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This article discusses the conceptual foundations of the development of military culture in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The influence of the national traditions of the Uzbek people on the development of the military culture of young military personnel of the Republic of Uzbekistan is studied.

Introduction. The article is devoted to Persians who served in the Early Byzantine armed forces. Even during the Principate period, alae and cohortes which were originally recruited from Parthians were part of the Roman imperial army. Units from Persian defectors and prisoners were also created from the 4th to the 6th century. Methods. Using tools of the positivist methodology makes it possible to provide a critical analysis of information from the sources. At the same time, the prosopographical method allows to study mechanisms of integration of immigrants from neighboring realms into the Early Byzantine society using examples of individual fates. Analysis. According to "Notitia Dignitatum", a significant part of military units of Persian origin served in eastern provinces of the empire. It is also known that cavalry vexillationes which consisted of immigrants from Iran were included in mobile armies. Some numeri with Persian prisoners were transferred to Italy in the 6th century. These units consisted mainly of heavily armed horsemen who were famous for eastern neighbors of Rome and Byzantium. In the framework of the presented article, the author refers to individual personalities who held commanding posts in the imperial armed forces. It is important to note that among them there were representatives of the Sasanian family. Ormizdas, the son of Hormizd II, Kavad, the grandson of Kavad I, and Khosrow II sought to find salvation from Iranian strifes at the court of the emperors. These individuals were considered as completely loyal to Byzantium candidates for the Shahanshah's throne. However, only Khosrow II managed to return victorious to Iran in 591 with the support of the eastern Roman emperor Maurice. Results. The author concludes that military service was the main channel of integration into the society of the empire for Persian immigrants as well as other foreigners in the Late Antique period. © 2020 Volgograd State University. All rights reserved.

The conflict environment is changing, and—after almost two decades of continuous COIN, stabilisation and counterterrorism missions—government and public opinion in western and allied countries are unlikely to support continued large-scale or long-duration missions of this type. Yet history demonstrates that such missions are, and are likely to remain, some of the most frequent and geographically widespread. Likewise, ground forces are critical for success in COIN and stabilisation missions, due to the need to interact closely with local government and populations, which implies the need to establish and maintain a physical presence in the area of operations, which in turn implies the need to survive and prevail in a close combat environment, which only ground forces can do. Thus, despite their unpopularity, ground forces can expect (and must be prepared) to continue engaging in these types of operations. However, the same factors that have enhanced the threat in recent decades—in particular, connectivity and the ability to conduct collaborative and remote engagement— also create opportunities for new operating methods for ground forces conducting COIN and stabilisation. These include the ability to deploy only a small element forward on the ground, conducting SFA and FID tasks, while supporting it with a QRF and other enablers that remain offshore in a sea-base or in regionally-deployed FOBs. In such a scenario the main force might be withheld from the theatre of operations and either deploy for a brief initial period only, or not at all. For a force operating in this manner, protected mobility and communications would remain essential, as would the ability to access and deliver precision fire support when required. Deployed forces would probably be modular to a very low level, operating in a mesh of multi-role, semi-autonomous small teams supporting each other and swapping roles as needed. Traditional intelligence, engineering, civil affairs, psychological operations and military governance capabilities would remain essential, but might be called forward as needed. Ultimately, however, while ground forces will almost certainly continue to play a central role in counterinsurgency and stabilisation operations, the way they perform this role, the organisation and equipment with which they do so, and the environment in which they conduct such missions is likely to change, and keep changing, into the foreseeable future.

This paper deals with the problems of staffi ng the military clergy, in particular, the Muslim clergy in Russian armed forces. The author describes the structure of the management of military clerics in the system of the Main Directorate for Work with the Personnel of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. He gives arguments in favour of the need for military imams in the Russian army. Reasons for the minimal presence of the Muslim clergy in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are also indicated in the paper. The author proposes ways of solving the problem of attracting Muslim clergy cadres. The conclusions of the article are based on information obtained during in-depth interviews of offi cials of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation who are specialized in work with believers servicemen. ; В статье речь идет о проблемах комплектования штатов военного духовенства, в частности мусульманского. Впервые структура управления военными священнослужителями в системе Главного управления по работе с личным составом Министерства обороны РФ приводится не в специализированном военном издании. Исследуются аргументы в пользу необходимости военных имамов в Российской армии. Предлагаются пути решения проблемы по привлечению кадров из числа священнослужителей-мусульман. Выводы статьи основаны на сведениях, полученных в ходе глубинного интервьюирования должностных лиц Министерства обороны РФ по работе с верующими военнослужащими.

