Suchergebnisse

Background The Cardiff model purports that the true burden of violence within a community can only be quantified by the addition of violence-related data from health services to violence data reported to the police. This thesis describes the conceptualisation, development and implementation of a violence and injury observatory for the routine collection of violence-related data for the City of Cape Town. The observatory model, which was conceptualised in the early 1990s in Colombia, has gone through various iterations as a municipality-level research tool, to a city-level tool and thereafter as a national and transnational tool. Aims of this thesis The thesis aimed to assess the utility of clinical and non-clinical data sources in constituting a prevention-oriented violence and injury observatory (VIO) in urban Cape Town, South Africa. The specific objectives of each study component were as follows: • To describe the objectives of the pilot VIO, potential violence-related datasets for collection, data analysis and research dissemination plan (Study One) • To assess the validity and utility of VIOs in reducing violence and violencerelated harms in adult populations (Study Two) • To identify the optimal data elements for inclusion in a VIO according to expert consensus (Study Three) • To determine the concordance between violent crimes reported to the police with violence-related injuries presenting at health facilities in Khayelitsha (Study Four). Methods The systematic review method was used to determine whether the introduction of violence and injury observatories was associated with a reduction in violence in adult populations (Study Two). A modified two-round Delphi study (Study Three) determined the optimal data elements (including violence and injury indicators, datasets and research priorities) for inclusion in a pilot violence and injury observatory in Cape Town. The Delphi panel of 21 participants included one Provincial Head of Emergency Medicine, one Provincial Head of Disaster Medicine, several Heads of Department of Emergency Medicine across hospitals in Cape Town, and representatives from relevant data stakeholders, including the Forensic Pathology Services (FPS), South African Police Services (SAPS), Health Systems Trust (HST) and the Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU). This was to ensure that decisions were made by persons in senior posts to facilitate subsequent implementation of the recommendations. Khayelitsha, a peri-urban mixed informal township of Cape Town, was the setting for the final study (Study Four), which included a retrospective analysis of secondary cross-sectional health and police data, from three health facilities and three police stations in the community of Khayelitsha, Cape Town. A case-matching study, using personal identifier matching, was employed to determine the concordance between reports of violent crimes to police stations with reports of injuries arising from interpersonal violence at health facilities within the community of Khayelitsha in Cape Town, South Africa. Results and Discussion Subgroup analyses according to the two types of models implemented in the systematic review (Study Two), namely, the VIO and the injury surveillance system (ISS), provided evidence for an association between the implementation of the VIO model and a reduction in homicide count in high-violence settings (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.06; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.19; four studies), while the introduction of ISS showed significant results in reducing assault (IRR=0.80; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.91; three studies). Following expert consultation through a Delphi process (Study Three), this study identified 14 violence and injury indicators and 12 violence-related datasets for inclusion in the pilot VIO. Additionally, research priorities within 16 research themes across five different types of violence were identified including: elder abuse, youth violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and armed violence. Key findings from these thematic priorities included: (1) formal methods to define and measure violence, identification of violence-related risk factors; (2) evaluation of the effectiveness of promising programmes that target violence-related risk factors; and (3) evidence-based recommendations on scaling up programmes that were shown to be effective in reducing interpersonal violence. With regard to the key findings around data sharing, the majority of the panelists (>55%) thought that: (1) violence-related data from health services should be shared with Policing Services; (2) the data model employed should go beyond the Cardiff model (policing and health data) and also include violence-related data from the Fire and Rescue Services (FARS) and the Emergency Medical Services (EMS); and (3) the functions of a local observatory should include a civilian spatial data observatory, an information technology division, a predictive analytics division, a historical data repository and a systematic review repository. The expert-identified violence and injury indicators, datasets and research priorities provide a research framework for interpersonal violence and injury prevention work within South Africa. The findings have theoretical implications and build up evidence-based data for the general field, and they have a practical outcome in recommendations that are both general and specific for implementation in South Africa. They may also serve to guide the development of additional VIOs locally. In the final study (Study Four), with regard to concordance between the datasets, among the 708 patients being treated for violence-related injuries at health facilities, only 104 reported the incident to the police which equates to a matching ratio of 14.7%. Combining health and police data revealed an 81.7% increase in potential total violent crimes over the reporting period. Compared to incidents reported to the police, those not reported were more likely to involve male patients (difference: +47.0%; p< 0.001), and sharp object injuries (difference: +24.7%; p< 0.001) and less likely to report blunt trauma i.e., push/kick/punch injuries (difference: -17.5%; p< 0.001). These findings suggest that the majority of injuries arising from interpersonal violence presenting at health facilities in Khayelitsha are not reported to the police. Conclusion This research provides an evidence-based model for the development and implementation of a VIO, and the Cardiff model, to reduce interpersonal violence. It is supported by the evidence from the systematic review of the effectiveness of VIOs in reducing violence outcomes among adults in high-violence settings. This pilot VIO represents the first attempt to collect contemporary and comprehensive data on violence and injury in the Western Cape Province and South Africa. The implementation of VIOs should be considered in high-violence communities where the collation and integration of violence-related data and violence stakeholders, may guide violence reduction. The Delphi study provided indicators, datasets and research priorities to (1) inform the basic research infrastructure of a VIO, and (2) serve as part of a regional standardised data collection framework to guide the development of other local violence and injury observatories. This is consistent with the aims of the South African National Development Plan 2030 to 'improve the health information system; to prevent and reduce the disease burden and promote health and to improve quality by using evidence'. Finally, the research further shows a clear benefit in combining data on violence from different settings as demonstrated in our analysis of data in the Cape Town suburb of Khayelitsha, where the overwhelming majority of injuries arising from interpersonal violence presenting at health facilities in Khayelitsha are not reported to the police. This study has broader implications regionally and nationally for the surveillance of injuries arising from interpersonal violence, for the police definition and surveillance of community interpersonal violence, for community policing intelligence development (improving the configuration of violence heat maps on a real time basis) and finally for police resource utilisation and distribution, which should, in turn, impact positively on reducing crime and violence in the community, and reduce the burden on the health services. The Western Cape Safety Plan, a policy document developed by the Western Cape Government, advocates the use of data and technology to understand violent crime patterns to inform the deployment of law enforcement resources and investigators accordingly and furthermore acknowledges research and analysis as an important component of its evidence-based policing (EBP) strategy. The policy document and study findings provide support to the implementation of the Cardiff Model locally.

L'elaborato, dedicato agli strumenti di prevenzione e repressione della violenza in occasione di manifestazioni sportive, si propone di tracciare un quadro tendenzialmente completo del sistema che l'ordinamento italiano ha predisposto nel corso degli anni per contrastare il peculiare fenomeno della violenza negli stadi. La tesi, dopo una breve precisazione dell'ambito della ricerca, operata tramite la distinzione del concetto della violenza negli stadi (o teppismo calcistico) dalla violenza sportiva, si occupa inizialmente di fornire una ricostruzione storica del fenomeno in oggetto, per poi passare ad un esame di esso in chiave socio-criminologica, prendendo in considerazione sia l'elaborazione scientifica prodotta all'estero (in special modo nel Regno Unito, ma anche in altri Paesi europei), sia gli studi compiuti in Italia, che hanno evidenziato alcune caratteristiche del fenomeno tipiche del nostro Paese. L'elaborato, nella sua prima parte, prima di occuparsi degli aspetti prettamente penalistici (e processualpenalistici) della materia, tenta di offrire, in un'ottica interdisciplinare, una chiave di lettura al fenomeno, utile per individuare successivamente la proporzionalità e la ragionevolezza della risposta che l'ordinamento italiano offre. Successivamente, la tesi prende in considerazione le fonti sovranazionali – in particolare a livello europeo – che sono state emanate allo scopo di dare risposte comuni e armoniche ad un fenomeno non limitato dai confini delle singole nazioni. La strage dell'Heysel del 1985 rappresenta il tragico evento che ha per la prima volta posto all'attenzione sia della Comunità europea sia del Consiglio d'Europa i gravi pericoli che il teppismo calcistico può generare, specialmente in correlazione a grandi eventi; a partire da quel momento si è quindi assistito alla progressiva introduzione di un corpo normativo sovranazionale volto ad uniformare le legislazioni e le prassi dei Paesi europei maggiormente interessati dal fenomeno. Il riferimento a tali fonti è utile, nell'economia dell'elaborato, per verificare se le misure adottate dall'Italia siano effettivamente adeguate agli standard elaborati dall'Unione europea e dal Consiglio d'Europa. La tesi procede poi a descrivere, in modo analitico, la turbolenta evoluzione normativa che ha caratterizzato la legislazione nazionale di contrasto alla violenza in occasione di manifestazioni sportive, evidenziando sia il poderoso sviluppo della prevenzione personale in questo settore, sia l'introduzione di una serie di incriminazioni e disposizioni processuali "differenziate", finalizzate a completare la risposta repressiva al fenomeno; nel descrivere l'evoluzione normativa, sono state sottolineate le criticità che di volta in volta si sono proposte: in particolare, sono state analizzate le varie posizioni dottrinali sviluppatesi nel corso del tempo e sono stati evidenziati i tentativi compiuti dalla giurisprudenza (anche costituzionale) di offrire un'interpretazione della legislazione antiviolenza quanto più coerente e rispettosa dei diritti dell'individuo. L'ultimo capitolo, maggiormente concentrato sulle misure di prevenzione – sia atipiche (come il DASPO), che tipiche – rivolte ai soggetti a pericolosità sportiva, mira infine a far emergere le problematiche specifiche che si sono proposte con riguardo al sistema preventivo della violenza negli stadi, analizzando in particolare le caratteristiche e le criticità della categoria del "pericoloso sportivo", senza tralasciare alcuni dovuti accenni alle più ampie problematiche relative alla pericolosità per la sicurezza pubblica e, ancor più in generale, alla stessa legittimazione e compatibilità con il sistema costituzionale delle misure di prevenzione presenti nell'ordinamento italiano. Nella conclusione della tesi, sono presenti alcune riflessioni in merito all'inquadramento del sistema preventivo-repressivo di contrasto alla violenza dei tifosi all'interno del discusso paradigma del diritto penale del nemico, nonché alcune osservazioni in merito all'esportazione all'interno della realtà urbana (tramite il c.d. DASPO urbano) del modello efficacemente sperimentato nei confronti dei tifosi; vengono infine avanzate alcune proposte di miglioramento dell'attuale legislazione, in primo luogo, per rendere le misure vigenti più rispettose dei diritti dei soggetti che ne sono destinatari e, in secondo luogo, per introdurre un intervento su più livelli, che non trascuri gli aspetti sociali e culturali del fenomeno, e che non sia più sbilanciato sulla repressione e sulla prevenzione di polizia, con l'auspicio che il futuro legislatore non intervenga, ancora una volta, sotto la spinta dell'emergenza. ; The present thesis, dedicated to prevention and repression measures of violence at sporting events, aims to outline a generally complete picture of the system that the Italian legal system has prepared over the years to counter the peculiar phenomenon of fan violence during sporting events (football matches, in particular). The thesis, after a brief clarification of the scope of the research, made through the distinction of the concept of fan violence (or football hooliganism) from sporting violence, is initially concerned with providing a historical reconstruction of the phenomenon, and then moving on to an examination of it in a socio-criminological key, taking into consideration both the scientific elaboration produced abroad (especially in the United Kingdom, but also in other European countries), and the studies carried out in Italy, which have highlighted some characteristics of the typical phenomenon of our country. The paper, in its first part, before dealing with the purely criminal (and procedural criminal) aspects of the matter, attempts to offer, from an interdisciplinary perspective, a key to understanding the phenomenon, useful for subsequently identifying the proportionality and reasonableness of the answer that the Italian legal system offers. Subsequently, the thesis takes into consideration the supranational sources – especially at European level – that have been issued in order to give common and harmonious answers to a phenomenon not limited by the borders of the individual nations. The 1985 Heysel massacre represents the tragic event that for the first time brought to the attention of both the European Community and the Council of Europe the serious dangers that football hooliganism can generate, especially in connection with major events; from that moment on, there has therefore been the gradual introduction of a supranational regulatory body aimed at standardizing the laws and practices of the European countries most affected by the phenomenon. The reference to these sources is useful, in the economics of the report, to verify whether the measures adopted by Italy are actually adequate to the standards developed by the European Union and the Council of Europe. The thesis then proceeds to describe, in an analytical way, the turbulent regulatory evolution that has characterized the national legislation to fight violence at sporting events, highlighting both the powerful development of personal prevention in this sector, and the introduction of a series of "differentiated" indictments and procedural provisions, aimed at completing the repressive response to the phenomenon; in describing the regulatory evolution, the critical issues that were proposed from time to time were highlighted: in particular, the various doctrinal positions developed over time were analyzed and the attempts made by jurisprudence (including constitutional) to offer an interpretation of anti-violence legislation that is as coherent and respectful of the rights of the individual as possible. The last chapter, more focused on prevention measures - both atypical (such as DASPO) and typical - aimed at people with sporting dangers, finally aims to bring out the specific problems that have arisen with regard to the preventive system of violence in stadiums, analyzing in particular the characteristics and criticalities of the "dangerous fan" category, without neglecting some due hints to the broader problems relating to the danger to public safety and, even more generally, to the legitimacy and compatibility with the constitutional system of the prevention measures present in the Italian legal system. In the conclusion of the thesis, there are some reflections on the framing of the preventive-repressive system to combat fan violence within the controversial paradigm of the criminal law of the enemy, as well as some observations on exporting within urban context (through the so-called urban DASPO) of the model effectively tested in relation to fans; Finally, some proposals for improvement of the current legislation are made, firstly, to make the existing measures more respectful of the rights of the individuals that are addressed to them and, secondly, to introduce an intervention on several levels, which does not neglect the cultural and social aspects of the phenomenon, and that it is no longer unbalanced on police repression and prevention, with the hope that the future legislator does not intervene, once again, under the pressure of the emergency.

