Suchergebnisse

This study is a survey of rural households in Lebanon, covering ten families in each of four villages and representing different human and ecological zones in this country. The four villages are Maad {Jubail, Mt. Lebanon}, Sa'adin {Akkar}, Ain-Zebdeh {Beka'a}, Hassin (Kesrouan, Mt. Lebanon). The ten families were studied in depth, on the basis of family size, permanent residency, employment of head household, income, and land ownership.

Rural households status, or rural population position are determinated by decreasing employment rate in agriculture: Rural households incomes, as a matter of fact the job incomes in agriculture, are the lowest of all type economically active households in Czech Republic. Therefore the life standard of rural households is minimum about the level of living. It would be similar situation in EU and the USA if the governments of these countries haven't supported both country and farmers by subsidies.

Though at the theoretical level, micro-credit is said to play a significant role in poverty reduction, empirical work on the role of micro-credit in poverty reduction is mixed with some studies indicating high levels of employment and income generation and others suggesting a worsening of poverty with micro-credit. Does micro-credit really get to the poor? Does it enhance or impede their productivity? Based on a study of 139 households in one rural area in the Upper West Region of Ghana, we find that: (a) Beneficiaries of micro-credit divert a significant portion of such loans into household consumption – albeit with moderate impact on house-hold productivity and welfare and (b) Micro-credit has modest impact on rural community development.

1. Introduction -- 2. Agricultural Production and Management of Rural Households -- 3. Land Utilization and Circulation of Rural Households -- 4. Migration of Rural Households and Citizenization of Migrant Workers -- 5. Financial Behavior of Rural Households -- 6. Research Conclusions

The author used discrete-time event history methods to study poverty and non-poverty survival time of urban and rural households. To analyse there were used nonparametric estimators of hazard function and logit models, which are discrete-time survival models. On the basis on conducted analysis it can be concluded that rural households survive shorter in non-poverty and simultaneously longer in poverty than urban households. Besides, urban households have more chance of poverty exit and less chance of poverty entry than rural households.

La forme que prend le ménage en milieu rural semble dépendre de facteurs structuaux tel l'accès aux ressources sans toutefois en être déterminée. Contrairement aux analyses qui soulignent seulement la présence d'un concensus au sein du ménage, nous considérons le ménage rural comme une unité politique qui implique des négotiations quotidiennes entre ses membres. Le concept d''hégémonie du ménage' est un outil analytique utile permettant d'aller au‐delà des catégories 'conflit' et 'consensus' pour caractériser les dynamiques internes du ménage rural. Cette perspective est développée à l'intérieur d'une analyse de la dynamique entre les sexes dans le ménages ruraux de la côte de l'Équateur. Cet essai identifie certaines implications de cette approche en ce qui concerne les femmes et le développement.Structural criteria such as access to land may condition the form the rural household takes but they do not determine it. It is suggested here, in contrast to analyses which emphasize household consensus, that we appreciate the farm household as a political unit involving daily negotiations between household members. The concept of 'household hegemony' is introduced as a helpful analytical tool which goes beyond conflict versus consensus dynamics. This approach is developed through a consideration of the gender dynamics within rural households in coastal Ecuador. Specific implications for women and development issues are considered.

Intro -- FEDERAL TAX POLICIES AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS: IMPACT AND POTENTIAL REFORM -- FEDERAL TAX POLICIES AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS: IMPACT AND POTENTIAL REFORM -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: FEDERAL TAX POLICIES AND LOW-INCOME RURAL HOUSEHOLDS -- ABSTRACT -- SUMMARY -- What Is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find? -- How Was the Study Conducted? -- INTRODUCTION -- INCREASED USE OF TAX CODE FOR SOCIAL POLICY GOALS -- SIGNIFICANT FEDERAL TAX POLICY DEVELOPMENTS -- Earned Income Tax Credit -- Child Tax Credit -- Child and Dependent Care Credit -- Education Credits -- Saver's Credit -- RURAL AMERICA RECEIVES A RELATIVELY LARGER SHARE OF BENEFITS -- TAX CREDIT PROGRAMS HAVE GROWN IN IMPORTANCE RELATIVE TO TRADITIONAL INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMS -- TAX CREDIT "PARTICIPATION" EXCEEDS THAT OF TRADITIONAL INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMS -- TAX CREDITS FACE TARGETING AND DELIVERY CHALLENGES -- REFUNDABLE TAX CREDITS HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO REDUCED POVERTY RATES -- RECENT POLICY CHANGES PROVIDE EXPANDED BENEFITS -- CONCLUSION -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF TAX REFORM ON FARM BUSINESSES AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS -- ABSTRACT -- SUMMARY -- What Is the Issue? -- What Did the Study Find? -- How Was the Study Conducted? -- INTRODUCTION -- OBJECTIVES OF FUNDAMENTAL TAX REFORM -- Simplifying the Tax System -- Improving Efficiency -- Equity Concerns -- REFORM PROPOSALS -- TAXATION OF FARM INCOME UNDER PROPOSED REFORM -- Most Federal Income Tax for Farm Households Is Paid on Off- Farm Income -- Farmers Realize a Greater Share of Their Income from Capital Gains Than the Average Taxpayer -- Limits on Accelerated Capital Cost Recovery Could Affect Farmers' Capital Purchase Decisions -- Income Averaging -- Domestic Production Activities Deduction -- Self-Employed Health Insurance Deduction