The article performs an analytical review on the issues of reforms in the state structure of the Kyrgyz Republic and its military organization. The paper considers military reform as a necessary component of political and socio-economic reforms, one of the determining conditions for their success, an effective factor in ensuring the defense and security of Kyrgyzstan, its active and constructive role in the modern world. The author notes the necessity, from the point of view of the defense interests of Kyrgyzstan, in the development and adoption of fundamentally new methods of organizing the financial support of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic. At the same time, the created mechanism of the organization should be aimed, first of all, at optimizing the size and structure of the Armed Forces, their compliance with the financial, economic, scientific, technical and other capabilities of the country to ensure its military security with the least expenditure of resources. ; В статье выполнен аналитический обзор по вопросам преобразований в государственном устройстве Кыргызской Республики и ее военной организации. Военная реформа рассмотрена как необходимая составная часть политических и социально-экономических реформ, одно из определяющих условий их успеха, действенный фактор обеспечения обороны и безопасности Кыргызстана, его активной и конструктивной роли в современном мире. Отмечена необходимость, с точки зрения оборонных интересов Кыргызстана, в разработке и принятии принципиально новых методов организации финансового обеспечения Вооруженных Сил Кыргызской Республики. При этом создаваемый механизмы организации должен быть нацелен, прежде всего, на оптимизацию размеров и структуры Вооруженных Сил, их соответствие финансово-экономическим, научно-техническим и иным возможностям страны обеспечить ее военную безопасность с наименьшими затратами ресурсов.

The article examines the changing participation of armed forces in the life of Latin American countries, the balance between their traditional and new functions. The author looks into their actual position as a state and social institution in the context of historical development. Significant attention is paid to the theoretical framework of civil-military relations. National examples illustrate common and specific features of the evolution of the armed forces. ; В статье рассматривается изменение форм участия вооруженных сил в жизни стран Латинской Америки, соотношение традиционных и новых функций. Автор обращается к их современному положению как государственного и социального института в контексте исторического развития. Значительное внимание уделяется теоретическим представлениям о военно-гражданских отношениях. Общие и особенные черты эволюции вооруженных сил показаны на примерах отдельных стран.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; В статье рассматривается участие ВВС СССР, в том числе летчиков Белорусского военного округа, в международных вооруженных конфликтах 1936—1939 гг., которое оказало существенное влияние на дальнейшее реформирование военной авиации и совершенствование теории и практики ее боевого применения. Наряду с несомненными достижениями автор отмечает некоторые пробелы в тактической и летной подготовке отечественных авиаторов, изъяны в обмене боевым опытом и организации взаимодействия, техническом обеспечении. = The article considers the participation of the USSR Air Forces, including Belarusian military district, in armed conflicts between 1936 and 1939, which influenced considerably further military aviation reform and its combat use theory and practice development. Along with unquestionable achievements the author notes certain problems in tactical and flying training for our aviators, some flaws in combat experience exchange and interaction organisation, as well as technical assistance.

The article deals with the problems of historiography of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic. The author analyzes the approaches to disclosure of the nature and the causes of the armed conflict in Chechnya, existing in modern Polish historiography. The active phase of the military operations of the armed conflict in Chechnya was completed in 2001. At that time, historians, analysts and journalists create a wide range of theoretical works concerning the conflict. A number of common features on the use of basic resources are discussed in these publications. The degree of accessibility of the sources which focus on the description of the conflict and its socio-political assessment is of great importance for researchers and their objectives. Modern Polish historiography, dedicated to the armed conflict in Chechnya, is in the stage of development and the state of its documentary complex is characterized by a number of qualitative changes. The article highlights the scientific and objective truth, comparing it with the comments of the contemporaries. In terms of methodological aspects it is an interesting work for specialists in the fields of history and political science. The author urges us to meditate on the objective truth and subjective opinion about the events. Versions of the causes of the conflict, conflict results and prospects set out in the Polish historiography may have significance not only for understanding of the situation in the Chechen Republic itself but also for the international relations.

