Suchergebnisse

We are facing the difficult task of the political and juridical reorganization in order to adjust it to the new economic criteria, the most important changes being connected with the competition. We are endeavouring to adjust it, soften it or eliminate it. To this effect two ways are open: planning or control with their different varieties in accordance with the causing impulses: social, political or essentially economic, with their various shades in the different countries, but all of them having the same general characteristics, but of rectifying or over throwing the liberal principles. The author refers particularly to the "agricultural readjustment Act" in the United States and the French law project of 1936 and emphasizes the advantages of the "concerted economy" (neocorporativism). For Argentina the most suitable way would be to create an organization which would authorize the functioning of voluntary agreements, establish the limits of their application and create control institutions in order to prevent abuses admitting at the same time the possibility of transforming the voluntary agreements in obligatory ones, if the State considers that its action should be amplified. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

The economic policy of the country lacks the necessary norms to protect the local consumption. While it is true that the government has to continue its efforts to sell the country's products on the international market at the highest possible prices, it is not less true that it has the duty to create a mechanism able to intervene and neutralize the pernicious effects which its economic policy could have on the internal prices, as the local consumer has to pay the same high prices our crops and meat could obtain on the international market. Analysing the special case of the meat, the author expresses his thoughts in sketching the outlines of a bill which should lead to this effect. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

More & more individual interests are playing a part internat life. The study of pressure groups (PG) which defend these interests, encounters many difficulties. Among the various PG some possess an internat character while others are nat. The internat ones operate on the internat org's or upon the nations. Their methods of operation differ from those of internal pressure groups. If the group is not a profit making org, it can have an official, recognized function within the internat org. On the other hand, the private interests may be represented in the same way as nations, or these private groups may be consulted by the internat org. Despite everything, pressure groups have less influence at the internat level than they do at the nat level. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

Doctor Font y Puig continues his study of the Hindu sources with a clear, precise design of historifying the most important pedagogical sources. So he does an analytical study of the Upanishads pointing out some apparently contradictory but easily convertible notes. That is why the extension of wisdom to other casts than the Brahmanic one is only possible when the new individuals have the peculiar conditions which can be demanded or supposed to the brahmans. Having account of the high rank that the Upanishads acknowledge to the teaching function we can easily understand their individual system and the great importance of dialogue though at the same time they warn us against the abuse of dialogue owing to the tiredness that the abundance of words may produce. The author takes notice of the disharmony of several passages caused by the interference of the intellectual plan with the political and moral ones.

In recent years all manner of research instrurnents and techníques and the quality of the data they yie1d have been placed under critical scrutiny. This artic1e brings a fresh perspective - the sirnultaneous comparison and evaluation of data secured with a wide variety of instruments in a single community setting-to some of the fundamental problems and questions involved in securing va/id responses. It is asserted that securing valid responses consistent with the behavior and phenomenology of the respondent in ordinary non-research situations is a sina qua non of the other forms of data oontrol to which socia'! scientists have tended to limit their attention. Because severa'! fie1d workers utilizing a variety of techniques were continuously able to check, re-check and cross-check information gathered from a particular respondent, a number of types of errors and sources of rnisinformation were revealed. These errors and misinformation result from purposeful intent, the temporary character of the tole of the respondent, the psychological characteristics of the individual respondent and from the involuntary inability of the respondent to meet the demands of the interview situation. Given these sources of error and misinformation, the problem confronting the analyst and theinterviewer is almost overwhelming. TraditionaHy the anthropologist has coped with this problem by assigning different weights to the responses of different respondents and to the responses from a single respondent gathered at diferent times and under differenr circumstanoes. In doing this he can never be sure that other procedures or further probing might not have yielded different information, and he has difficulties in objectively supporting the validity of his interpretations. But the same social psychological apparatus which produces different levels of response in free and depth interviewing also operates in other types of field instruments. The central problems lies in the fact that al'! answers to the same question in standardized interviews are not ofequal weigÍft, and cannot be treated as suchv In assigning equal weights the analyst simply adds up the conscious and unconscious misinformation, bias and accuracy and treats them aH as equal.Poll-type surveys secure and provide information in those specialized areas of mass society where otherwise such information is not readily available. Such surveys are valuable when they probe re'latively simple areas of choices among current alternatives avaílable at the public level; for example, presidentíal pol1s. However, when the object of research is to study at bottom the dynamics of a community or an institution, and where the problem of social and psychological levels of response is crucial to the research problem itself, other techniques are indispensable: forexampLe, in totalitarian societies even political and communications polling does not provide valid results since opinions which lead to such data are not adrnissible at the public level. ; Resumen en inglés.

