Suchergebnisse

La caída del Muro de Berlín en 1989 y los atentados de septiembre de 2001 en los Estados Unidos provocaron un cambio de paradigma en el rol de la inteligencia estatal, con sus dinámicas particulares conforme a los contextos de cada país y región. Las nuevas democracias en América Latina sumaron a ello el desafío de democratizar la inteligencia, con el avance, a sus propios ritmos, de nuevas legislaciones y estructuras, con la revisión de los pasados autoritarios, entre otros aspectos. Ya en el siglo XXI, dados los cambios de escenarios estratégicos en la región, cabe reflexionar sobre los paradigmas y desafíos de la inteligencia. Para entender la dinámica de la estabilidad y el cambio en inteligencia, para detectar eventos significativos, coyunturas críticas y resultados, cabe ahondar sobre los legados y el proceso de democratización propiamente dicho. Se proponen las siguientes preguntas. ¿Existe en las nuevas democracias un marco para una cultura de inteligencia? ¿Cuál es el peso de los legados del pasado autoritario? ¿Cómo impactan las crisis de inteligencia? ¿En qué medida las áreas de inteligencia se ajustan y/o se adaptan a las necesidades actuales? ¿Cuál es el grado de incidencia de las políticas de inteligencia en la construcción de las decisiones nacionales? Con eje en la experiencia regional y desde una lectura comparada, se ahonda en los desafíos y escenarios actuales de inteligencia. En tal sentido, se exploran las nociones y prácticas de inteligencia estratégica y de inteligencia criminal que se han forjado.

The need to create an effective mechanism for ensuring state information security is substantiated. It is noted that the blocking of true information about the role of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, actions of the leadership and power structures does not contribute to victory in the war waged by Russia against Ukraine.

The following main ways of disseminating unreliable information in the conditions of war have been identified. social networks; fake accounts of famous people, politicians, TV and radio channels; personal messages or in shared groups of Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp and other messengers.

It is indicated that in the aspect of ensuring information security, a significant place is occupied by the problems of spreading rumors, gossip, and fakes. The following types of fakes are highlighted. fake advertising, fake pseudo-expert, fake conspiracy, fake clickbait. To promote fake news, there are bot farms, «Internet troll factories», and pranking is practiced. In addition, fakes in the conditions of Russian aggression are also a battle of narratives and cultures.

Such components of information security as information-technical and information-psychological protection are highlighted.

The main mechanisms of combating false information in the conditions of war are disclosed, namely. formation of media literacy of the population; coverage of objective information through government Internet publications, mass media, e-government; establishment of responsibility for spreading fake news among the population; control of fake accounts; neutralization of fakes by special units in the cyber police.

The main directions of improving information security as a component of the state security of Ukraine have been identified and characterized.

Las notas de prensa publicadas en la página web del Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer (IAM) para difundir campañas en torno a la celebración del 8 de marzo (Día Internacional de la Mujer) son un subgénero de discurso institucional que permite análisis metadiscursivos, pues en él se puede identificar la ideología dominante en torno al tema de la igualdad de género en este marco institucional. En este trabajo se analizan notas de prensa durante los dos períodos de gobierno en Andalucía (socialdemócrata y liberal-conservador) de los últimos 8 años. Se analizan los temas tratados, las representaciones de los actores sociales involucrados (el IAM, como emisor, y las mujeres andaluzas, como grupo social objeto de las campañas); los roles sociales asignados y, finalmente, la situación de la imagen social de estos grupos, así como los comportamientos de cortesía y descortesía que produce este discurso. El marco teórico es el Análisis Crítico del Discurso y el Análisis Social del Discurso. El análisis cualitativo muestra que la igualdad es la principal base ideológica, pero los valores que la definen cambian en los dos períodos, con un enfoque en la justicia social y la emancipación de la mujer en el período socialdemócrata, y en la productividad en el período conservador. Se producen efectos de cortesía, pero también en ocasiones de descortesía cuando la institución adopta un papel superior hacia la mujer, o cuando antepone sus objetivos políticos a la consecución del propósito (la igualdad).