Yesterday, I posted a reply to John Cochrane's Sept 4 post on the national debt. John alerted me to his Sept 6 update, which I somehow missed. Given this update (together with some personal correspondence), let me offer my own update. John begins with an equation describing the flow of government revenue and expenditure. With a debt/GDP ratio of one, the sustainable (primary) deficit/GDP ratio is given by g - r, where g = growth rate of NGDP and r = nominal interest rate on government debt (I include Federal Reserve liabilities and currency in this measure). John assumed g - r = 1% (so about $200B). In a post I published last year, I assumed g - r = 3% (so about $600B); see here: Is the U.S. Budget Deficit Sustainable? Two things to take away from these calculations. First, this arithmetic suggests that the U.S. federal government can easily run persistent primary budget deficits in the range of 1-3% of GDP. Not only does the debt not need to be paid off, but it can grow forever. Second, primary budget deficits are presently far in excess of this range. What does this imply?Let's step back and think about John's equation. The arithmetic of the government "budget constraint" basically says this:Deficit/GDP = [1 - (1+r)/(1+g)] x Debt/GDPNote that a sustainable primary deficit is only possible if r < g. If r > g, then a primary surplus is needed to service the interest expense of the debt. Students of monetary theory may recognize the expression above as a Laffer curve for inflation finance. That is, in the case of currency we have r = 0. Let g represent the growth rate of the supply of currency and assume a constant RGDP (so that g also measures the growth rate of NGDP). Finally, replace debt with currency, so that Seigniorage revenue = [1 - 1/(1+g)] x Money/GDP Again, this is just arithmetic. Economic theory comes in through the assumption that the demand for money is decreasing in the rate of inflation, g. If this is true, then an increase in g has two opposing effects: it increases seigniorage revenue by increasing the inflation tax rate, but it lowers seigniorage revenue because it decreases the inflation tax base. There is a maximum amount of seigniorage revenue the government can collect by printing money. That is, there are limits to inflation finance. (See also my post here.)Now, I know John is fond of saying that Federal Reserve liabilities and U.S. Treasury securities are essentially the same thing (especially if the former exist mainly as interest-bearing reserve accounts). I happen to agree with this view. But then we can use exactly the same logic to characterize the limits to bond finance, recognizing that U.S. Treasury securities are essentially money. To this end, assume that the Debt/GDP ratio is an increasing function of (r - g). To make things a little simpler, let me continue to assume zero RGDP growth, so that g represents both inflation and NGDP growth. Finally, let me assume that r is a monetary policy choice (just as setting r = 0 for currency is a policy choice). Next, we need a theory of inflation. In the models I work with, the rate of inflation in a steady state is determined by the growth rate of the nominal debt, g, which I also treat as a policy parameter. So, the magnitude r - g is policy-determined, at least, within some limits. By lowering r and increasing g, the government is making its securities less attractive for people to hold. But this just tells us that the demand for debt is lower than it otherwise might be--it does not tell us how large this demand is in the first place, or how it is likely to evolve over time owing to factors unrelated to r or g (e.g., regulatory demand, foreign demand, etc.).So, with this apparatus in place, my interpretation of what worries John is the question of what happens if [1] the federal government finds itself near the top of the bond-seigniorage Laffer curve; and [2] a shock occurs that requires a large fiscal stimulus. Barring alternative forms of securing resources (e.g., through direct command/conscription), the government will not have the fiscal capacity to lay claim against the resources it needs. Printing more money/bonds here is not going to help even with zero interest rates. The ensuing inflation would simply put us on the right-hand-side of the Laffer curve -- the government's ability to secure resources would only diminish. Assuming I have captured at least a part of John's concern accurately, let me go on to critique it. To begin, there's nothing wrong with the logic I spelled out (I don't think). But I want to make a couple of points nevertheless.First, the demand for U.S. government securities (D/Y) seems to be growing very rapidly and for a very long time now. We know, anecdotally, that the UST is used widely as collateral in credit derivatives markets and repo, that foreign countries view it as a safe asset, that investors value its safety, and that recent changes to Dodd-Frank and Basel III have contributed to the regulatory demand for USTs. The global demand for the U.S. dollar is, if anything, growing more rapidly than ever (re: the recent "dollar shortages" that resulted in the Fed opening its central bank swap lines). We don't know where this limit is, but judging by how low U.S. inflation is (together with low UST yields), it seems fair to day that there's still plenty of fiscal capacity. (And I want to stress that this has nothing to do with the ability of a country to pay back its debt -- I'm not sure why John keeps mentioning this while at the same time understanding that this debt is money). I suspect that John is likely to agree with what I just said. Sure, there may be more room now, but how much more? With bipartisan concern for debt absent in Congress, with no sign of inflation in sight, with interest rates so low, how can we not hit this limit at some point?My own view is that we are bound to hit this limit (though, economists like Simon Wren-Lewis have warned me not to discount the forces of austerity). The question is what happens once we hit that limit? I say we get USD depreciation and some inflation (not hyperinflation). John seems to be worried about hyperinflation after all, which he likens to a debt rollover crisis. I just don't see it. (Of course, if John is simply suggesting that the fiscal authority will continue to run persistently large deficits in the face of high inflation, then I agree with him. While I don't see this happening, who can say for sure?)Finally, what happens if we're near the debt limit and there's a shock. Well, what type of shock exactly? The type of shock that hit us in 2008 is likely to increase the demand for debt, expanding fiscal capacity. So, here too, I'm not sure what form the debt crisis is supposed to take. It would be great to appeal to a model (but please, not one of Greece). 

Relevance of tresearch topic. In the context of the transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development, investment and innovation activities should be aimed at solving these problems. Investment and innovation should not only lead to economic growth, but also to sustainability. Therefore, the study of the problems of developing organizational and economic mechanisms to activate the financing of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises in the context of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development is relevant and significant. Formulation of the problem. The models and methods of stimulating the investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises in the conditions of the so-called "systemic crisis", which is manifested not only in the system of economic indicators, but also in other elements of the functioning of the state, do not yet have adequate justification. It is necessary to develop scientific and practical recommendations on directions of stimulating financing of investment and innovative activity of industrial enterprises in the conditions of transition of national economy to the model of sustainable development. Analysis of recent research and publications. Some problems of formation and realization of organizational and economic mechanisms of activation of investment and innovative activity of industrial enterprises, as well as the transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development are covered in scientific works. Some provisions of this problem are covered in scientific papers on structural modernization of the economy, support for economic growth, innovative society, technological modernization of the economy, etc. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the current context, it is necessary to carry out additional research on perspective mechanisms for financing investment and innovation activities in the context of the transition of the national economy to the sustainable development model. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to develop scientifically sound recommendations for intensifying the financing of investment and innovation activities of industrial enterprises in the context of the transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development. Method or methodology for conducting research. Methodological basis of the study were general scientific and special methods of knowledge of economic phenomena and processes. In formulating concepts and categories, the method of abstraction was used; methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction; methods of retrospective analysis; logic-analytical method; statistical methods; method of system analysis; economic-statistical and forecast-analytical methods. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The organization of the national economy on the principles of sustainable development implies profound structural changes in management, implementation of innovative approaches in all spheres of economic, social and political life of society. For Ukraine the pressing issue of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development is to increase the efficiency of formation and implementation of the state investment and innovation policy. In Ukraine, the level of investment does not ensure the expanded reproduction of fixed assets. Innovation activity in the Ukrainian industry remains traditionally low. In Ukraine, the aging of fixed assets is constantly observed, now the level of deterioration of fixed assets on the average in the economy exceeds 50%. In today's economy, a key element in securing investment through the use of attracted sources is the financial market system. Creation of new and modernization of existing fixed assets is the main direction of investment activity of industrial enterprises. Therefore, the efficiency of the entire investment process is determined not only by the volume and structure of both the sources and the directions of investments, but also by their economic return, which is manifested only as a result of the use of the resulting investment projects. During the crisis in Ukraine, there was a radical change in the structure of the economy in favor of the low-tech and raw material industries, which still remains. In the world markets, Ukraine is represented mainly by raw materials and semi-finished products. The implementation of the sustainable development model is possible on the basis of effective implementation of the state policy of stimulating the financing of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises. The use of financial instruments to stimulate investment and innovation activities should provide assistance in solving macroeconomic problems: growth of gross domestic product; improving the competitiveness of the economy; supporting the development of high-tech industries; further formation of institutions of the national innovation system; promotion of high-tech exports; introduction of resource-saving technologies. The directions of further improvement of the state policy aimed at the development of mechanisms for financing the investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises (including in terms of modernization of the financial system and financial markets) are proposed. It is advisable to take measures to optimize the fiscal (fiscal) policy, which in the conditions of post-crisis development will act as the main stimulator of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises. A list of appropriate measures is provided. In the context of the implementation of the strategy of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development, the state investment and innovation should provide an orientation to stimulate the so-called "social investment". Key directions of social investment realization: creation of social climate in the country, region; formation of balanced social infrastructure of the country, region, enterprise; support for public health and the level of environmental safety; raising the level of education of the population; promoting the spiritual development of the nation; forming a system of mentoring at the enterprise and ensuring the change of professional generations; development and effective functioning of the labor market. It is advisable to modernize the mechanism of public-private partnership organization. It is necessary to adapt to the best international experience of national IPR instruments. All government programs implemented within the framework of state investment and innovation activities should be cost-effective, and therefore their results should be subject to economic analysis. The field of application of results. The results obtained can be used in the process of formation and implementation of the state investment and innovation policy, as well as in the process of implementation of the strategy for support of sustainable development. Conclusions according to the article. For Ukraine the pressing issue of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development is to increase the efficiency of formation and implementation of the state policy of stimulating the financing of investment and innovation activities. This is especially relevant for the industrial sector, as the fixed assets of the industry have a high level of wear. Unfortunately, in Ukraine the efficiency of the implementation of the state investment and innovation policy is insufficient. It is possible to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of formation and implementation of state support mechanisms for financing the investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises by improving the appropriate organizational, economic and financial instruments. This task can be solved, in particular, by increasing the efficiency of the formation and implementation of relevant state target programs. The directions of improvement of the state policy aimed at development of mechanisms of financing of investment and innovative activity of industrial enterprises are highlighted, in particular: solving of strategic tasks of development of banking sector and strengthening of its orientation on long-term crediting of industrial enterprises; realization of investment and innovation requests of the national economy; - creation of the State Development Bank (State Investment Bank); support for further development of the stock market and its infrastructure; bringing investment legislation to international standards; expanding the range of financial instruments available to investors. The list of measures to optimize the fiscal policy, which in the conditions of post-crisis development will be the main stimulator of investment and innovation activity of industrial enterprises, is presented. All government programs implemented within the framework of state investment and innovation activities should be cost effective. In the context of the implementation of the strategy of transition of the national economy to the model of sustainable development, it is advisable to take measures to expand the so-called "social investment".

Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-a-century frequency may become annual events by 2050. Disaster management needs to keep up. Good cooperation and coordination of crisis response operations are of critical importance to react rapidly and adequately to any crisis situation, while post-disaster recovery presents opportunities to build resilience towards reducing the scale of the next disaster. Technology to support crisis response has advanced greatly in the last few years. Systems for early warning, command and control and decision-making have been successfully implemented in many countries and regions all over the world. Efforts to improve humanitarian response, in particular in relation to combating disasters in rapidly urbanising cities, have also led to better approaches that grapple with complexity and uncertainty. The challenges however are daunting. Many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situational awareness for disaster management are still open, while agencies, organisations and governmental authorities need to improve their practices for building better resilience. Gi4DM 2020 marked the 13th edition of the Geoinformation for Disaster Management series of conferences. The first conference was held in 2005 in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which claimed the lives of over 220,000 civilians. The 2019-20 Australian Bushfire Season saw some 18.6 million Ha of bushland burn, 5,900 buildings destroyed and nearly three billion vertebrates killed. Gi4DM 2020 then was held during Covid-19 pandemic, which took the lives of more than 1,150,000 people by the time of the conference. The pandemic affected the organisation of the conference, but the situation also provided the opportunity to address important global problems. The fundamental goal of the Gi4DM has always been to provide a forum where emergency responders, disaster managers, urban planners, stakeholders, researchers, data providers and system developers can discuss challenges, share experience, discuss new ideas and demonstrate technology. The 12 previous editions of Gi4DM conferences were held in Delft, the Netherlands (March 2005), Goa, India (September 2006), Toronto, Canada (May 2007), Harbin, China (August 2008), Prague, Czech Republic (January 2009), Torino, Italy (February 2010), Antalya, Turkey (May 2011), Enschede, the Netherlands (December, 2012), Hanoi, Vietnam (December 2013), Montpellier, France (2015), Istanbul, Turkey (2018) and Prague, Czech Republic (2019). Through the years Gi4DM has been organised in cooperation with different international bodies such as ISPRS, UNOOSA, ICA, ISCRAM, FIG, IAG, OGC and WFP and supported by national organisations. Gi4DM 2020 was held as part of Climate Change and Disaster Management: Technology and Resilience for a Troubled World . The event took place through the whole week of 30th of November to 4th of December, Sydney, Australia and included three events: Gi4DM 2020, NSW Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (NSW SSSI) annual meeting and Urban Resilience Asia Pacific 2 (URAP2). The event explored two interlinked aspects of disaster management in relation to climate change. The first was geo-information technologies and their application for work in crisis situations, as well as sensor and communication networks and their roles for improving situational awareness. The second aspect was resilience, and its role and purpose across the entire cycle of disaster management, from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster recovery including challenges and opportunities in relation to rapid urbanisation and the role of security in improved disaster management practices. This volume consists of 16 peer-reviewed scientific papers. These were selected on the basis of double-blind review from among the 25 full papers submitted to the Gi4DM 2020 conference. Each paper was reviewed by three scientific reviewers. The authors of the papers were encouraged to revise, extend and adapt their papers to reflect the comments of the reviewers and fit the goals of this volume. The selected papers concentrate on monitoring and analysis of forest fire (3), landslides (3), flood (2), earthquake, avalanches, water pollution, heat, evacuation and urban sustainability, applying a variety of remote sensing, GIS and Web-based technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the scope of the covered topics though the word count of keywords and titles. The Gi4DM 2020 program consisted of scientific presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and tutorials. The four keynotes speakers Prof Suzan Cutter (Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute, USC, US), Jeremy Fewtrell (NSW Fire and Rescue, Australia), Prof Orhan Altan (Ad-hoc Committee on RISK and Disaster Management, GeoUnions, Turkey) and Prof Philip Gibbins (Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU, Australia) concentrated on different aspects of disaster and risk management in the context of climate change. Eight tutorials offered exciting workshops and hands-on on: Semantic web tools and technologies within Disaster Management, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, Radar Remote Sensing, Dam safety: Monitoring subsidence with SAR Interferometry, Location-based Augmented Reality apps with Unity and Mapbox, Visualising bush fires datasets using open source, Making data smarter to manage disasters and emergency situational awareness and Response using HERE Location Services. The scientific sessions were blended with panel discussions to provide more opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences, connect people and researchers from all over the world. The editors of this volume acknowledge all members of the scientific committee for their time, careful review and valuable comments: Abdoulaye Diakité (Australia), Alexander Rudloff (Germany), Alias Abdul Rahman (Malaysia), Alper Yilmaz (USA), Amy Parker (Australia), Ashraf Dewan (Australia), Bapon Shm Fakhruddin (New Zealand), Batuhan Osmanoglu (USA), Ben Gorte (Australia), Bo Huang (Hong Kong), Brendon McAtee (Australia), Brian Lee (Australia), Bruce Forster (Australia), Charity Mundava (Australia), Charles Toth (USA), Chris Bellman (Australia), Chris Pettit (Australia), Clive Fraser (Australia), Craig Glennie (USA), David Belton (Australia), Dev Raj Paudyal (Australia), Dimitri Bulatov (Germany), Dipak Paudyal (Australia), Dorota Iwaszczuk (Germany), Edward Verbree (The Netherlands), Eliseo Clementini (Italy), Fabio Giulio Tonolo (Italy), Fazlay Faruque (USA), Filip Biljecki (Singapore), Petra Helmholz (Australia), Francesco Nex (The Netherlands), Franz Rottensteiner (Germany), George Sithole (South Africa), Graciela Metternicht (Australia), Haigang Sui (China), Hans-Gerd Maas (Germany), Hao Wu (China), Huayi Wu (China), Ivana Ivanova (Australia), Iyyanki Murali Krishna (India), Jack Barton (Australia), Jagannath Aryal (Australia), Jie Jiang (China), Joep Compvoets (Belgium), Jonathan Li (Canada), Kourosh Khoshelham (Australia), Krzysztof Bakuła (Poland), Lars Bodum (Denmark), Lena Halounova (Czech Republic), Madhu Chandra (Germany), Maria Antonia Brovelli (Italy), Martin Breunig (Germany), Martin Tomko (Australia), Mila Koeva (The Netherlands), Mingshu Wang (The Netherlands), Mitko Aleksandrov (Australia), Mulhim Al Doori (UAE), Nancy Glenn (Australia), Negin Nazarian (Australia), Norbert Pfeifer (Austria), Norman Kerle (The Netherlands), Orhan Altan (Turkey), Ori Gudes (Australia), Pawel Boguslawski (Poland), Peter van Oosterom (The Netherlands), Petr Kubíček (Czech Republic), Petros Patias (Greece), Piero Boccardo (Italy), Qiaoli Wu (China), Qing Zhu (China), Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia), Roland Billen (Belgium), Rudi Stouffs (Singapore), Scott Hawken (Australia), Serene Coetzee (South Africa), Shawn Laffan (Australia), Shisong Cao (China), Sisi Zlatanova (Australia), Songnian Li (Canada), Stephan Winter (Australia), Tarun Ghawana (Australia), Ümit Işıkdağ (Turkey), Wei Li (Australia), Wolfgang Reinhardt (Germany), Xianlian Liang (Finland) and Yanan Liu (China). The editors would like to express their gratitude to all contributors, who made this volume possible. Many thanks go to all supporting organisations: ISPRS, SSSI, URAP2, Blackash, Mercury and ISPRS Journal of Geoinformation. The editors are grateful to the continued support of the involved Universities: The University of New South Wales, Curtin University, Australian National University and The University of Melbourne.

Across the world, nature-triggered disasters fuelled by climate change are worsening. Some two billion people have been affected by the consequences of natural hazards over the last ten years, 95% of which were weather-related (such as floods and windstorms). Fires swept across large parts of California, and in Australia caused unprecedented destruction to lives, wildlife and bush. This picture is likely to become the new normal, and indeed may worsen if unchecked. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in some locations, disaster that once had a once-in-a-century frequency may become annual events by 2050. Disaster management needs to keep up. Good cooperation and coordination of crisis response operations are of critical importance to react rapidly and adequately to any crisis situation, while post-disaster recovery presents opportunities to build resilience towards reducing the scale of the next disaster. Technology to support crisis response has advanced greatly in the last few years. Systems for early warning, command and control and decision-making have been successfully implemented in many countries and regions all over the world. Efforts to improve humanitarian response, in particular in relation to combating disasters in rapidly urbanising cities, have also led to better approaches that grapple with complexity and uncertainty. The challenges however are daunting. Many aspects related to the efficient collection and integration of geo-information, applied semantics and situational awareness for disaster management are still open, while agencies, organisations and governmental authorities need to improve their practices for building better resilience. Gi4DM 2020 marked the 13th edition of the Geoinformation for Disaster Management series of conferences. The first conference was held in 2005 in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which claimed the lives of over 220,000 civilians. The 2019-20 Australian Bushfire Season saw some 18.6 million Ha of bushland burn, 5,900 buildings destroyed and nearly three billion vertebrates killed. Gi4DM 2020 then was held during Covid-19 pandemic, which took the lives of more than 1,150,000 people by the time of the conference. The pandemic affected the organisation of the conference, but the situation also provided the opportunity to address important global problems. The fundamental goal of the Gi4DM has always been to provide a forum where emergency responders, disaster managers, urban planners, stakeholders, researchers, data providers and system developers can discuss challenges, share experience, discuss new ideas and demonstrate technology. The 12 previous editions of Gi4DM conferences were held in Delft, the Netherlands (March 2005), Goa, India (September 2006), Toronto, Canada (May 2007), Harbin, China (August 2008), Prague, Czech Republic (January 2009), Torino, Italy (February 2010), Antalya, Turkey (May 2011), Enschede, the Netherlands (December, 2012), Hanoi, Vietnam (December 2013), Montpellier, France (2015), Istanbul, Turkey (2018) and Prague, Czech Republic (2019). Through the years Gi4DM has been organised in cooperation with different international bodies such as ISPRS, UNOOSA, ICA, ISCRAM, FIG, IAG, OGC and WFP and supported by national organisations. Gi4DM 2020 was held as part of Climate Change and Disaster Management: Technology and Resilience for a Troubled World . The event took place through the whole week of 30th of November to 4th of December, Sydney, Australia and included three events: Gi4DM 2020, NSW Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute (NSW SSSI) annual meeting and Urban Resilience Asia Pacific 2 (URAP2). The event explored two interlinked aspects of disaster management in relation to climate change. The first was geo-information technologies and their application for work in crisis situations, as well as sensor and communication networks and their roles for improving situational awareness. The second aspect was resilience, and its role and purpose across the entire cycle of disaster management, from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster recovery including challenges and opportunities in relation to rapid urbanisation and the role of security in improved disaster management practices. This volume consists of 22 scientific papers. These were selected on the basis of double-blind review from among the 40 short papers submitted to the Gi4DM 2020 conference. Each paper was reviewed by two scientific reviewers. The authors of the papers were encouraged to revise, extend and adapt their papers to reflect the comments of the reviewers and fit the goals of this volume. The selected papers concentrate on monitoring and analysis of various aspects related to Covid-19 (4), emergency response (4), earthquakes (3), flood (2), forest fire, landslides, glaciers, drought, land cover change, crop management, surface temperature, address standardisation and education for disaster management. The presented methods range from remote sensing, LiDAR and photogrammetry on different platforms to GIS and Web-based technologies. Figure 1 illustrates the covered topics via wordcount of keywords and titles. The Gi4DM 2020 program consisted of scientific presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and tutorials. The four keynotes speakers Prof Suzan Cutter (Hazard and Vulnerability Research Institute, USC, US), Jeremy Fewtrell (NSW Fire and Rescue, Australia), Prof Orhan Altan (Ad-hoc Committee on RISK and Disaster Management, GeoUnions, Turkey) and Prof Philip Gibbins (Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU, Australia) concentrated on different aspects of disaster and risk management in the context of climate change. Eight tutorials offered exciting workshops and hands-on on: Semantic web tools and technologies within Disaster Management, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry, Radar Remote Sensing, Dam safety: Monitoring subsidence with SAR Interferometry, Location-based Augmented Reality apps with Unity and Mapbox, Visualising bush fires datasets using open source, Making data smarter to manage disasters and emergency situational awareness and Response using HERE Location Services. The scientific sessions were blended with panel discussions to provide more opportunities to exchange ideas and experiences, connect people and researchers from all over the world. The editors of this volume acknowledge all members of the scientific committee for their time, careful review and valuable comments: Abdoulaye Diakité (Australia), Alexander Rudloff (Germany), Alias Abdul Rahman (Malaysia), Alper Yilmaz (USA), Amy Parker (Australia), Ashraf Dewan (Australia), Bapon Shm Fakhruddin (New Zealand), Batuhan Osmanoglu (USA), Ben Gorte (Australia), Bo Huang (Hong Kong), Brendon McAtee (Australia), Brian Lee (Australia), Bruce Forster (Australia), Charity Mundava (Australia), Charles Toth (USA), Chris Bellman (Australia), Chris Pettit (Australia), Clive Fraser (Australia), Craig Glennie (USA), David Belton (Australia), Dev Raj Paudyal (Australia), Dimitri Bulatov (Germany), Dipak Paudyal (Australia), Dorota Iwaszczuk (Germany), Edward Verbree (The Netherlands), Eliseo Clementini (Italy), Fabio Giulio Tonolo (Italy), Fazlay Faruque (USA), Filip Biljecki (Singapore), Petra Helmholz (Australia), Francesco Nex (The Netherlands), Franz Rottensteiner (Germany), George Sithole (South Africa), Graciela Metternicht (Australia), Haigang Sui (China), Hans-Gerd Maas (Germany), Hao Wu (China), Huayi Wu (China), Ivana Ivanova (Australia), Iyyanki Murali Krishna (India), Jack Barton (Australia), Jagannath Aryal (Australia), Jie Jiang (China), Joep Compvoets (Belgium), Jonathan Li (Canada), Kourosh Khoshelham (Australia), Krzysztof Bakuła (Poland), Lars Bodum (Denmark), Lena Halounova (Czech Republic), Madhu Chandra (Germany), Maria Antonia Brovelli (Italy), Martin Breunig (Germany), Martin Tomko (Australia), Mila Koeva (The Netherlands), Mingshu Wang (The Netherlands), Mitko Aleksandrov (Australia), Mulhim Al Doori (UAE), Nancy Glenn (Australia), Negin Nazarian (Australia), Norbert Pfeifer (Austria), Norman Kerle (The Netherlands), Orhan Altan (Turkey), Ori Gudes (Australia), Pawel Boguslawski (Poland), Peter van Oosterom (The Netherlands), Petr Kubíček (Czech Republic), Petros Patias (Greece), Piero Boccardo (Italy), Qiaoli Wu (China), Qing Zhu (China), Riza Yosia Sunindijo (Australia), Roland Billen (Belgium), Rudi Stouffs (Singapore), Scott Hawken (Australia), Serene Coetzee (South Africa), Shawn Laffan (Australia), Shisong Cao (China), Sisi Zlatanova (Australia), Songnian Li (Canada), Stephan Winter (Australia), Tarun Ghawana (Australia), Ümit Işıkdağ (Turkey), Wei Li (Australia), Wolfgang Reinhardt (Germany), Xianlian Liang (Finland) and Yanan Liu (China). The editors would like to express their gratitude to all contributors, who made this volume possible. Many thanks go to all supporting organisations: ISPRS, SSSI, URAP2, Blackash, Mercury and ISPRS Journal of Geoinformation. The editors are grateful to the continued support of the involved Universities: The University of New South Wales, Curtin University, Australian National University and The University of Melbourne.