The argentine economic development in Manuel Belgrano`s Thought: The author introduces us in his study by giving a short account of the variations political economy in the course of the last quarter of the century. It is important to note that the first part of this article explains the nature of economic development as well as the influence exercised by long run movements. Manuel Belgrano one of our first economists, has left us in his "Memories" the "first ideas for a theory of Argentine economic development" as he was intellectually one century ahead of his contemporaries. According to Manuel Belgrano "economic development is part of the socio-cultural development; economic development is an harmonic process; economic development is concordant with free market economy". Estevan Echeverria, fore runner of solidaristic economic theories: His christian universalism as well as his adhesion to the "theory of perfectibility" did not impede Echeverria to agree at the same time with the dogma of "human rights", mainstay of nationalistic philosophy. It is on the basis of the solidarity law that he establishes his social philosophy, which later was adopted by the majority of western economists and politicians. Among the natural human rights Echeverria considers the property right and sustains that it should be adapted to social necessities and interests. He sees in the economic development the principal element for the achievement of the supreme law of progress which in turns is conditioned by the time factor, avoiding class struggles. Completely independent from H. V. Thünen. Echeverria reaches the same conclusions and establishes the tax system upon the principle of location advantages. Between the two extreme concepts – individual and humanity – he intercalates the idea of nationality becoming thus the fore runner of the "national school of Argentine political economy". Although he is a defender of economic freedom, he nevertheless admits state interventions, providing they are aimed to increase social welfare, the production of national wealth and the moral intellectual and physical improvement of the numerous poor classes. Silvio Gesell: The author describes Gesell's life since he settled in Argentina where he devoted himself to his business, being specially attracted by the analysis of economic and social problems. After a through examination of Gesell's writing, the author explains his economic theory which is intimately connected with his social doctrine, and describes the gesellian and post-gesellian movement. The thinks that the attitude of absolute reserve which economists maintained during almost thirty years with regard to Gesell and his teaching was not so much due to his caustic and offensive spirit, as to the fact that he had the presumption to solve the most difficult economic problem which ever faced noted scholars: the problem of interest. His perseverance as well as that of his disciples, particularly Theophil Cristen, forced the economists to break the silence, thus giving origin to a series of monographics in which critical analysis are made with ever increasing objectivity and depth. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Esta sección recoge una diversidad de textos que dan cuenta de la contribución de expertos analistas que desde distintos enfoques se han referido sobre los acontecimientos financieros y económicos más relevantes ocurridos en Colombia y otros países. Se halla, en especial, noticias relativas a la producción y comercio del café dentro del panorama nacional y mundial; análisis sobre la propiedad raíz en diversos lugares de Colombia; cifras de interés; índice de información bibliográfica del Banco de la República. En esta sección se compilan, además, reseñas, reflexiones, cartas y notas sobre la pluralidad de eventos académicos, sociales y culturales que han configurado el escenario económico nacional. Adicionalmente, encontrará una selección de medidas ejecutivas y legislativas de orden económico.En esta edición se tratan los siguientes temas:- La situación general; la situación fiscal; la banca y el mercado monetario; balance semestral del Banco de la República; utilidades semestrales; cheques pagados por los bancos; el cambio exterior; el oro; el petróleo; la propiedad raíz; el café;- La misión del Banco de Reconstrucción y Fomento- Don Sam B. Koppel- El mercado de café en Nueva York- Ley orgánica del presupuesto- Apreciación general de la economía boliviana- Reseña trimestral de la Bolsa de Bogotá- El movimiento de la propiedad raíz en Bogotá en el segundo trimestre de 1949- El movimiento de la propiedad raíz en Medellín en el segundo trimestre de 1949- La situación económica de los Estados Unidos