Since economic theory identifies new enterprises as one of the basic drivers of economic growth, it brings to the forefront the need to understand the existing dynamics of entrepreneurship. Consequently, the identification of the basic entrepreneurship's determinants is a central issue from both a theoretical and a practical point of view in contemporary literature. A better understanding of the factors influencing the dynamics of entrepreneurship is a basic precondition for creating effective policies aimed at encouraging the creation of new companies, and consequently, the creation of new jobs. Therefore, this paper addresses several important issues. From the theoretical standpoint, the role of entrepreneurial determinants in creating a new business is examined. From a practical standpoint, the basic formal institutional factors influencing the birth rate of new companies are analyzed. The analysis was conducted on a sample of European Union countries for the period from 2010 to 2019 using data from the World Bank's Doing Business database, as well as data on business dynamics from the Eurostat database. A panel data regression analysis using the fixed-effects estimation procedure with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors was conducted, and the results indicate that the dynamics of new enterprises' foundation are negatively affected by the total tax burden, as well as the cost of property registration, while the amount of initial capital required to open a business has a positive impact. The results of the research can serve as a basis for fine-tuning policies that will facilitate and encourage the creation of new enterprises.

The subject of research is theoretical aspects of the formation of a marketing strategy for the development of the banking sector. The purpose of the article is aimed at researching existing aspects of marketing strategy formation and determining modern approaches to bank marketing strategy formation based on them. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge used at the empirical and theoretical levels of research: comparative, analytical, selective, dialectical, systemic approach, induction and deduction, generalization. Results of work. The article researches theoretical aspects of formation of marketing strategy of development of banking sector. The scientific concepts are generalized and the essence of the marketing strategy and its peculiarities in the activities of banking institutions are studied, the algorithm for forming an effective marketing strategy of the bank is formed, the role of banking marketing in the formation of the banking strategy in the banking services market is determined. Field of application of results in the activities of banking institutions of Ukraine. Conclusions. Marketing is becoming one of the most important factors of success in banking, along with general management, finance and technology. In this constable, the task of Ukrainian banks is to use the experience already acquired by developed countries. First, it is already proven in practice; the second, will minimize the funds and time for the banking system; thirdly, it can act as a basis for modern methodologies for the development and implementation of marketing strategies in commercial banks.

The construction, performance, and regulation of identities in the online world have deep implications for individuals, organizations, and society, particularly as digital technologies become increasingly omnipresent in our daily lives. In the last decades, analyses of online identities' processes have moved from the exploration of identity play, through identity performance, toward a growing identity regulation through algorithmic management and the monetization of personal data. Despite a significant tradition of critical management and organization studies literature on identity, online identities have to date received only scant attention. This Special Issue explores what critical management and organization studies can contribute to research on online identities. Drawing on empirical analysis of virtual forums, social media, and platforms, the six papers included here highlight the struggles that accompany identity processes in the online environment and their implications for workers, activists, and other organized selves. In this introduction, we contextualize these contributions with reference to online identities studies and metaphors of the internet as a place, a tool, and a way of being. We comment on the contributions they make relating to the role of the body, and individual and collective dynamics in online identities processes. Following this, we propose critical ways forward concerning new forms of digital work, multiphrenic context collapse, and online references and sources of identity. We invite researchers to not only critically explore but also to engage with this brave new world that increasingly shapes our individual and collective selves.

