Suchergebnisse

Referendum processes in the six post-communist countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – have been analyzed. Classification of the referenda into categories, such as plebiscites, constitutional referenda, ratification referenda, and that of ratification, of political routine, has been proposed. Separatist referenda organized in the Republic of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria have not been recognized by international community. In the two cases, Azerbaijan and Belarus, referenda were used for a for constitutional amendments consolidating authoritarian regimes. Formal attribution of them to the simply "constitutional" would be inadequate; they rather should be categorized as sub-type of "Asian" referenda. Renewing traditional "transitional" logic, civilization theoretic approach, concept of "bridging civilization spaces" has been utilized in order to more adequate perception of processes within East European space.

Referendum processes in the six post-communist countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – have been analyzed. Classification of the referenda into categories, such as plebiscites, constitutional referenda, ratification referenda, and that of ratification, of political routine, has been proposed. Separatist referenda organized in the Republic of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria have not been recognized by international community. In the two cases, Azerbaijan and Belarus, referenda were used for a for constitutional amendments consolidating authoritarian regimes. Formal attribution of them to the simply "constitutional" would be inadequate; they rather should be categorized as sub-type of "Asian" referenda. Renewing traditional "transitional" logic, civilization theoretic approach, concept of "bridging civilization spaces" has been utilized in order to more adequate perception of processes within East European space.

Referendum processes in the six post-communist countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – have been analyzed. Classification of the referenda into categories, such as plebiscites, constitutional referenda, ratification referenda, and that of ratification, of political routine, has been proposed. Separatist referenda organized in the Republic of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria have not been recognized by international community. In the two cases, Azerbaijan and Belarus, referenda were used for a for constitutional amendments consolidating authoritarian regimes. Formal attribution of them to the simply "constitutional" would be inadequate; they rather should be categorized as sub-type of "Asian" referenda. Renewing traditional "transitional" logic, civilization theoretic approach, concept of "bridging civilization spaces" has been utilized in order to more adequate perception of processes within East European space.

This article aims to determine the impact of corruption scandals on systemic partisan and legislative changes. The study is based on one case analysis focusing on the MG Baltic corruption scandal, which can be distinguished from other corruption scandals by its systemic large-scale trade of and the impact on political processes in Lithuania. The study uses the triangulation method using both official sources of information and 15 anonymous interviews that helped measure changes in informal politics-business relations in the context of the MG Baltic scandal. The changes are analyzed on three levels: changes in legislation, prevention of corruption within parties, and changes in informal political routines. The analysis confirms the significance of the three variables examined in the study - public discontent, media attention and political leadership - for the implementation of anti-corruption reforms.

This article aims to determine the impact of corruption scandals on systemic partisan and legislative changes. The study is based on one case analysis focusing on the MG Baltic corruption scandal, which can be distinguished from other corruption scandals by its systemic large-scale trade of and the impact on political processes in Lithuania. The study uses the triangulation method using both official sources of information and 15 anonymous interviews that helped measure changes in informal politics-business relations in the context of the MG Baltic scandal. The changes are analyzed on three levels: changes in legislation, prevention of corruption within parties, and changes in informal political routines. The analysis confirms the significance of the three variables examined in the study - public discontent, media attention and political leadership - for the implementation of anti-corruption reforms.

This article aims to determine the impact of corruption scandals on systemic partisan and legislative changes. The study is based on one case analysis focusing on the MG Baltic corruption scandal, which can be distinguished from other corruption scandals by its systemic large-scale trade of and the impact on political processes in Lithuania. The study uses the triangulation method using both official sources of information and 15 anonymous interviews that helped measure changes in informal politics-business relations in the context of the MG Baltic scandal. The changes are analyzed on three levels: changes in legislation, prevention of corruption within parties, and changes in informal political routines. The analysis confirms the significance of the three variables examined in the study - public discontent, media attention and political leadership - for the implementation of anti-corruption reforms.

This article aims to determine the impact of corruption scandals on systemic partisan and legislative changes. The study is based on one case analysis focusing on the MG Baltic corruption scandal, which can be distinguished from other corruption scandals by its systemic large-scale trade of and the impact on political processes in Lithuania. The study uses the triangulation method using both official sources of information and 15 anonymous interviews that helped measure changes in informal politics-business relations in the context of the MG Baltic scandal. The changes are analyzed on three levels: changes in legislation, prevention of corruption within parties, and changes in informal political routines. The analysis confirms the significance of the three variables examined in the study - public discontent, media attention and political leadership - for the implementation of anti-corruption reforms.

The study of the problems related to implementation of the public health-enhancing policies in focus of physical activities are very pivotal now a days. In current age, where people are busy in their fast routines, the focus on physical activities worldwide is on decline, poor health indicators remain one of the major concerns lately in many of the countries. The affects of the lack of physical activities are not only regarding human health but they are also becoming a major problem in social policy, for instance, problems like aging society, incapacity for work, lack of social integration, etc. Scientific research discloses that the physical activities are very helpful to gain a better health but at the same time there is a lack of research work done in this sphere. Better awareness of the importance of physical activities may help the policymakers to create more effective tools in the future.