Article discusses the variety of devices and systems that have the goal of improving living comfort through automated operations. Innovative technologies enable networking, remote control and programming of all functions in a smart home. According to the definition, a "smart home" is a generic term for various technical systems that pursue three major goals: improving quality of life, increasing household safety and security, using energy efficiently. A smart home incorporates advanced sensing and automation systems to provide the inhabitants with monitoring and control regardless of whether they are inside or outside the home. For example, a smart home may have controls for lighting, temperature, multi-media, security, window and door operations, as well as many other functions. A Smart home may be defined as a residence or a building with equipment which can be remotely controlled and operated from any location in the world by means of Smart Devices or through a smartphone. Smart Homes comprise of devices that provide comfort, security, convenience, energy efficiency and enhance intelligent living. The Devices communicate and interact with each other and form a connected ecosystem. Smart Home is understood as automated home. Smart Home ecosystem comprises of a set of connected gadgets with Intelligence that help them in executing the task and take necessary decisions. A Smart home will revolutionize and change the way all businesses, governments, and consumers interact with the physical world. This level of disruption will have a significant impact on the world in improving the quality of life. Keywords: smart home system, software and hardware complex, control, automation, central controller, diagram, device. References1. Грінтер Р., Грінтер Е. Дім з повсюдними обчисленнями: впровадження семи викликів. Grinter, R.E. & Edwards, W.K. At Home with ubiquitous computing: Seven challenges, In Proceedings of Ubicomp / Р. Грінтер, Е. Грінтер // Computer Science Laboratory Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Каліфорнія. – 2001, С. 256-272.2. Харпер Р. Всередині розумного будинку: ідеї, можливості та методи. Harper, R. Inside the smart home: Ideas, possibilities and methods. in Richard Harper Inside the smart home. / Р. Харпер // Нью Йорк. – 2003, С. 1-14.3. Кук Д., Янгблуд М., Хеєрман Е., Гопалратнам К., Рао С., Литвин А, Кавайя Д. Розумний дім на основі агентів. Cook, D.J., Youngblood, M., Heierman, E., Gopalratnam, K., Rao, S., Litvin, A., & Khawaja, F. MavHome: An agent-based smart home, in Proceedings of PerCom / Д. Кук, М. Янгблуд, Е. Хеєрман, К. Гопалратнам, С. Рао, А. Литвин, Д. Кавайя // Кафедра комп'ютерних технологій Техаського університету в Арлінгтоні. - 2003, С. 521-524.4. Давидоф С., Лі М., Зімерман Ж., Дей А. Соціально усвідомлені вимоги для розумного будинку. Davidoff, S., Lee, M.K., Zimmerman, J. & Dey, A.K. Socially-aware requirements for a smart home, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Intelligent Environments / С. Давидоф., М. Лі , Ж. Зімерман, А. Дей // Інститут взаємодії між людиною та комп'ютером та школа дизайну Карнегі Меллонського університету. – 2006, С. 41-44.5. Роден Т., Хемінгс Т, Грабтри А., Бенфорд С. Створення умов для впровадження концепції Розумного будинку. Crabtree, A., Rodden, T., Hemmings, T. & Benford, S.: Finding a place for ubicomp in the home, in Proceedings of Ubicomp / Т. Роден, Т. Хемінгс, А. Грабтри, С. Бенфорд // Школа комп'ютерних наук та ІТ, Університет Ноттінгема, Великобританія. – 2003, С. 208-226. ; В статье представлена концепция построения составляющих «Умного дома»: систем управления в доме, офисе или квартире. Система управления состоит из датчиков, управляющих элементов и исполнительных устройств. Главная задача системы – обеспечение комфорта, безопасности, а также экономии энергоресурсов. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена высоким потенциалом развития систем умного дома и отсутствием единых стандартов устройств. Система является масштабируемой, что позволяет использовать ее практически для любых целей. Разрабатываемый программно-аппаратный комплекс может быть применен как в обычных домах, так и на производстве. Ключевые слова: система "Умный дом", программно-аппаратный комплекс, автоматическое управление, автоматизация, центральный контроллер, диаграмма, устройство. Список использованной литературы1. Грінтер Р., Грінтер Е. Дім з повсюдними обчисленнями: впровадження семи викликів. Grinter, R.E. & Edwards, W.K. At Home with ubiquitous computing: Seven challenges, In Proceedings of Ubicomp / Р. Грінтер, Е. Грінтер // Computer Science Laboratory Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Каліфорнія. – 2001, С. 256-272.2. Харпер Р. Всередині розумного будинку: ідеї, можливості та методи. Harper, R. Inside the smart home: Ideas, possibilities and methods. in Richard Harper Inside the smart home. / Р. Харпер // Нью Йорк. – 2003, С. 1-14.3. Кук Д., Янгблуд М., Хеєрман Е., Гопалратнам К., Рао С., Литвин А, Кавайя Д. Розумний дім на основі агентів. Cook, D.J., Youngblood, M., Heierman, E., Gopalratnam, K., Rao, S., Litvin, A., & Khawaja, F. MavHome: An agent-based smart home, in Proceedings of PerCom / Д. Кук, М. Янгблуд, Е. Хеєрман, К. Гопалратнам, С. Рао, А. Литвин, Д. Кавайя // Кафедра комп'ютерних технологій Техаського університету в Арлінгтоні. - 2003, С. 521-524.4. Давидоф С., Лі М., Зімерман Ж., Дей А. Соціально усвідомлені вимоги для розумного будинку. Davidoff, S., Lee, M.K., Zimmerman, J. & Dey, A.K. Socially-aware requirements for a smart home, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Intelligent Environments / С. Давидоф., М. Лі , Ж. Зімерман, А. Дей // Інститут взаємодії між людиною та комп'ютером та школа дизайну Карнегі Меллонського університету. – 2006, С. 41-44.5. Роден Т., Хемінгс Т, Грабтри А., Бенфорд С. Створення умов для впровадження концепції Розумного будинку. Crabtree, A., Rodden, T., Hemmings, T. & Benford, S.: Finding a place for ubicomp in the home, in Proceedings of Ubicomp / Т. Роден, Т. Хемінгс, А. Грабтри, С. Бенфорд // Школа комп'ютерних наук та ІТ, Університет Ноттінгема, Великобританія. – 2003, С. 208-226. ; У статті представлена концепція побудови складових «Розумного будинку»: систем управління в будинку, офісі, або квартирі. Система управління складається з датчиків, керуючих елементів та виконавчих пристроїв. Головне завдання системи - забезпечення комфорту, безпеки, а також економії енергоресурсів. Актуальність теми дослідження обумовлена високим потенціалом розвитку систем розумного будинку і відсутністю єдиних стандартів пристроїв. Система є масштабованою, що дозволяє використовувати її практично для будь-яких цілей. Розроблюваний програмноапаратний комплекс може бути застосований як у звичайних будинках, так і на виробництві. Ключові слова: система "Розумний будинок", програмно-апаратний комплекс, автоматичне управління, автоматизація, центральний контролер, діаграма, пристрій. Список використаної літератури1. Грінтер Р., Грінтер Е. Дім з повсюдними обчисленнями: впровадження семи викликів. Grinter, R.E. & Edwards, W.K. At Home with ubiquitous computing: Seven challenges, In Proceedings of Ubicomp / Р. Грінтер, Е. Грінтер // Computer Science Laboratory Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Каліфорнія. – 2001, С. 256-272.2. Харпер Р. Всередині розумного будинку: ідеї, можливості та методи. Harper, R. Inside the smart home: Ideas, possibilities and methods. in Richard Harper Inside the smart home. / Р. Харпер // Нью Йорк. – 2003, С. 1-14.3. Кук Д., Янгблуд М., Хеєрман Е., Гопалратнам К., Рао С., Литвин А, Кавайя Д. Розумний дім на основі агентів. Cook, D.J., Youngblood, M., Heierman, E., Gopalratnam, K., Rao, S., Litvin, A., & Khawaja, F. MavHome: An agent-based smart home, in Proceedings of PerCom / Д. Кук, М. Янгблуд, Е. Хеєрман, К. Гопалратнам, С. Рао, А. Литвин, Д. Кавайя // Кафедра комп'ютерних технологій Техаського університету в Арлінгтоні. - 2003, С. 521-524.4. Давидоф С., Лі М., Зімерман Ж., Дей А. Соціально усвідомлені вимоги для розумного будинку. Davidoff, S., Lee, M.K., Zimmerman, J. & Dey, A.K. Socially-aware requirements for a smart home, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Intelligent Environments / С. Давидоф., М. Лі , Ж. Зімерман, А. Дей // Інститут взаємодії між людиною та комп'ютером та школа дизайну Карнегі Меллонського університету. – 2006, С. 41-44.5. Роден Т., Хемінгс Т, Грабтри А., Бенфорд С. Створення умов для впровадження концепції Розумного будинку. Crabtree, A., Rodden, T., Hemmings, T. & Benford, S.: Finding a place for ubicomp in the home, in Proceedings of Ubicomp / Т. Роден, Т. Хемінгс, А. Грабтри, С. Бенфорд // Школа комп'ютерних наук та ІТ, Університет Ноттінгема, Великобританія. – 2003, С. 208-226.