International football can be considered the main site for meaning-making processes related to national and racial/ethnic diversity. Various scholars have argued how international football, with the World Cup as its apex, can be seen as a barometer for understanding dominant attitudes towards societal diversity. A key domain where this diversity is interpreted and given meaning to is mediated football. To provide a wider overview of – often intersecting – meanings given to nationality and race/ethnicity over a longer period of time, this explorative study uses a historical approach to inquire how Dutch-mediated football – especially football commentary on television – has given meaning to a diversifying Dutch national team at three moments in time (the World Cups of 1974, 1998 and 2014). Further, it discusses how mediated football serves as a site for the (re)construction of discourses surrounding nationality and race/ethnicity in the Netherlands. Our findings show that meanings given to nationality and race/ethnicity are fluid, context-dependent and reconstructed in a particular temporal context. Further, it appears that key players have provided a significant role in meanings given to (super-)diversity of the Dutch national football team. Commentary on White Dutch key players was dominated by positive comments (in the World Cups of 1974 and 2014), while comments on Black Surinamese Dutch key players was relatively more negative (in the 1998 World Cup). Moreover, our results contrast with earlier studies in that Dutch commentators did not rely on stereotypical representations of Black Dutch footballers as 'naturally' athletic.

Acepto el complejo desafío de escribir sobre mi relación con la imagen, con la religión, con la investigación, con la narrativa; y sobre el encuentro con Mattjis van de Port y su trabajo. Empezaré contando el rol de la fotografía en mi trayectoria académica. Desde mis años de licenciatura, mi consumo de imágenes, particularmente a través del fotoperiodismo, fue muy estimulante. Llegué a México proveniente de Bolivia en 1988, y me recibió una explosión de la foto en los matutinos. Acababa de nacer el periódico La Jornada unos años antes, y una de sus improntas fue dar a lo visual –la foto y la caricatura– un lugar preponderante. Los fotógrafos eran tan importantes como los articulistas, su trabajo valorado, su discurso podía marcar la agenda pública en algunos temas. La creatividad y la imaginación impregnaban esas páginas que yo consumía con avidez. Yo, que tenía una cámara alemana heredada de mi padre –que luego la extravié–, empecé tímidamente a hacer mis propias fotos. Hasta que llegó un iniciático viaje a Nueva York y pude comprarme una Canon AE-1 con mis pocos recursos de estudiante. La semilla de la imagen estaba sembrada, mi sensibilidad sólo habría de crecer. Desde entonces la cámara me acompañó en cada aventura, desde ahí que no paro de mirar, registrar, volver a mirar; incluso en varios momentos me puse la pregunta si, en realidad, debiera dedicarme a la imagen y no a las ciencias sociales.

AbstractOppression and inequality, as critical social and structural determinants of health, are key threats to public health. Democratic stability provides institutional measures to mitigate oppression and inequality. We investigate trends in democratic backsliding in the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) nations, overall, and compare trends in backsliding among specific indicators of democracy relevant to public health based on protections against oppression and inequality. We leverage a comprehensive, longitudinal, data set (V‐DEM), capturing key indicators of democracy in OECD nations from 2010 to 2020. Indicators were selected from the scholarly literature on democracy and health for their effects on oppression and inequality. We observe trends over time in democratic stability among OECD nations, overall, and then compare trends in democratic stability or backsliding across OECD nations within categories of democratic indicators established to mitigate oppression and inequality. Democracy is declining across all OECD nations. Broad democratic declines are shown between types of OECD member states. Country income is not necessarily protective for democratic stability. We find specific declines in two measures with immediate implications for public health—Civil Liberties and Integrity of the Courts—across at least half of all OECD nations and a particularly alarming level of change in the United States. Politics shape and limit public health. Declining components of democracy can have both short‐ and long‐term consequences for population health by increasing inequality and reducing mechanisms to protect against oppressive tactics. Public health can play an important role in improving democracy by strengthening accountability.