More than 1,7 million people, 770 thousand people from HIV infection, died from tuberculosis worldwide in 2018. In accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organization's strategy to fight tuberculosis, all countries need to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis by 80% and reduce the death rate from tuberculosis by 90% by 2030. According to the Joint United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) goals of «90–90–90», countries should achieve the following indicators by 2020: «90% of people living with HIV infection should know their HIV status; 90% of those who know about their HIV infection should receive treatment, and 90% of those who are being treated should not have their viral load determined». Socially significant diseases are a serious problem for the Russian Federation (RF). The RF is one of 30 countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and ranks 3rd place in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and 6th place in the prevalence of HIV infection. Socially significant diseases present a serious problem for the Armed Forces of the RF. 150 new cases of tuberculosis, over 50 cases of HIV infection are diagnosed every year among military personnel of the RF Armed Forces.The purpose of the study is to analyze the current epidemiological situation of tuberculosis and HIV infection in the armed forces of the Russian Federation and foreign armies, to generalize domestic and foreign experience in the organization of medical care for military personnel with these diseases.Data from reports of the medical service and a review of domestic Russian and foreign medical literature allowed us to assess TB and HIV sickness rate among military personnel in the RF and foreign states, as well as to characterize the current system of medical care for this category of patients. ; В 2018 г. во всем мире от туберкулеза умерло более 1,7 млн человек, 770 тыс. человек от ВИЧ-инфекции. В соответствии с Целями устойчивого развития Организации Объединенных Наций и стратегией Всемирной организации здравоохранения по борьбе с туберкулезом к 2030 году всем странам необходимо добиться снижения заболеваемости туберкулезом на 80% и снижения смертности от туберкулеза на 90%. В соответствии с целями Объединенной программы Организации Объединенных Наций по ВИЧ/СПИД (ЮНЭЙДС) «90–90–90» страны должны достигнуть к 2020 г. следующих показателей: «90% человек с ВИЧ-инфекцией должны знать свой ВИЧ-статус, 90% из тех, кто знает о своей ВИЧ-инфекции, получать лечение, и у 90% человек из тех, кто лечится, вирусная нагрузка не должна определяться».Для Российской Федерации (РФ) социально значимые заболевания представляют серьезную проблему. РФ входит в список 30 стран с высоким уровнем заболеваемости туберкулезом и занимает третье место по туберкулезу со множественной лекарственной устойчивостью и шестое место по распространенности ВИЧ-инфекции. Каждый год только у военнослужащих Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации диагностируется более 150 новых случаев туберкулеза и свыше 50 случаев ВИЧ-инфекции.Лечение одного пациента с туберкулезом может обходиться Министерству обороны РФ от 300 тыс. до 1,5 млн рублей, а ежегодные расходы в военной системе здравоохранения, связанные с затратами на противотуберкулезные препараты, могут превышать десятки миллионов рублей. С учетом сложившейся демографической ситуации в мире и РФ заболеваемость туберкулезом и ВИЧ-инфекцией приобретает особенно важное значение и влияет на обороноспособность государств.Цель исследования: анализ современной эпидемиологической ситуации по туберкулезу и ВИЧ-инфекции в ВС РФ и иностранных армиях, обобщение отечественного и зарубежного опыта в организации оказания медицинской помощи военнослужащим с данными заболеваниями.Данные отчетов медицинской службы и обзор отечественной и иностранной литературы позволили оценить заболеваемость туберкулезом и ВИЧ-инфекцией военнослужащих ВС РФ и иностранных государств, а также охарактеризовать сложившуюся систему оказания медицинской помощи данной категории пациентов.

The article deals with the problems of historiography of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic. The active phase of the military operations of the armed conflict in Chechnya was completed in 2001. At that time, historians, analysts and journalists created a wide range of theoretical works concerning the conflict. A number of common features on the use of basic resources are discussed in these publications. The degree of accessibility of the sources which focus on the description of the conflict and its socio-political assessment is of great importance for researchers and their objectives. The author analyzes the European (French) historiography of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic, considers publications and specialized monographs by French authors on the given subject. The author reveals the ideas about the consequences of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic, articulated in the works of the European researchers. For the first time within the study of the Western historiography of the war in Chechnya the author analyzes these consequences for both the Russian and Chechen sides. Being one of the most influential historical traditions, French historiography dedicated to the armed conflict in Chechnya is in the stage of development and is characterized by a number of qualitative changes and conceptual approaches.