The author of the article made an investigation on Ukrainian and international aspects of the civil society institutions' role in the activities of public administra-tion. Essentially, civil society institutions serve as the in-struments of civil society required to provide democracy, represent different views, participate in the political pro-cess, and others. Accordingly, civil society institutions participate in different fields of public relations, namely: healthcare, justice, finance, education, ecology, interna-tional relations, safety, social politics. Public administra-tion is an institute, by which the stated is governed with. In addition, there is a necessity for a dialogue between these institutes. In this vein, the author gives examples of the legal regulation of the relations between civil soci-ety institutions and public administration, thus focusing on the problems of such relations. Among the main prob-lems are the lack of civic culture, the fact that people are generally hesitant to the possibility of influencing state and political processes, credibility gap, legal nihilism, bu-reaucratic obstacles.Thus, different ways of the stimulation for public ad-ministration synergy within the civil society institutions are represented and characterized. Civil society institu-tions, including public organizations, play an important role in providing the rule of law. This is being done par-ticularly via the public control, audit, legal protection, analysis, and many other methods. Thus, it is the crucial task of the public administration to promote the activities of civil society institutions in various ways.The author therefore concludes that the most essential prerequisite of the rule of law state is the formation of a civil society in which the free and comprehensive develop-ment of each person, the functioning of democratic civil institutions that ensure freedom of speech and informa-tion, are guaranteed though the power of public opinion and public morality, free elections, existence of the le-gal opposition and multi-party system. All the foregoing makes the usurpation of power impossible.The author offers the ways to solve the problematic aspects of public participation in government, especially by improving the regulatory framework, providing an ef-fective mechanism for citizens to appeal, simplifying and ensuring transparency of mechanisms for public partici-pation in public administration, establishing the respon-sibility of public administration entities for avoiding par-ticipation of civil society institutions in activities where it is provided by law, etc. ; Автором статті було проведено дослідження ролі інститутів громадянського суспільства в діяльності пу-блічної адміністрації крізь призму українського та між-народного досвіду. По суті, інститути громадянського суспільства виступають інструментами, необхідними для забезпечення демократії в державі, представляють різні погляди, захищають інтереси громадян, беруть участь у політичних процесах тощо. Відповідно, інсти-тути громадянського суспільства задіяні в різних сфе-рах суспільних відносин, таких як: охорона здоров'я, правосуддя, фінанси, освіта, екологія, міжнародні від-носини, безпека, соціальна політика тощо. Автор наводить приклади правового регулювання відносин між інститутами громадянського суспільства та суб'єктами публічного адміністрування, акцентую-чи увагу на проблемах таких відносин. Серед основних із них: відсутність громадянської культури; слабке інформування людей про можливість впливати на дер-жавні та політичні процеси; брак довіри; правовий нігілізм; бюрократичні перешкоди. Інститути грома-дянського суспільства, в тому числі громадські орга-нізації, відіграють важливу роль у забезпеченні верхо-венства права. Цьому сприяють, зокрема, громадський контроль, аудит, правовий захист, аналіз та багато інших методів. Отже, вирішальним завданням публіч-ного адміністрування є сприяння діяльності інститутів громадянського суспільства різними способами.Автор робить висновок, що найважливішою переду-мовою верховенства права є формування громадян-ського суспільства, в якому гарантується вільний та всебічний розвиток кожної людини, функціонування демократичних інститутів, що забезпечують свободу слова та інформації, сила громадської думки і суспіль-ної моралі, вільні вибори, існування легальної опозиції та багатопартійності. Усе сказане вище робить узурпа-цію влади неможливою.Автор пропонує шляхи вирішення проблемних аспектів участі громадськості в публічному адміні-струванні, зокрема шляхом вдосконалення норматив-но-правової бази, забезпечення ефективного механізму оскарження, забезпечення прозорості механізмів уча-сті громадськості в публічному адмініструванні та їх спрощення, встановлення відповідальності суб'єктів публічного адміністрування за ухилення від сприяння участі інститутів громадянського суспільства в їхній діяльності та процесах прийняття рішень, якщо це передбачено законом тощо.Автором статті було проведено дослідження ролі інститутів громадянського суспільства в діяльності пу-блічної адміністрації крізь призму українського та між-народного досвіду. По суті, інститути громадянського суспільства виступають інструментами, необхідними для забезпечення демократії в державі, представляють різні погляди, захищають інтереси громадян, беруть участь у політичних процесах тощо. Відповідно, інсти-тути громадянського суспільства задіяні в різних сфе-рах суспільних відносин, таких як: охорона здоров'я, правосуддя, фінанси, освіта, екологія, міжнародні від-носини, безпека, соціальна політика тощо. Автор наводить приклади правового регулювання відносин між інститутами громадянського суспільства та суб'єктами публічного адміністрування, акцентую-чи увагу на проблемах таких відносин. Серед основних із них: відсутність громадянської культури; слабке інформування людей про можливість впливати на дер-жавні та політичні процеси; брак довіри; правовий нігілізм; бюрократичні перешкоди. Інститути грома-дянського суспільства, в тому числі громадські орга-нізації, відіграють важливу роль у забезпеченні верхо-венства права. Цьому сприяють, зокрема, громадський контроль, аудит, правовий захист, аналіз та багато інших методів. Отже, вирішальним завданням публіч-ного адміністрування є сприяння діяльності інститутів громадянського суспільства різними способами.Автор робить висновок, що найважливішою переду-мовою верховенства права є формування громадян-ського суспільства, в якому гарантується вільний та всебічний розвиток кожної людини, функціонування демократичних інститутів, що забезпечують свободу слова та інформації, сила громадської думки і суспіль-ної моралі, вільні вибори, існування легальної опозиції та багатопартійності. Усе сказане вище робить узурпа-цію влади неможливою.Автор пропонує шляхи вирішення проблемних аспектів участі громадськості в публічному адміні-струванні, зокрема шляхом вдосконалення норматив-но-правової бази, забезпечення ефективного механізму оскарження, забезпечення прозорості механізмів уча-сті громадськості в публічному адмініструванні та їх спрощення, встановлення відповідальності суб'єктів публічного адміністрування за ухилення від сприяння участі інститутів громадянського суспільства в їхній діяльності та процесах прийняття рішень, якщо це передбачено законом тощо. ; Автором статті було проведено дослідження ролі інститутів громадянського суспільства в діяльності пу-блічної адміністрації крізь призму українського та між-народного досвіду. По суті, інститути громадянського суспільства виступають інструментами, необхідними для забезпечення демократії в державі, представляють різні погляди, захищають інтереси громадян, беруть участь у політичних процесах тощо. Відповідно, інсти-тути громадянського суспільства задіяні в різних сфе-рах суспільних відносин, таких як: охорона здоров'я, правосуддя, фінанси, освіта, екологія, міжнародні від-носини, безпека, соціальна політика тощо. Автор наводить приклади правового регулювання відносин між інститутами громадянського суспільства та суб'єктами публічного адміністрування, акцентую-чи увагу на проблемах таких відносин. Серед основних із них: відсутність громадянської культури; слабке інформування людей про можливість впливати на дер-жавні та політичні процеси; брак довіри; правовий нігілізм; бюрократичні перешкоди. Інститути грома-дянського суспільства, в тому числі громадські орга-нізації, відіграють важливу роль у забезпеченні верхо-венства права. Цьому сприяють, зокрема, громадський контроль, аудит, правовий захист, аналіз та багато інших методів. Отже, вирішальним завданням публіч-ного адміністрування є сприяння діяльності інститутів громадянського суспільства різними способами.Автор робить висновок, що найважливішою переду-мовою верховенства права є формування громадян-ського суспільства, в якому гарантується вільний та всебічний розвиток кожної людини, функціонування демократичних інститутів, що забезпечують свободу слова та інформації, сила громадської думки і суспіль-ної моралі, вільні вибори, існування легальної опозиції та багатопартійності. Усе сказане вище робить узурпа-цію влади неможливою.Автор пропонує шляхи вирішення проблемних аспектів участі громадськості в публічному адміні-струванні, зокрема шляхом вдосконалення норматив-но-правової бази, забезпечення ефективного механізму оскарження, забезпечення прозорості механізмів уча-сті громадськості в публічному адмініструванні та їх спрощення, встановлення відповідальності суб'єктів публічного адміністрування за ухилення від сприяння участі інститутів громадянського суспільства в їхній діяльності та процесах прийняття рішень, якщо це передбачено законом тощо.

Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública, Ciencias Médicas y Quirúrgicas ; Los avances tecnológicos en los sistemas de imagen médica de los últimos años han facilitado enormemente el acceso, ante una sospecha médica, a imágenes de alto valor diagnóstico. Debido a ello la utilización de técnicas de imagen que usan radiaciones ionizantes ha aumentado, y con ellas las dosis de radiación recibidas por la población. Esto se ve reflejado en las encuestas nacionales que muestran aumentos paulatinos en las dosis colectivas recibidas por la población que se derivan de la práctica médica. Los beneficios asociados a las imágenes de radiodiagnóstico siempre deben contraponerse a los efectos adversos de las radiaciones ionizantes. Y desde diversos ámbitos se ha advertido que muchas de las exploraciones que se realizan podrían no estar justificadas. Es necesario, además, tener en cuenta los costes asociados a cualquier prueba médica innecesaria, tanto desde el punto de vista del especialista y del equipamiento médico como desde el del paciente (por ejemplo, el sobrediagnóstico, las cascadas clínicas y los falsos positivos). Los informes más recientes de las organizaciones internacionales que velan por la protección radiológica y la publicación el 5 de diciembre de 2013 en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea de la Directiva 2013/59/EURATOM por la que se establecen normas de seguridad básicas para la protección contra los peligros derivados de la exposición a radiaciones ionizantes, y que entró en vigor en los países miembros a partir del 6 de febrero de 2018, han motivado la necesidad de estudiar la evaluación de los riesgos y los beneficios de las radiaciones ionizantes. En concreto, la nueva legislación establece la necesidad de metodología para optimizar y justificar el uso médico de las radiaciones. En la presente tesis por compendio de publicaciones se han incluido dos estudios sobre esta temática. El primero realizó un análisis sistemático de la literatura sobre medida de dosis efectiva, que es la magnitud que representa en un solo número el perjuicio causado por una exposición a radiaciones ionizantes. El resultado fue una estimación de este valor para las pruebas radiológicas que suponen una mayor contribución a la dosis efectiva colectiva. Las dosis resultantes pueden ser de utilidad para diversos tipos de estudios. El segundo estudio analizó una serie de peticiones de pruebas de radiodiagnóstico para determinar la adecuación de estas de acuerdo a guías de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Se emplearon cinco clasificaciones posibles y cada prueba fue analizada por dos investigadores independientes. Menos del 50% de las peticiones analizadas fueron consideradas adecuadas, y aproximadamente un tercio fueron clasificadas como inadecuadas de acuerdo a las guías utilizadas. Las características demográficas y clínicas de las peticiones fueron analizadas para profundizar en los resultados y obtener conclusiones que puedan ser de utilidad en investigaciones futuras. Las pruebas solicitadas a mujeres se asociaron con una menor probabilidad de ser adecuadas que aquellas solicitadas a hombres (OR 0,70; IC al 95% 0,57- 0,86). Asimismo, se encontró una menor adecuación en las pruebas solicitadas por médicos de familia frente al resto de especialistas (OR 0,60; IC al 95% 0,38-0,93). Hubo una mayor adecuación en las pruebas de mamografía y de TC respecto de las radiografías convencionales. Usando los resultados de ambos estudios se pudo estimar la cantidad de dosis efectiva colectiva que se da en exceso a la población debido a prácticas no adecuadas o carentes de justificación, y los factores asociados a estos excesos. El 19,6% de la dosis efectiva se asoció a pruebas inadecuadas. El porcentaje de pruebas inadecuadas es elevado, y esto da como resultado un gran porcentaje de dosis efectiva a la población que carece de justificación. Las características clínicas y demográficas, como son el género, la edad, la especialidad médica del médico solicitante y el tipo de prueba solicitada influyen en la adecuación de la pruebas. En la actualidad, la radiación debida a prácticas médicas constituye el mayor factor de exposición artificial para la población en casi todos los países del mundo. Los costes asociados a prácticas inadecuadas son una carga para la sociedad que debe ser tenida en cuenta y tratada si los sistemas de salud quieren alcanzar su principal objetivo. ; Technological advances in imaging systems in the last years have allowed easy access, when there is a suspected underlying clinical condition, to images of high diagnostic value. Because of this, the use of imaging technologies has increased, together with the radiation dose received by the population. This trend can be seen in National surveys, which reflect continuous increases in the effective collective dose delivered by medical practices to the population. The benefits that are linked to x-ray imaging must always be weighed against the risks that ionizing radiation poses. There have been warnings at several levels about many x-ray imaging requests not being adequately justified. On top of this, it is also necessary to take into account the other costs derived from any unnecessary medical procedure, from the perspective of the medical specialist and the health care system as well as from that of the patient (for example, over diagnostic, clinical cascades and false positives). The most recent reports by international radiation protection organizations and the December, 5th 2013 publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of the 2013/59/EURATOM Council Directive laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation, that was brought into force on February, 6th 2018 by all Member States have brought up the need for a re-evaluation of the risks and benefits of ionizing radiations. Specifically, the new legislation establishes the need for methodology for the optimization and the justification of the medical use of radiations. This thesis by compendium of publications includes two studies regarding this area of research. The first study performed a systematic analysis of the literature that measured values of effective dose. The effective dose is the magnitude that represents the total detriment of an x-ray procedure. The analysis yielded estimated values for the x-ray procedures that contribute the most to the collective effective dose. The resulting values may be useful in different types of studies. The second study analyzed a series of x-ray imaging requests to determine their adequacy, using recommendation evidence-based guidelines. A total of five different possible outcomes of the main variable where contemplated, and each request was analyzed by two independent researchers. Less than 50% of the requests that were analyzed were considered adequate, while approximately one-third were specifically considered inappropriate according to the guidelines used. The clinical and demographic data of each request was taken into account for a deeper analysis of the results, and to produce conclusions that can be useful in future investigations. Women were less likely than men to have an imaging test classified as appropriate (adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.86). Imaging tests requested by general practitioners were less likely to be considered appropriate than those requested by central services (adjusted OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.93). Mammography and CT were more likely to be appropriate than conventional X-rays The combination of both studies was used to calculate the excess collective effective dose to the population due to inadequate or not properly justified practices, and the factors that correlate with this excess. 19.6% of the effective dose was associated with inappropriate tests. There is a significant frequency of inadequate x-ray tests, which results in a high percentage of unjustified associated effective dose. Demographic and clinical characteristics such as sex, age, referral physician and medical imaging test seem to play a role in the adequacy of the imaging tests. Today, medical examinations are the biggest contributor to the total radiation received by the population due to artificial causes in almost every country in the world. The costs associated to inadequate tests are a burden to society that must be acknowledged and remedied if health care systems want to serve their primary purpose.