Generalist health interventions that aim to reduce chronic health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations can be culturally adapted to better meet the needs of Indigenous people in Canada; however, little is known regarding best practices in implementing these adaptations. The present study first provides a review of the research process used to adapt a previous evidence-based housing initiative for Indigenous youth in Northwestern Ontario. Second, it includes an overview of the adaptations that were made and the associated rationale for such adaptations. Third, it examines the experiences of participants and staff involved in the cultural adaptation of the Housing Outreach Program Collaborative (HOP-C), a health intervention re-designed to improve physical and mental health outcomes, wellbeing, and social support for formerly homeless Indigenous youth as they secure housing. Qualitative feedback from interviews with 15 participants and eight program staff, in addition to one focus group with an additional six frontline workers, described perceived outcomes of the program's cultural adaptations. Modifications to the overall program structure, specific roles within the program (including counseling services, peer mentorship, cultural services, and case management), and adaptations to general implementation within the health organization providing the intervention were described by participants and staff as effective and helpful adaptations. The focus of Indigenous values at an organizational level led to consistent adaptations in counseling and case management to best meet the unique needs of the youth involved. Based upon participant interviews, recommendations to future adaptations are provided.

AbstractMost contemporary liquid Li‐ion battery chemistries are based on carbonate electrolytes, however, these typically perform poorly with metallic lithium. Especially, when only a small reservoir of metal is present, cells fail quickly due to the complete consumption of electrochemically active Li. Electrolyte modification is, therefore, a commonly chosen strategy to increase cycling stability and prolong lifetime of the cell. At the same time, complete redevelopment of an electrolyte usually creates a new set of problems, as conductivity, suitable electrochemical stability window and compatibility to all components of the cell needs to be ensured. It is, therefore, a reasonable strategy to alter existing electrolytes slightly, as has been done for the aforementioned carbonate electrolytes by incorporating lithium nitrate salt with triethyl phosphate as cosolvent into the mixture. As the role of the organophosphate is not fully clarified, our study aims to investigate its effect onto cycling stability, morphology, and reversibility of Li metal cycling both with and without LiNO3 salt. Using close‐to‐industrial conditions with limited excess of metallic Li at high current density, we are comparing cycling performance of the different electrolyte combinations. Contribution of the additive components to irreversible thickness growth due to the formation of inactive ("dead") lithium and deposited lithium morphology is investigated by operando dilatometry and postmortem scanning electron microscopy. Finally, we are looking at modified solvent‐salt ratios to see whether further improvements of cell lifetime and morphology can be achieved.

Purpose
Electronic government (e-government) has been suggested as an important tool to improve public services and enhance citizens' trust in government. Several studies have examined the relationship between e-government service quality, satisfaction and trust in government with conflicting results. This conflict reveals the need for additional examination of the process relating e-government service quality to trust in government. This study aims to introduce a theoretical approach that considers a crucial factor, which is perceived government effort. The model proposes that perceived e-government service quality first leads to satisfaction, which in turn increases perceived effort that finally translates into trust in government.


Design/methodology/approach
This study proposes and tests a conceptual model that examines the relationship between e-government service quality, satisfaction, perceived effort and trust in government. The model is tested using mediated regression analyses and Hayes's PROCESS macro. Data were collected from an online survey of 723 individuals who interacted with e-government services in Kuwait.


Findings
The results supported the proposed theoretical model and particularly confirmed the mediating role of perceived effort in the link between e-government service quality and trust in government.


Research limitations/implications
The findings improve the understanding of the behavioral process linking satisfaction with citizen's trust in the government.


Originality/value
The model introduces a crucial yet previously overlooked factor to the trust-building effect of e-government, which is perceived effort. This factor is particularly important in electronic services that inherently lack face-to-face interaction between citizens and government representatives.