13 páginas, 4 tablas y 2 cuadros. ; [EN] The combination of inbred lines of corn in chain crossing-series of joined crosses consisting in prolonging indefinitely the crossing system of the Three Way Cross ((A.B).C).D)X. . . . . . . . .)X is being studied. The value of this combination as hybrid depends mainly on the specific "combining-ability" of the two last lines employed. By the chain crossing, of four lines twelve arrangements genetically unlike are possible, where-as by combining them in double crossing, only three permutations can he obtained. From the comparative experimental trials of Hybrids in Chain of six and seven lines with the Single Crosses made up by the two ending lines of each one, it seems that the Chain Crosses are comparable in grain yield with Single and Double Crosses. The employment of the chain Crossing allow governmental Stations to attend directly the demands of hybrid corn seed, reducing to 1/30 the area that should be necessary to reach the same target if double Crossing is employed. In species with limited mass hybridization (by restrictions of a practical kind, as in rye, etc.) the system can be used. For animal breeding purposes, with a certain level of heterosis, in which the female reproducers are animals of general utilization chain crossing seems to be recomendable. ; [ES] Se estudia el cruzamiento de líneas puras de maíz en Hibridación en Cadena, consistente ésta en prolongar indefinidamente el sistema de cruzamiento del "Three-Way Cross": ((A.B).C).D)X. . . . . . . . .)X N. De la experimentación comparativa de Híbridos en Cadena de seis y siete líneas con los Híbridos Simples formados con las dos líneas finales de cada uno, parece deducirse que los Híbridos en Cadena son comparables en rendimiento de grano con los Híbridos Simples y los Híbridos Dobles. Parece a priori que el valor de esta combinación como híbrido depende, principalmente, de la "combining ability" de las dos últimas líneas empleadas. Siendo posibles, con cuatro líneas cruzadas en "cadena", doce combinaciones genéticamente diferentes, mientras sólo son posibles tres en Híbrido Doble, el primer tipo de combinación ofrece oportunidades que no presenta la segunda. Creemos que la aplicación de la Hibridación en Cadena permitiría atender las necesidades de semilla híbrida de maíz reduciendo a 1/30 la superficie que se precisa para igual servicio cuando se emplean Dobles Híbridos, con lo cual la esfera de acción de una entidad de semillas se ampliaría en igual proporción. Tiene aplicación el sistema a las especies de cultivo en las que la hibridación en masa tropieza en limitaciones de orden práctico (centeno, por ejemplo), y parece recomendable para la reproducción, en un cierto nivel de heterosis, de las ganaderías en que las reproductoras son hembras de explotación general. ; Peer reviewed

Reversible actions and reactions between organism and environment in regard to life upon the American high plateaus lead to en adaptative process whose goal is acclimatization. As a consequence of the alluded interactions the organism may become adjusted either to live in the altitude individual acclimatization or to Iive and to reproduce, race acclimatization. To the author this phase of adjustment (adaptation) implies a form of Mountain Sickness to which he was the first to call attention in 1928. When Mountain Sickness is cured, acclimatization supervenes. Some men never get acclimatized. They develop Chronic Mountain Sickness and die. A form of survival is migration to the low lands. The environment assailment-climatic aggresion,-may be defined as the noxious action of the Andean climate ("temple", from the Greek, meaning "dwelling-place") upon the dwellers from low lands and that of the sea coast upon the mountain men. The physiografic forces act upon the individual and the race in such a definite way that the behavior of high plateau societies has been confronted by its perennial influence. Thus it is not surprising that it can be traced in the historic documents and books about Tahuantisuyo and the Colonial Spanish Epoch. It has been proved that these facts were contemplated in the Inca's social legislation and that Pachacutec and other kings tood advantage of their knowledge in their war tactics (Garcilaso de la Vega). Climatic aggresion can be traced also in human and animal reproduction. The "San Nicolas de