The term protection of consumers' interests falls into descriptive catego-ries and is used to characterize a set of actions aimed at consumer protec-tion facing threats against his/her rights and interests. However, the de-scription of this concept has significant effects. Depending on the sphere of interests and the adopted perspective of observing phenomena and the cur-rent socio-economic situation, the point of view is changing into a set of ac-tions which are important for the consumers' interests. The idea of protecting consumers' interests appeared already in the nine-teenth century under the conditions of the emerging market economy. The first steps to protect buyers against dishonest trader practices were under-taken by the developing cooperative movement. Consumer movement, like many social movements, was born in the period of rapid growth of industrial-ization in the second half of the nineteenth century. At first, the strongest development was in the USA. Then, the protection of consumer's interests was developed at the level of the United Nations and became one of the European Union's priorities. It is worth mentioning that European integration has set the problem of protecting consumers' interests in a new light. We should also emphasize that due to the fact that the consumer is a weaker party in the market game, his/her interests are not threatened along with the tightening of relations within the European Union. The development of the European market, but also of the global one, changes only the goal and the direction of the threats against consumer's interests. Among the prerequisites of protection of consumers' interests, there are usually three groups: economic, legal and social. Economic reasons relate to the massiveness of trade in goods and the monopolization of the market and the so-called consumer atomization and abuse of marketing instru-ments, as well as globalization of the economy, which is associated with decreasing and limiting the role of the state on market. The social founda-tions of protection arise from the need to protect life and achieve human rights. Here, in particular, care for health and standard of living, consumer safety, care for the natural and social environment and the level of consum-er awareness are considered important. The premises for the legal protec-tion of consumers' interests arise, inter alia, from the compulsory situation in which consumers find themselves, the lack of proper preparation for estab-lishing a contractual relationship, representing the smaller property potential, as well as limited possibilities in terms of time and resources that can serve to satisfy their needs. One should also add limited communication of legal regulations and poor knowledge of the principles of shaping the content of the legal relationship established by the consumer. Therefore, the legal pre-requisites for protection concern areas of activity in which the law is not ad-justed according to the conditions of a market game. The source of unfavorable phenomena for the consumer − degrading it in the legal, economic and sociological sphere − is the mass character of trade. This fact results in the loss of important sovereignty for the consum-er. The market economy creates many economic and social problems. Technical progress, mass production, degradation of the natural environ-ment, huge wealth of market offer of goods and services, flood of infor-mation, intense promotional activities of companies are a threat against con-sumer sovereignty and his/her interests. It is also worth pointing out the reasons for the weakness of the consum-er as a market participant. The consumer is urged to meet his/her needs, which often means that he/she is ready to accept the conditions proposed to him/her. He/She also has a weaker position with respect to the group of producers and sellers in terms of economy, time and mental resi- lience. Moreover, the consumer does not have such knowledge of commod-ity, technical, economic and legal matters as producers or traders. He/ She has a threefold role as: recipient of promotional activities of enter- prises, buyer of goods and services, and user of purchased products. Appreciating the importance of the issues of consumer's interests protec-tion under the current socio-economic circumstances, taking into account the ongoing globalization processes and ever closer European integration, attempts have been made to characterize and assess consumer protection standards in Europe. This book will provide the reader with the necessary information on the topic of the European Union, as well as for the latest consumer empower-ment on contemporary integrated European market. The book is written by European researchers, for whom the problem of consumer rights protection plays a particularly important role and who want to improve the awareness of threats that consumers face on the modern market. The primary target audience of this book will be students who study busi-ness and management and who will be responsible in future for the devel-opment of durable and long-term relationship with consumers. The book will be also useful for consumers on the European market. Academic research-ers as well as practitioners from the business field should be interested in this book. This book should help them to rethink what they do, how they are doing, to encourage them to create effective relationships with consumers and protect their rights. The entire work is divided into three parts. The first part provides an in-troduction to the topic and focuses on the understanding of consumers, their market behaviours as well as the consumption on the European market. This part includes chapters describing different roles played by the con-sumers, their market behaviours, consumer decision making process as well determinants of consumer behaviours. This part also includes descrip-tion of the concept of consumption and of the consumers' values. Finally, the reader can find an analysis of the importance of consumer awareness phenomenon. Part two presents selected aspects of contemporary compa-nies' behaviour and issues related to threats against the consumer created by companies on contemporary European market. Furthermore, the authors tackle the problem of competition as well the companies' ethical and non-ethical beahviors.This part also includes several chapters dedicated to companies' practices requiring consumers' protection and consumer awareness and their impact on businesses. And finaly, part three is dedicat-ed to consumers and their protection standards in Europe. One can read about the problems regarding consumer policy on European market, includ-ing models and organizational structure. In addition to it, there are chapters describing consumers' rights, institutions of consumer rights protection, dif-ferent law and regulations related to classical and digital market, tangible goods, and services sector. The last part ends with several issues related to building consumer awareness. The book itself has been the outcome of a project named Enhancing quality in innovative higher education about consumer awareness – Con-sume-aware, co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Un-ion. This project was created by eight partner universities from the Dukenet International Network, including: University of Economics in Katowice – pro- ject leader, Howest University of Applied Sciencies, University of Bucharest, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Seinäjoki University of Applied Science, Bu-dapest Business School, University of Trento, and University of ISIK. For the publication of this book the proofreading and the terminology glossary were provided by Diana Ionita and Daria Georgiana Protopopescu from the University of Bucharest. Special thanks for the reviewers' valuable support – Kim Fam from University of Wellington in New Zealand and Antonino Galati from University of Palermo in Italy – whose professional contribution gave this book its finished form. ; European Union, Erasmus+ programme

Diese Dissertation basiert auf zwei parallelen Forschungsinteressen: "Mensch-Natur-Interaktionen" und "urban farming" bzw. "urbane Landwirtschaft". Das integrierte Forschungsinteresse dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Wechselwirkung zwischen Mensch und Natur durch eine empirische Untersuchung von individuellen Praktiken der urbanen Landwirtschaft zu verstehen. Die im Konzept des sozial-ökologischen Metabolismus verankerte 'metabolic rift theory' wird als Kerntheorie zur Analyse der Mensch-Natur-Interaktionen anhand der urbanen Landwirtschaft herangezogen. Der allgemeine Forschungsansatz bestand darin, zwei gegensätzliche städtische Milieus (Chengdu, China und Freiburg, Deutschland) zu untersuchen, um Erkenntnisse darüber zu gewinnen, inwieweit urbane Landwirtschaft die Mensch-Natur-Interaktionen sowie möglicherweise auch einige der tiefgreifenden metabolischen Risse heilend beeinflussen kann. In dieser Arbeit wird die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Natur als sozial-ökologischer Stoffwechselprozess verstanden, bei dem Mensch und Natur Ressourcen und Abfälle, Energie und Entropie austauschen. Wenn der Austauschzyklus im Gleichgewicht ist, könnte der sozial-ökologische Stoffwechselprozess über Jahrtausende hinweg stabil verlaufen. Allerdings haben Industrialisierung und Urbanisierung unter der treibenden Kraft des Kapitalismus das Gleichgewicht des Austauschs zwischen Mensch und Natur zerstört. Der sozial-ökologische Stoffwechselprozess hat im Zuge einer Reihe von Intensivierungsphasen ein beschleunigtes, nicht nachhaltiges Tempo erreicht. Um die Phasen des sozial-ökologischen Stoffwechselprozesses vor einem historisch-materialistischen Hintergrund zu beschreiben, wurde ein lockeres Cluster von Konzepten aus dem ökologischen Marxismus als übergeordneter theoretischer Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewählt. Das Konzept des 'metabolic rift' wird als Kerntheorie entwickelt, um die unterbrochene, losgelöste, entfremdete und antagonistische Mensch-Natur-Beziehung unserer Zeit zu beschreiben. Vier Dimensionen des 'metabolic rift' – ökologisch, erkenntnistheoretisch / kulturell, sozial und individuell – werden spezifisch ausgearbeitet, um zu demonstrieren, wie die Natur durch die industrielle Produktion und die urbane Lebensweise sowie durch die vorherrschende kapitalistische Weltanschauung systematisch objektiviert und externalisiert wurde. Als theoretischer Beitrag dieser Dissertation zum gesamten Rahmen des 'metabolic rift' wurde das originäre Konzept des 'cultural rift' definiert und verwendet, um die Nuancen der Analyse zu verschärfen. Urbane Landwirtschaft als weltweit aufkeimende Bewegung wird empirisch praktiziert und bereits theoretisch als Lösung für die Bewältigung vieler Herausforderungen des städtischen Lebens erforscht. Allerdings wurden die vielfältigen Potentiale dieser Betätigung im Hinblick auf die Milderung und Heilung der zahlreichen Probleme, die durch den ,metabolic rift' entstehen, bisher noch nicht in einem systematischen und umfassenden Rahmen untersucht. Um diese Forschungslücke in Bezug auf die Funktion und Bedeutung der urbanen Landwirtschaft zu schließen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Promotion in den Städten Chengdu (China) und Freiburg (Deutschland) einschlägige Feldforschungen durchgeführt. Die in diesen beiden Städten und Ländern erhobenen Daten werden durch die Linse des 'metabolic rift' analysiert. Es wird anschließend diskutiert, wie urbane Landwirtschaft in Chengdu und Freiburg praktiziert werden könnte, um auf die ökologischen, erkenntnistheoretischen, kulturellen, sozialen und individuellen Dimensionen des 'metabolic rift' in den jeweiligen historischen, kulturellen und politischen Kontexten zu reagieren. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung in Chengdu zeigen, dass einige der dortigen Praktiker der urbanen Landwirtschaft den 'metabolic rift' wahrnehmen und gezielt Maßnahmen ergreifen, um auf die vier Dimensionen der Problematik zu reagieren. Die meisten Menschen betreiben jedoch städtische Landwirtschaft aus Gründen der Lebensmittelsicherheit (um auf die soziale Dimension des 'rift' zu reagieren) und aus erkenntnistheoretischen und kulturellen Gründen (um auf epistemologische und 'cultural rift' Probleme zu reagieren). Wenige der interviewten Menschen nannten ökologische und individuelle Gründe (um auf ökologische und individuelle 'rift' Probleme zu reagieren). Vor dem Hintergrund des komplizierten sozialen und politischen Kontexts Chinas zeigen die Ergebnisse aus Chengdu, dass dort mehr Menschen urbane Landwirtschaft als Mittel zum Lebensunterhalt, zum Erzielen von Einkommen oder auch als persönliche Praxis (z.B. zur Stärkung von Achtsamkeit) und zur Persönlichkeitsentwicklung betreiben. Weniger Menschen betreiben dies aus umfassend reflektierten, gesellschaftlichen und ökologischen Motiven. Die Ergebnisse aus Freiburg zeigen, dass dort die meisten urbanen Gärtner diese Tätigkeit aufgrund eines ganzheitlicheren Verständnisses der verschiedenen Dimensionen des 'metabolic rift' ausüben, um die damit verbundenen Probleme anzugehen. Die bemerkenswertesten Erkenntnisse aus den Freiburger Befunden im deutschen Kontext, im Gegensatz zum chinesischen Kontext, sind das hohe Bewusstsein und die Sorge der Menschen für ökologische Nachhaltigkeit (d.h. zur Bewältigung ökologischer 'rift' Probleme), ihre Begeisterung für die kollektive Arbeitsatmosphäre in Gemeinschaftsgärten (z.B. um soziale 'rift' Probleme zu lösen) und wie sie sich, ihrer Körperintuition folgend, der Natur zuwenden, um geistige und körperliche Arbeit in Einklang zu bringen (z.B. um individuelle 'rift' Probleme zu lösen). Die Schlussfolgerung dieser Dissertation lautet, dass urbane Landwirtschaft ein wertvoller ganzheitlicher Ansatz zur Behebung der vielfältigen Dimensionen von 'metabolic rift' Problemen werden und somit für einzelne Menschen, Gesellschaften und Ökosysteme von großem Nutzen sein kann, wenn die Menschen ein allumfassendes Verständnis des sozial-ökologischen Stoffwechsels im Kapitalismus haben und sie anfangen, über die materialistische, hedonistische Lebensweise in der Tretmühle der kommerzialisierten Gesellschaft nachzudenken, und die Probleme der unterbrochenen, losgelösten, entfremdeten und antagonistischen Realität der Mensch-Natur-Interaktion erkennen. Als weiterführende Studien werden Untersuchungen vorgeschlagen, die sich mit der positiven Mensch-Natur-Verbundenheit und dem intrinsischen Wert der Mensch-Natur-Interaktion befassen. ; This dissertation is grounded in two parallel research interests: "human-nature interaction" and "urban farming". The integrated overall research interest is to understand the human-nature interaction through empirical research on individual people's practice of urban farming. The metabolic rift theory, rooted in the concept of socio-ecological metabolism, is applied as the core theory to analyze the human-nature interaction through urban farming. The general research approach has been to use two contrasting urban milieux (Chengdu, China and Freiburg, Germany) to develop insights into the functions of urban farming to affect human-nature interaction and to heal some of the profound metabolic rifts. In this dissertation, the relationship between humans and nature is understood from the aspect of a socio-ecological metabolic process, in which humans and nature exchange resources and wastes, energy and entropy. When the exchange cycle is in balance, the socio-ecological metabolic process could last stably on the scale of millennia, but under the driving force of capitalism, human society's development of industrialization and urbanization has broken the balance of human-nature exchange; the socio-ecological metabolic process has been running at an accelerated unsustainable pace throughout a series of upgraded phases. A loose cluster of concepts derived from Marxist ecology is formed as the overarching framework to articulate the phases of the socio-ecological metabolic process in a historical-materialistic background. Meanwhile, as the core theory, the concept of metabolic rift is developed to describe the actual disconnected, detached, alienated and antagonistic human-nature relationship on the planet today. Four dimensions – ecological, epistemological/cultural, social and individual – of the metabolic rift problems are specifically elaborated to demonstrate how nature has been systematically objectified and externalized by the capitalist industrial production and urban living patterns, as well as by the dominant capitalist worldview, value and belief system. The original concept of "cultural rift" has been particularly coined in this dissertation as a theoretical contribution to the overall metabolic rift framework. Urban farming, as a burgeoning worldwide movement, has been empirically practiced and theoretically studied as a solution to deal with many urban life challenges, but its multiple roles in repairing the multiple dimensions of metabolic rift problem had not yet been examined under a systematic and comprehensive framework. In order to fill this research gap concerning the function and significance of urban farming, the relevant field researches have been conducted in the cities of Chengdu (China) and Freiburg (Germany); the empirical research findings in these two cities and countries are analyzed through the lens of metabolic rift. Attempts are conducted to discuss how urban farming could be practiced by the urban farming practitioners in Chengdu and in Freiburg to respond to the ecological, epistemological, cultural, social and individual dimensions of metabolic rift problems in the two countries' different historical, cultural, social and political contexts. The findings of the Chengdu research show that some Chengdu urban farming practitioners have been able to perceive and take action to respond to each of the dimensions of metabolic rift problems. However, most of the people engage in urban farming for food safety reasons (i.e. to respond to the social dimension of rift problems) and for epistemological and cultural reasons (i.e. to respond to the epistemological and cultural rift problems); a few of the people have ecological and individual reasons (i.e. to respond to ecological and individual rift problems). The Chengdu findings also indicate that, given the complicated social and political context of China, more individual urban farming practitioners at Chengdu take farming as a self-supporting method for income or for personal practice (e.g. mindfulness) and personal development, and fewer individuals do farming for deep social or ecological reflection. The findings of the Freiburg research demonstrate that most Freiburg urban farming practitioners engage in farming for reasons based on a more holistic understanding of the multiple dimensions of metabolic rift problems; they practice urban farming as a comprehensive approach to solve these multiple dimensions of rift problems. The most notable features of the Freiburg findings, in the German context as opposed to the Chinese context, are people's high awareness of and concern for ecological sustainability (i.e. to deal with ecological rift issues), their enthusiasm for the collective working atmosphere in community gardens (i.e. to deal with social rift issues), and their body intuition to go to nature and to balance mental and manual work in the natural world (i.e. to deal with individual rift issues). The final conclusion of this dissertation is that urban farming could become a valuable holistic approach to repair the multiple dimensions of metabolic rift problems, with great potential benefits to individuals and to societies and ecosystems, when people have an overall understanding of socio-ecological metabolism under capitalism, when they start to reflect on the material hedonistic treadmill living pattern in commercialized society, and when they realize the problems of the disconnected, detached, alienated and antagonistic human-nature reality. At the end, further studies focusing on the positive human-nature connectedness and the intrinsic value of human-nature interaction are suggested as future study directions.