Inspecteur du travail fraîchement retraité, Paul Ramackers est l'auteur de deux ouvrages sur l'Inspection du travail, ainsi que de nombreux articles consacrés à cette institution. Au moment de notre entretien, réalisé en septembre 2021, il occupait les fonctions de directeur du travail au sein de la Direction départementale de l'emploi, du travail et des solidarités ( ddets ) 2 du Gard et de secrétaire permanent du Comité opérationnel départemental anti-fraude ( codaf ) de ce même département. À ce titre, il a joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'instruction de l'enquête ouverte pour « fraude au détachement » contre l'agence d'intérim espagnole Campo Verde 3 . Auteur d'un premier signalement au parquet dès 2004, suivi de cinq autres entre 2016 et 2019, il a été cité à comparaître le 19 mai 2021 comme témoin devant le Tribunal correctionnel de Marseille. L'entretien a été réalisé dans les locaux de la ddets à Nîmes dans le cadre de notre projet de recherche FINCA 4 . Il est revenu longuement sur cette affaire, pour expliquer notamment les leviers mobilisés par l'administration pour faire la preuve de l'intention frauduleuse des entreprises prestataires recourant aux travailleurs détachés. Il a ainsi expliqué comment, avec le concours des différents services concernés, les trois éléments constitutifs du délit de travail dissimulé ont pu être patiemment réunis : l'élément « légal », car prévu par un texte de loi, l'élément « matériel », constitué par des actes prohibés par la loi, et enfin l'élément « moral », en raison de l'intention coupable du prestataire et des exploitants agricoles utilisateurs de la main-d'œuvre.

Cet article analyse les politiques de lutte contre la fraude au détachement menées en France, dont les logiques oscillent entre défense des droits des salariés détachés et préservation de l'emploi national. Il montre comment le travail détaché constitue un enjeu politique européen de plus en plus saillant avec son intensification et les réformes successives du cadre réglementaire européen. Les gouvernements des principaux pays d'accueil impulsent ces réformes, dont les programmes nationaux de lutte contre la fraude contribuent à la légitimation. Dans le cas français, l'élaboration de ces programmes implique une mobilisation partenariale et transnationale. Leur mise en œuvre localisée offre cependant un rôle central à l'Inspection du travail, pour laquelle le détachement est devenu une priorité majeure au milieu des années 2010. L'imposition par le gouvernement d'objectifs chiffrés très élevés implique à la fois des résistances des agents de contrôle et un sur-contrôle des entreprises de pays majoritairement exportateurs de salariés détachés, associées au dumping social et à des risques de fraude. Les résultats de ces programmes s'avèrent contrastés, qu'il s'agisse de freiner le recours au détachement des entreprises ou de garantir les droits des salariés. Les contrôles aboutissent à de nombreuses amendes à l'encontre des entreprises prestataires, mais elles ne sont pas toujours recouvrées, tandis que les investigations judiciaires se focalisent sur les affaires aux plus gros enjeux financiers pour les organismes de sécurité sociale. Les difficultés de mise en œuvre des politiques de lutte contre la fraude au détachement révèlent ainsi les apories d'une réglementation qui demeure largement contournée, malgré ses réformes successives.

Mainstream western-centric welfare state research has mostly confined itself to studying social policy in consolidated democracies and tends to assume a synergy between democracy and the welfare state. This article shifts the focus to welfare states in countries with declining democratic institutions and rising right-wing populist rule to explore a complex relationship between (de)democratization and welfare state reforms. We conduct a comparative case study of two extreme cases of democratic decline, Turkey and Hungary. We employ a sequential mixed method approach. First, we assess welfare efforts in the two countries to understand which policy areas were prioritized and whether autocratizing governments retrenched or expanded their welfare states. In the second stage, we explore the trajectory of welfare reforms in Hungary and Turkey, focusing on three analytically distinguishable dimensions of social policy change: policy content, policy procedures (including timing, parliamentary procedures, veto players); and the discourses accompanying reforms. We find that democratic decline facilitates rapid welfare state change but it does not necessarily mean retrenchment. Instead we observe ambivalent processes of welfare state restructuring. Common themes emerging in both countries are the rise of flagship programmes that ensure electoral support, a transition towards top-down decision-making and the salient role of discourse in welfare governance. Overall, similarities are stronger in procedures and discourse than in the direction of reforms. Differences in spending levels and policy content do not suggest that the two cases constitute a coherent illiberal welfare state regime. Instead, we see the emergence of authoritarian features that modify their original welfare models.