Introduction. The development of modern, complete-standard issue equipment for the Armed Forces Medical Service is an urgent organizational and management task. First aid kits, medical bags, sets of medical equipment, medical kits and packing existed until recently; no longer meet modern requirements for a number of objective reasons. The aim of the study was the formation of programs of development of modern samples of complete-standard-issue equipment. Materials and methods. The study was conducted based on the analysis of scientific literature and guidelines which regulate different aspects of the Armed Forces Medical Service complete-standard issue equipment. The study used methods like: retrospective, content analysis, comparison and description, logical, structural and functional analysis, expert assessments, decision-making, as well as the methods of the theory of constraints and other systems. Results and discussion. rmation of the range of medical property in modern conditions for inclusion into complete-standard issue equipment is connected with the need to make timely decisions on choosing the most efficient models, taking into account market conditions and economic opportunities. There are requirements established for the complete-samples standard issue equipment for their use outside a medical organization. Development program structure of complete-standard-issue equipment is shown, as well as examples of the formation of the content of medical equipment kits. On the basis of the offered program a new complete-standard issue equipment of the Armed Forces Medical Service was created. In accordance with the principles of the theory of constraints a strategy to optimize the composition of sets of medical equipment was developed. It included comprehensive solutions aimed at stabilizing the activity of the pharmaceutical industry in the interest of the Armed Forces Medical Service. Conclusions. An offered program has allowed developing new models of complete-standard issue equipment of the Armed Forces Medical Service, which provides healthcare to a necessary extent and speed of deployment and mobility of medical units formations and military units in the field. ; Введение. Разработка современного комплектно-табельного оснащения для медицинской службы Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации представляется актуальной организационно-управленческой задачей. Существовавшие до недавнего времени аптечки первой помощи, сумки медицинские, комплекты медицинского имущества, наборы и укладки медицинские перестали соответствовать современным требованиям по ряду объективных причин. Целью исследования являлось формирование программы разработки современных образцов комплектно-табельного оснащения. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на основе анализа научной литературы и руководящих документов, регламентирующих различные аспекты использования комплектно-табельного оснащения медицинской службы Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации. В исследовании использовались методы: ретроспективный, контент-анализ, сравнения и описания, логический, структурно-функциональный анализ, экспертных оценок, принятия решений, а также методы теории ограничений систем и др. Результаты и обсуждение. Формирование вмедицинского имущества для включения в состав изделий комплектно-табельного оснащения связано с необходимостью принятия своевременных решений по выбору наиболее эффективных образцов, учета конъюнктуры рынка и экономических возможностей. Установлены требования, предъявляемые к образцам комплектно-табельного оснащения для их использования вне медицинской организации. Показана структура программы разработки образцов комплектно-табельного оснащения. Приведены примеры формирования состава комплектов медицинского имущества. На основании предложенной программы создано новое комплектно-табельное оснащение медицинской службы Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации. В соответствии с принципами теории ограничений выработана стратегия оптимизации состава комплектов медицинского имущества. Она включила в себя комплексные решения, направленные на стабилизацию деятельности фармацевтической промышленности в интересах медицинской службы Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации. Заключение. Предложенная программа позволила разработать новые образцы комплектно-табельного оснащения медицинской службы Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации, что обеспечивает оказание медицинской помощи в необходимом объеме и оперативность развертывания и мобильность медицинских подразделений соединений и воинских частей в полевых условиях.

The article describes a feature of traditional and network of communication channels during the advertising, the role of media channels in the advertising communication. Are the data of foreign and domestic research groups in the field of media.

Protection of military management system, military technologies, modern weapons, aim determining targets and other systems against cyber attacks are studied in the article as one of topical and significant task for preventing influence of cyber attacks. C ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы защиты военных систем управления, военных технологий, современных оружейных комплексов, систем наведения и других систем от кибер атак и сокращения или предотвращения воздействий кибер атак как, одна из актуальных и неотло ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы защиты военных систем управления, военных технологий, современных оружейных комплексов, систем наведения и других систем от кибер атак и сокращения или предотвращения воздействий кибер атак как, одна из актуальных и неотло

In an interview, Marc Saad pushes back against a Diwan article that was critical of the party's political behavior.