The study of the problems related to implementation of the public health-enhancing policies in focus of physical activities are very pivotal now a days. In current age, where people are busy in their fast routines, the focus on physical activities worldwide is on decline, poor health indicators remain one of the major concerns lately in many of the countries. The affects of the lack of physical activities are not only regarding human health but they are also becoming a major problem in social policy, for instance, problems like aging society, incapacity for work, lack of social integration, etc. Scientific research discloses that the physical activities are very helpful to gain a better health but at the same time there is a lack of research work done in this sphere. Better awareness of the importance of physical activities may help the policymakers to create more effective tools in the future.

The study of the problems related to implementation of the public health-enhancing policies in focus of physical activities are very pivotal now a days. In current age, where people are busy in their fast routines, the focus on physical activities worldwide is on decline, poor health indicators remain one of the major concerns lately in many of the countries. The affects of the lack of physical activities are not only regarding human health but they are also becoming a major problem in social policy, for instance, problems like aging society, incapacity for work, lack of social integration, etc. Scientific research discloses that the physical activities are very helpful to gain a better health but at the same time there is a lack of research work done in this sphere. Better awareness of the importance of physical activities may help the policymakers to create more effective tools in the future.

The study of the problems related to implementation of the public health-enhancing policies in focus of physical activities are very pivotal now a days. In current age, where people are busy in their fast routines, the focus on physical activities worldwide is on decline, poor health indicators remain one of the major concerns lately in many of the countries. The affects of the lack of physical activities are not only regarding human health but they are also becoming a major problem in social policy, for instance, problems like aging society, incapacity for work, lack of social integration, etc. Scientific research discloses that the physical activities are very helpful to gain a better health but at the same time there is a lack of research work done in this sphere. Better awareness of the importance of physical activities may help the policymakers to create more effective tools in the future.

This article analyzes the position of disabled students in the lithuanian higher education institutions. The lithuanian national legislation guarantees equal opportunities for disabled people to study in higher education institutions. however, in practice disabled students face various problems and barriers while pursuing their education. using anthony Giddens's structuration theory and the paradigm of social participation, this article presents some data from rūta ruolytė-Verschoore's doctoral research. to analyze 32 semi-structured interviews with disabled students actively involved in leadership activities, the author uses grounded theory. The research results demonstrate that students with disabilities encounter the following obstacles in the lithuanian higher education institutions: a lack of access to physical and informational environment, a lack of flexibility in study organization process, the absence of special services and academic community's skeptical attitude towards their abilities to study. The research also shows that civically engaged disabled students orient their strategies of action towards changing academic community's attitudes and making study organization process more flexible. as a consequence of disabled students' actions and interactions, study routine and institutional practices in higher education institutions start to change and become more inclusive and flexible.

This article analyzes the position of disabled students in the lithuanian higher education institutions. The lithuanian national legislation guarantees equal opportunities for disabled people to study in higher education institutions. however, in practice disabled students face various problems and barriers while pursuing their education. using anthony Giddens's structuration theory and the paradigm of social participation, this article presents some data from rūta ruolytė-Verschoore's doctoral research. to analyze 32 semi-structured interviews with disabled students actively involved in leadership activities, the author uses grounded theory. The research results demonstrate that students with disabilities encounter the following obstacles in the lithuanian higher education institutions: a lack of access to physical and informational environment, a lack of flexibility in study organization process, the absence of special services and academic community's skeptical attitude towards their abilities to study. The research also shows that civically engaged disabled students orient their strategies of action towards changing academic community's attitudes and making study organization process more flexible. as a consequence of disabled students' actions and interactions, study routine and institutional practices in higher education institutions start to change and become more inclusive and flexible.

The land there was an axis of life that centres the worldview, rituals and worships, cultural lifestyles, and symbolic representations, routine ofdaily life and celebrities, and connects the tradition of ancestors and of living people into one unbreakable chain (Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutzowa 1930/1998). After the reconstruction of statehood of Lithuania in 1918, and during the Interwar period of 1920's - 1930's the individual strategies of households started to change actively under the land reform of 1922, and new agricultural politics established on the national level. A self-sufficient peasant became a farmer, who organizes his agricultural activities on the ground of capitalistic way of production, and market economy. However, World War II, and the Soviet annexation interrupted the process. The study underlines that the reestablishment of property rights is not the crucial point and aspect of postsoviet transformations even people used to emphasise this. It is the whole and indivisible set of social, economic, technological, moral, and symbolic questions that come together with the reestablishment of property rights that is significant in understanding of those transformations, and social worlds oftoday.

The land there was an axis of life that centres the worldview, rituals and worships, cultural lifestyles, and symbolic representations, routine ofdaily life and celebrities, and connects the tradition of ancestors and of living people into one unbreakable chain (Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutzowa 1930/1998). After the reconstruction of statehood of Lithuania in 1918, and during the Interwar period of 1920's - 1930's the individual strategies of households started to change actively under the land reform of 1922, and new agricultural politics established on the national level. A self-sufficient peasant became a farmer, who organizes his agricultural activities on the ground of capitalistic way of production, and market economy. However, World War II, and the Soviet annexation interrupted the process. The study underlines that the reestablishment of property rights is not the crucial point and aspect of postsoviet transformations even people used to emphasise this. It is the whole and indivisible set of social, economic, technological, moral, and symbolic questions that come together with the reestablishment of property rights that is significant in understanding of those transformations, and social worlds oftoday.