Tolentino miracle" concerning the first offspring born from Spanish ascendance fifty years after the Spaniards arrived at Potosi (12000 feet altitude), finds that the biological explanation is through a slow process of progressive race acclimatization of the human specie. The act of foundation of Lima (Lima, the capital of Perú, was foundation in 1535 and is 500 feet above sea level). points out that the capital was transferredfrom Jauja (10,500 feet altitude) to sea level because the pigs, horses and fowl did not reproduce. The observations of Father Cobo (XVII century) concerning the descendants (by crossing Spanish and Indian blood) might be considered as Mendelian anticipations. As a result of the balanced interdependence of man and milieu, acclimatization of Andean natives and foreign people may he considered as a rule by the fixation of men and animals on the Andes from a prehistoric time.Training for athletes implies the compensation of an oxygen debt produced by progressive exercise above normal requirements. Therefore the permanent altitude oxygen deficit, conversaly, must condition a compulsory stimulus to create athletics. Thus, to get accustomed to exercise is the altitude law of the body. Now, all the investigators agree on the extraordinary strength of the Andean men, and Colonial writers stress the fact that physical culture was incorporated in their daily life: in locating their cities and houses on trop of the countains; in their social organization, foot messengers (Chasquis) and Inca stretcher carriers; in the different cult expressions (apachetas ), in the selection of the nobility class (Huaracu's festivity and the "orejones", big ear rings ordeal) and finally in the wedding ceremonials (Acataimita and Paltay festivals). In these cases the training was carried out as for Olympic games, according to the strictest rules: camp concentration, adequate food, psychological tests, physical culture, abstinence and hygienic life in order to be fitted for the games. To the winners belonged the rights and honors. A bio-climatic determinism was actually impressed in the building of their societies so deeply saturated with the telluric environment. That is the answer to the sense of human migrations to lands of the same climate and the return nomadism which constitute the mitimaes organization, some kind of internal colonization built up on a cIimatic foundation. As a consequence, the continuous changes of population brought a perennial crossing of men from different lands but always keeping this transfer at a similar altitude and the same land. Thus the Inca's sociology was bio-cIimatic. The biological influence of the altitude was noticed in the individual, the race and the societies of America in peace, war and in colonization. The Spanish crown knew this fact and tried to promote it with adequate legislation that unfortunately remained only written. The Republic ignores this problem. During the emancipation wars whenever the Argentine troops fought in low lands as it happened in the proximity of Jujuy (1236 meters above sea level}, Salta (1185 meters) and Tucuman (477 meters) they were the winners, while they were defeated by the Andean high altitude troops in the Alto Perú, above 3,000 meters of altitude (Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma and Guaqui.). San Martin refused to cross the high plateaus, as if he had an intuition about the climatic agression which had defeated the men of the low, lands previously. All the writers agree on the outstanding feature of the contradictory behavior of men: in their place of origin they were prominent warriors or showed good fighting spirit, but they lost their skill when they were at a high altitude. From the industrial standpoint, the knowledge of inferlity brought about by high altitude, has allowed selection of animals suited for reproduction. This selection has greatly improved the farming industry at high plateaus. As we have emphasized, climatic aggression on the reproductive organs has been shown since the arrival of the Spaniards to the Andes. The wisdom of the Inca's sociological laws as it appears from a historic standpoint confirms the knowledge they had about the influence of the high plateaus climate upon the individual, the race and the andean american soeieties. ; Acciones y reacciones reversibles entre organismo y ambiente crean un proceso permanente adaptativo que conduce a la aclimatación. En realidad la adaptación es una forma de Mal de Altura cuya curación es la aclimatación. Se trata pues