This report responds to a request by the Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten) concerning which incentives for antibiotics research and development (R&D) Sweden should take into consideration for potential public investments. Based on discussions and interviews with experts, feedback from stakeholders (i.e. potential recipients of Swedish incentives), company case studies and computer-based Monte Carlo simulations, this report provides a set of recommendations about the economic incentives that can be relevant for Sweden. The incentives identified for Sweden's portfolio meet the following criteria: improving Sweden's visibility in the antibiotics field, reinforcing Sweden's national R&D infrastructure in this area, leveraging Sweden's strengths and traditions, limiting the public expenditure per incentive, permitting rapid implementation and effects, providing highly needed support to the antibiotic pipeline in unique ways, and granting Sweden a key contribution and thus influence on the design and direction of each incentive. Based on these criteria, a Market Entry Reward (MER) was not considered a viable alternative for Sweden if implemented by Sweden alone, especially because of its demanding financial engagement (close to 1 B USD), which is necessary for this incentive to produce relevant effects on the antibiotics R&D pipeline. However, if Sweden were to decide to pilot an MER, it should focus on a fully delinked MER, which entirely substitutes market sales with lump sums paid on a yearly basis. An MER should moreover be financed primarily from the healthcare budget to avoid crowding out other incentives. A fully delinked MER would allow testing several features of this incentive model, such as the evaluation procedures to set the overall amount of the MER, the definition of the unit prizes to be paid by local healthcare facilities to the central government, and periodic reviews to reassess the amount of yearly lump-sum payments according to the confirmed therapeutic efficacy of the antibiotic. If Sweden were to collaborate with other countries, such as the G20 group or the 28 EU members, a reasonable amount for its share is 6 or 23 M USD, respectively, for a partially delinked MER and 9 or 34 M USD, respectively, for a fully delinked MER. There are, however, ways to combine push and pull incentives, which are quicker and more efficient than an MER, namely combinations of grants with milestone prizes, which are rewards paid to developers upon the successful completion of key R&D steps (e.g. Phase 1 clinical studies). In addition to producing better effects for the money spent, a combination of milestone prizes and grants also prevents large MERs from crowding out push investments as well as recipients such as small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs), who usually cannot wait for a reward that is delayed until the final approval of an antibiotic. The recommended portfolio of incentives for Sweden includes three incentives: grants, milestone prizes and Pipeline Coordinators, to be used in combination with each other as a way to cover the antibiotics R&D pipeline and achieve important synergies. The following features should be considered when implementing and funding the three selected incentives: 1) Grants should be dedicated to early R&D projects (no later than Phase 2) and to reinforcing the national R&D infrastructure, with a longer-term perspective than the current 3-year timeframe. In this regard, Sweden should maintain and possibly increase its current yearly investments in antibiotics R&D grants of approximately 7 M USD/year (60 M SEK) over several years. These investments will pay off in the long run, both in terms of molecules that will enter the future R&D pipeline; and as a stock of competencies spread over an infrastructure of specialised R&D centres that can be leveraged for future antibiotics research. These competences must be built up immediately and the seeds for future R&D projects need to be planted as soon as possible. 2) Two types of milestone prizes should be in focus for Sweden: first, a prize awarding a sum between 10 and 20 M USD at the end of Clinical Phase 1 to highly innovative molecules addressing specific pathogens and, second, a prize for projects successfully completing preclinical steps. Establishing a prize at the end of Clinical Phase 1 is a much needed and unique initiative, with significant effects on the early R&D pipeline, granting also strong international visibility to Sweden. Sweden could also take major responsibility for such a milestone prize by covering a relatively large share. The other recommended milestone prize, awarded at the end of the preclinical steps, would help refill the clinical pipeline and would therefore have more of a long-term effect. 3) Pipeline Coordinators, that is, organizations that take an active role in selecting and supporting a portfolio of antibiotics R&D projects in various ways, are the last recommended incentive. Selecting among currently existing Pipeline Coordinators rather than creating a new one, Sweden should fund two types of such organizations: R&D Collaborations, which create collaboration platforms to perform early development activities for the antibiotic projects they support, and Non-Profit Developers, who conduct their own antibiotic projects with the aim of bringing antibiotics to market but without pursuing profit goals. The first type of Pipeline Coordinator, R&D Collaborations, is relevant for a Swedish public investment because they are potentially the most efficient incentive in making R&D projects profitable. However, to fully exploit this potential, R&D Collaborations must be refined to become more flexible, reduce bureaucratic burden and avoid conflicts between participants. Non-Profit Developers provide the most extensive support to selected products by intervening across the entire antibiotic pipeline to ensure products reach the market. Moreover, this model strongly promotes both global availability and responsible use (stewardship). Therefore, Sweden may fund Non-Profit Developers through its international aid budget and in this way make important contributions to global health. Both types of Pipeline Coordinators also offer the advantage that they can help connect Swedish antibiotics R&D centres to international platforms, which reinforce the effects of infrastructure-related grants. Moreover, all forms of Pipeline Coordinators are incentive models that can be used as tools to manage the other two incentives (grants and milestone prizes). In this capacity, they can, for instance, evaluate grant applications and the antibiotic projects eligible for milestone prizes, which require a deep insight into the details of a drug development project. A fourth model, regulatory simplifications, which radically cut costs and times for Clinical Phase 3, can also be relevant for Sweden due to its contained costs, rapid implementation and effects and connection with Sweden's expertise. However, this incentive requires further analysis to fully grasp its implications for regulators and patient safety before being recommended for implementation. The three incentives recommended by this report – grants, milestone prizes and Pipeline Coordinators – should be used in combination to exploit the synergies between them and their ability to push and pull molecules in different phases of the R&D pipeline. For instance, when grants and milestones are used together, the public investment per approved new antibiotic is lower than the combined spending if the two incentives were used in isolation. If it is not possible to introduce and use the three incentives simultaneously, the following priorities should be applied: first of all, grants need to be kept at current levels and possibly increased to fund both single antibiotic projects and competence development in the R&D infrastructure, while starting to invest in a Non-Profit Developer and a milestone prize at the end of Phase 1, followed by the development and funding of R&D Collaborations and, finally, a preclinical milestone prize.

