crises and disasters. The Armed Forces can effectively help to meet these challenges. The trend is not to deal with conflicts between nations anymore but to defend national and international security, which brings about an enormous change in means, personnel and doctrine. ; O século XXI é o século da interconexão e da complexidade. Tudo se encontra inter-relacionado, o que obrigou a incluir a Defesa no campo da Segurança com o objetivo de responder aos novos desafios, que já não são só militares mas de diversa natureza, incluindo clises e catástrofes. As Forças Armadas podem contribuir com grande eficácia no momento de responder a estes desafios. A tendência já não é o conflito entre nações mas a defesa da Segurança Nacional e Internacional, o que gera uma enorme mudança nos meios, na preparação e na doutrina.

This special issue contains articles and research notes authored by scholars from Canada, the United States, Asia-Pacific, and Europe on the roles of Indigenous people in armed forces. The contributors' explorations of varied forms of military service by Indigenous people(s), political and cultural challenges that Indigenous personnel faced, and sacrifices made in Canada and in other countries, encourages further dialogue on how Indigenous service can be rooted in trustful relationships and how respect for Indigenous cultures, values, and knowledge can inform defence policy and practice.

As popular uprisings, demanding greater political freedoms and in several countries even regime change, swept across much of the Arab world, a crucial role has been played by the armed forces of these countries in confronting the pro-reform movements. Practically all Arab countries can be described as military-based regimes, where the armed forces have been at the core of the political system, even though the status and role of the military has varied significantly from one country to the next. Moreover, powerful military forces, as well as a robust security apparatus more generally, have been seen by many, as one, if not the main, obstacle to political reform and democratization in the region. ; peer-reviewed