de una noxa climática que actúa sobre el individuo y la raza a punto tal que ha quedado enjuiciado en los relatos, documentos y libros de los comentarios o Historiadores del Tahuantisuyo y la Colonia, La "agresión climática" aparece definida por la acción nociva del "temple" andino para los costeños y del 'temple" costeño para los serranos. Tal factor fué contemplado en la Legislación social del Incario y Pachacutec y otros Incas la utilizaron en la táctica de la guerra (Garcilaso ). Se dejó sentir visiblemente la "agresión climática" en la reproducción humana y animal, Sobre lo primero el milagro de San Nicolás de Tolentino referente al primer hijo de padres españoles logrado en Potosí, tiene todas las características de un tan sensacional acontecimiento que entró en la tradición de la Villa hasta que la Escuela Médica Peruana encontró su explicación biológica, demostrando que, en la altura, a la fertilidad se llegó mediante un proceso lento de aclimatación progresiva de las razas españolas en los elevados altiplanos de Sud-américa. Análogo hecho se recoge del Acta de la Fundación de Lima y al mismo se refiere insistentemente el Padre Cobo. También aparecen informaciones precisas sobre la preocupación genética de las sociedades autóctonas del Tahuantisuyo al prohibirse el matrimonio entre hermanos contra lo admitido generalmente, pues sólo fué a partir del gobierno de Tupac Yupanqui, que se autorizó tal cosa y únicamente para sujetos de sangre real. Es interesante anotar que sobre el mestizaje indo-hispánico estableciera el Padre Cobo conclusiones genéticas que pueden estimarse como anticipaciones mendelianas. Queremos dejar claramente establecido que la adaptación, y la aclimatación de raza en la altura constituye un hecho perfectamente establecido como lo demuestra la descendencia hispánica en los Andes,. La regla en la aclimatación es la fertilidad. Si al atletismo se obtiene creando un déficit de oxígeno por encima del requerimiento normal; el déficit de oxígeno permanente de la altitud debe conducir necesariamente al atletismo. Luego el acostumbramiento a la fatiga debe ser la ley orgánica de altura. Pues bien todos los Cronistas están conformes en hablamos de la extraordinaria resistencia física del andino y como el cultivo del esfuerzo se incorporó profundamentalmente en su vida diaria -ciudades y viviendas en las cumbres; en su organización social, chasquis y cargadores del Inca; en las distintas formas del culto-apachetas; en la selección de la nobleza, fiesta del Huaracu, orden de los "orejones" y en fin en las ceremonias nupciales, fiestas del Atacaimita y Paltay - En todas ellas el entrenamiento en lo que respecta a concentración, alimentación y ejercicios atléticos y vida rigurosamente higiénica era análogo a lo que ocurrió en los juegos olímpicos de Grecia y en la preparación actual de las Olimpiadas. La raza autóctona estuvo tan hondamente impregnada del ambiente telúrico que en la constitución de las sociedades tenía que actuar, imperativamente, un determinismo bio-climático. Así se explica el sentido de las migraciones a localidades del mismo temple y el nomadismo de retorno de la organización de los Mitimaes, lo que trajo como consecuencia un cruzamiento incesante que daba homogeneidad a la raza, cuidando siempre de la estabilidad del clima de altura. La Sociología incaica pues fué bio-climática; la influencia biológica del altiplano se dejó sentir en el hombre, la raza y las sociedades de América en la paz, en la guerra y en la colonización. La Corona de España conoció el hecho y trató de fomentarlo con una abundantísima legislación que sólo quedó escrita. La República ignora este problema. En las guerras de emancipación toda vez que las tropas porteñas combatieron en localidades de escasa elevación, como ocurrió en las proximidades de Jujuy (1236 m. sobre el nivel del mar), Salta (1185 m.) y Tucumán (477 m.) salieron vencedoras, mientras que fueron derrotadas por los ejércitos andinos en el Alto Perú, por encima de 3000 m. de altitud, Sipe-sipe, Ahoyuma y Huaqui. San Martín se negó a atravesar el altiplano como si tuviera la intuición biológica de la agresión climática que históricamente venció a los hombres del Llano. El Instituto Nacional de Biología Andina hace un llamamiento para que los pueblos indo-hispánicos reciban de los poderes del Estado la protección que su biología reclama y que el problema de la vida y de las sociedades andinas que con tanta devoción lo está resolviendo la Universidad de San Marcos reciba todo el apoyo que la Nación debe darle.