ABSTRAKEVALUASI PROGRAM E-PARKING DI KAWASAN PARKIR BALAI KOTA SURABAYA Nama : Deldha Eqy ArtamaliaNim : 15040674093Program Studi : S1 – Ilmu Administrasi NegaraJurusan : Administrasi NegaraNama Lembaga : Universitas Negeri SurabayaPembimbing : Indah Prabawati, S. Sos., M.Si Kebijakan Penetapan Program E-Parking di Kota Surabaya diterapkan berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Kota Surabaya Nomor 3 Tahun 2018 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perparkiran di Kota Surabayadan diperkuat dengan adanya Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) ini disusun sebagai landasan operasional sistem integrasi Alat Parkir Meter dengan transaksi uang elektronik multi penerbit. Tujuan E-Parking atau alat parkir meter ini yakni menekan kebocoran PAD sektor parkir, menertibkan juru parkir, memudahkan masyarakat saat parkir dan menuju Kota Surabaya menjadi Smart City. Alat parkir meter ini mulai dipasang dan langsung diuji coba terhadap pengguna parkir di sekitar Balai Kota Surabaya yaitu di Jalan Sedap Malam dan Jalan Jimerto pada tanggal 1 Februari tahun 2017 selanjutnya dipasang di sekitar Taman Bungkul Kota Surabaya yaitu di Jalan Taman Bungkul Darmo pada tanggal 29 Desember 2017. Alat parkir meter ini berbentuk persegi panjang berwarna hitam doff dan menggunakan pembayaran uang elektronik atau e-money sebagai alat pembayaran parkir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi program E-Parking di kawasan parkir Balai Kota Surabaya. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah efektivitas, efisiensi, kecukupan, perataan, responsivitas, ketepatan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari Kepala UPTD Parkir Surabaya Timur, pegawai Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya, juru parkir Balai Kota Surabaya, tim wallet Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya, pengguna fasilitas E-Parking di Balai Kota Surabaya. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan efektivitas telah mencapai tujuannya yakni pengguna alat parkir meter merasa percaya kepada juru parkir dan program E-Parking dan dengan adanya alat parkir meter ini dapat menekan angka kebocoran PAD Kota Surabaya sektor parkir. Efisiensi dalam sumber daya manusia sudah sesuai dengan tupoksi yang ada. Pada sumber daya finansial meski hasil pengeluaran lebih besar dari hasil pendapatan, Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya menjelaskan bahwa tidak mencari laba melainkan mencari kepercayaan masyarakat dalam program ini. Sumber daya waktu Program E-Parking ini dapat dilihat dari kegiatan tiga tahap sosialisasi yang diadakan oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya kepada masyarakat agar masyarakat paham akan program tersebut. Kecukupan dalam program ini dapat dilihat dari cara Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya memecahkan permasalahan yang ada dengan cara mengadakan evaluasi setiap enam bulan sekali terkait dengan pendapatan, pengaduan, keluhan masyarakat. Perataan ini berkaitan dengan manfaat yang diperoleh masyarakat, yakni meningkatkan keamanan kendaraan, mengurangi antrian kendaraan masuk karena pencatatan sudah melalui komputer, memudahkan masyarakat dalam pembayaran parkir, perataan disini juga berkaitan dengan peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Kota Surabaya dalam sektor parkir. Responsivitas pemerintah dalam program E-Parking ini memberikan rasa kepercayaan untuk masyarakat kepada pemerintah dan mengajarkan masyarakat untuk menggunakan pelayanan dari pemerintah yang berbasis elektronik. Ketepatan dalam program E-Parking ini sudah sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat yaitu membayar tarif parkir dengan ketentuan pemerintah dan mendapat pelayanan yang baik dalam bidang parkir. Adapun saran yang diajukan adalah sebaiknya dapat menggunakan CCTV untuk mempermudah pemantauan dilapangan, melakukan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat agar masyarakat tahu kegunaan, cara menggunakan alat parkir meter dan agar masyarakat memiliki E-Money. Dinas Perhubungan dapat menambah pemasangan alat parkir meter di lokasi-lokasi pusat keramaian yang ada di Kota Surabaya agar semua permasalahan dibidang parkir dapat teratasi dengan baik. Kata Kunci : Evaluasi, E-Parking ABSTRACTEVALUATION OF E-PARKING PROGRAMS IN BALAI KOTA SURABAYA PARKING AREA Name : Deldha Eqy ArtamaliaNim : 15040674093Study program : S1 - State Administration ScienceDepartment : State Administrationinstitution name : Surabaya State UniversityMentor : Indah Prabawati, S. Sos., M.Sc. The policy of establishing an E-Parking Program in the city of Surabaya applied based on the Regional Regulation of the City of Surabaya Number 3 Year 2018 concerning the Implementation of Parking in the City of Surabaya and strengthened by the existence of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is structured as an operational basis for the Parking Meter Integration system with multi-issuer electronic money transactions. The purpose of this E-Parking or parking meter is to reduce the leakage of the PAD in the parking sector, bring order to the parking attendants, make it easier for the public to park and head for Surabaya to become a Smart City. This parking meter was installed and tested immediately against parking users around Surabaya City Hall, namely Jalan Sedap Malam and Jalan Jimerto on February 1, 2017, and then installed around the Bungkul Park in Surabaya, on Jalan Taman Bungkul Darmo on December 29 2017. This meter parking lot is black and black rectangular and uses electronic money or e-money as a parking payment instrument. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the E-Parking program in the Surabaya City Hall parking area. The focus of this research is effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, alignment, responsiveness, accuracy. The type of research used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study consisted of the Head of the East Surabaya Parking UPTD, the Surabaya City Transportation Service employee, the Surabaya City Hall parking attendant, the Surabaya City Transportation Department wallet team, the user of the E-Parking facility in Surabaya City Hall. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques carried out by data collection, data reduction, data presentation and data verification. The results of the research based on effectiveness have reached the goal of using meter parking users to believe in parking attendants and E-Parking programs and with this meter parking tool can reduce the Surabaya PAD leakage in the parking sector. Efficiency in human resources is in accordance with the existing Tupoksi. In financial resources, although the results of expenditure are greater than income, the Transportation Office of Surabaya City explained that not looking for profit but looking for public trust in this program. The time resources for the E-Parking Program can be seen from the three-stage socialization activities held by the Surabaya City Transportation Agency to the public so that the community understands the program. Adequacy in this program can be seen from the way the Surabaya City Transportation Agency solves existing problems by conducting evaluations every six months related to income, complaints, public complaints. This leveling is related to the benefits obtained by the community, namely increasing vehicle safety, reducing the queue of vehicles entering because the recording has been through computers, facilitating the public in parking payments, leveling here is also related to the increase in Surabayas Original Regional Income in the parking sector. Government responsiveness in the E-Parking program gives a sense of trust to the public to the government and teaches the community to use electronic-based government services. The accuracy in the E-Parking program is in accordance with the needs of the community, namely paying parking fees with government regulations and getting good service in the parking area. The suggestion put forward is that you should be able to use CCTV to facilitate monitoring in the field, to disseminate information to the public so that people know the uses, how to use meter parking equipment and so that people have E-Money. The Department of Transportation can add the installation of meter parking equipment in the locations of crowded centers in the city of Surabaya so that all problems in the parking area can be resolved properly. Keywords: Evaluation, E-Parking

Подано інформацію про історію метода лікування кіньми – іпотерапію, її позитивний вплив на здоров'я дорослих і дітей, особливо хворих на дитячий церебральний параліч (ДЦП). Розглянуто необхідні вимоги для створення центрів з лікувальної верхової їзди.Пропонується вважати іпотерапію комплексним багатофункціональним методом реабілітації дітей, де інструментом реабілітації слугують коні, процес верхової їзди і фізичні вправи.Позитивний результат іпотерапії здебільшого залежить від правильного відбору коней та вимог, що до них висуваються (норов, тип конституції, екстер'єр, витривалість та ін.). Розглянуто систему заходів з відбору коней, призначених для іпотерапії, та їх підготовку із врахуванням зоопсихології і взаємодії складових системи «кінь-пацієнт-інструктор-лікар».Робиться висновок, що механізм взаємодії «людина-кінь» потрібно ретельно вивчати, а для збереження здоров'я нації – мати фінансову допомогу держави на розвиток іпотерапії, реабілітаційних центрів та кінного спорту для інвалідів. Positive effects on the health of adults and children are reached with the help of "therapeutic" abilities of pets: cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and horses. Hippotherapy (ride therapy), a treatment mode based on the interaction of humans and horses specially trained to meet the needs of the patient, is increasingly spreading in the treatment of patients. Today, hippotherapy is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, prostatitis, oligophrenia, infantile cerebral palsy, and others.Medical professionals have proved that communication with a horse calms people well, boosts their self-esteem, gives them a sense of confidence and safety. And the best recovery results are achieved with the use of hippotherapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and problems with movements' control.During the therapeutic riding, the body swings in three dimensions: left-right, forward-back, and up-down. The affected muscle groups and nervous structures start working. It develops mobility, a sense of balance, and motion coordination in patients suffering from paralysis.In the process of horse riding, all the major groups of body muscles are engaged. This happens at the reflex level, as the rider, moving along with the horse, instinctively seeks to maintain a balance not to fall, thereby inducing both healthy and affected muscles to work actively, without even noticing it. Hippotherapy acts upon the human body in the same way as any other form of physical therapy – under the influence of physical exercises the functions of vegetative systems are enhanced.Hippotherapy has received a well-deserved recognition. Children confined to wheelchair due to their illness, which traditional medicine was powerless to cope with, were up and about again thanks to training with horses. No special simulator has a look in with what a contact with a live horse gives to a child. While the horse is on the move, the rider's body performs the same movements as during their independent walking. Riding a rhythmically moving horse, the rider instinctively seeks to maintain balance. At the same time, all muscles of their body, both healthy and affected by the disease, are engaged. It is achieving the synchrony of the movements of the child and the horse, in other words, creating a unified biological system that is the basis of self-correction of the curved spine.With each hippotherapy session, the patient's back muscles get stronger, and legs muscles and tendons warm up, increasing blood circulation in the limbs and blood supply to the brain. This contributes to the creation of a strong muscle corset around the spine.Positive results in hippotherapy in many respects depend on the correct selection of horses. There are certain requirements to the character, temperament, endurance, type and exterior which the horse that is used for therapeutic riding should meet. In addition, each horse must undergo a special training, which will develop and enhance the necessary qualities, for example, a horse should be able to ease the possible fear of a rider and dampen down their aggression.Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the selection parameters for horses intended for hippotherapy and to explore the existing training systems, taking into account the mechanism of "human-horse" interaction.It is hippotherapy and therapeutic (adaptive) horse riding that requires horse's maximum discipline and responsibility, since it's not just about children, but about the children working with whom there is no room for mistake. However, it should be remembered that even a horse with an ideal temper can be spoiled by negligence of an unskilled groom, their rudeness and indifference, harshness of a coach or doctor.In the stables meant for hippotherapy, all those basic humanitarian principles that have been implemented and mastered in the course of many centuries in the relationship between humans and horses must be respected. In view of therapeutic specifics, such relationships are crucial. Horses should have optimal conditions for a full-fledged manifestation of kindness and mercy.Therefore, the most important criterion for selecting a horse is its temperament. Horses used in the therapy should be friendly, trusting, calm, patient and balanced animals. It is important that the horse remains frisky and vigorous, since only such horses may have an appropriate therapeutic step, and it is difficult to work with feeble and apathy animals. Of course, the horses that bite, kick and are aggressive to people cannot be used for the therapy.In hippotherapy, mares and gelded horses are mainly used, which is due to the fact that they have the most appropriate temperament. Stallions, as a rule, are not used, but there are no severe restrictions here. It happens that stallions also work effectively, but in the case there is always a risk factor.Horse's exterior is the next criterion for assessing its suitability. Preferably, it should not be too height (145-160 cm in the withers), as high horses complicate the patient's safeguarding. Being not high, the horse should have a wide and rather long back with well-developed muscles, middle or low withers, and its legs should have the correct position.It has been proved that in view of these characteristics the best breeds are the following: Huzul horses, Arabic horses, Novooleksandrivska Heavy Draft horses and others with a strong balanced type of higher nervous activity. The horses of the elder age (7-10 years old) are selected, mainly gelded horses and mares with a characteristic exterior: short, stretched, with a wide back, with a step at a trot of 80-90 cm, a step of 68-76 cm, with strong limbs, but the main thing is their well-balanced nature.In addition, a horse possessing all the necessary therapeutic qualities should be well prepared for certain exercises during therapy. Therefore, the horse-doctor, whatever happens, should be calm, obedient, and steady, accustomed to be touched everywhere, attentive to the voice of the instructor and to what is happening. Thus, the horse should accept any human action absolutely positively.A comprehensive study of the interaction of all participants of animal-assisted therapy: animals, patients, therapists (instructors, psychologists, doctors) is carried out according to the methodology of animal psychology. Ideally, the instructor and the horse should form a coordinated team, and not only during hippotherapy sessions.Duration of hippotherapy sessions varies depending on the illness and physical fitness of the rider. The loads are given purposefully.It would be wrong to say that horses are recommended only if there is some kind of physical problem. A healthy person will be really amused and delighted after the interaction with these cute and graceful creatures. Taking care of the animal develops a person's communicative skills, helps them overcome emotional barriers, and promotes social rehabilitation.Each horse is a personality. During hippotherapy they are expected to do almost an impossible thing: to become a reliable and safe simulator, to clearly and unconditionally carry out our orders. This can be achieved only if we treat the horse as a partner, with due respect, and give them time and space to satisfy our requirements.Thus, the "human-horse" interaction mechanism needs to be thoroughly investigated, and in order to preserve the health of the nation, the government should provide financial assistance for the development of hippotherapy, rehabilitation centers and equestrian sport for the disabled.

Purpose: To compare histologic abnormalities of tear film and tear osmolarity between normal eyes and eyes with pterygium. Methods: This was a prospective, hospital-based, case-control study involving 95 patients (65 men, 30 women) with unilateral pterygium. The tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer's test-1 (SCH-1) score, Rose Bengal staining (RBS) score, tear film breakup time (TBUT), tear osmolarity (TO), and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) were assessed in both eyes. The Chi-square and Student's t-tests were used to compare the results between the two groups. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean patient age was 50.9 years, with the largest age group being the 45-55 year-old bracket across both genders. Most patients (82.1) had nasal pterygium, and 80 were involved in outside activities. The mean assessment values in the case and control groups were as follows: TMH, 0.21 vs. 0.24 mm; SCH-1, 13.2 vs. 17.8 mm; RBS, 4.38 vs. 2.51 points; TBUT, 8.7 vs. 13.2 seconds; TO, 306 vs. 299 mOsm/L (P < 0.001 in all cases). The proportions of abnormal assessment values in the case and control groups were as follows: TMH, 82.1 vs. 3.16; SCH-1, 20 vs. 2.1; RBS, 30.53 vs. 4.22; TBUT, 61.05 vs. 6.3; TO, 10.52 vs. 1.05; CIC, 33.7 vs. 7.37 (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: This study showed that the quantity and quality of tear film, as well as the number of goblet cells, decreased, but the tear osmolarity increased in eyes with pterygium. Furthermore, the TMH, RBS results, TBUT, and CIC have more precise state of the patient's tear condition with the disease of the pterygium. 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