Deadlock or crisis: that is the question that the Europeans are asking in the aftermath of the referenda in France & the Netherlands & in the absence of a decision on the European Union pluriannual budget. It is simple to answer their question: there is a deadlock on the budget, a pause in the constitutional process & overall a confidence crisis on the finality of the European project. Adapted from the source document.
Even a brief summary of the new treaty should mention the decisiveness of the German engagement to find a solution to the European crisis after the rejection of the Constitutional Treaty & the negative referenda of 2005. Both the formal & substantive changes introduced by the new treaty are analyzed before concluding that the Reform Treaty includes almost all the modifications that been introduced by the Constitutional Treaty to the European Communities & the European Union treaties. Adapted from the source document.
The events related to the ratification process of the EU constitutional treaty, especially the referenda that took place in France & Holland during the spring of 2005, threw some doubts on the evolution of the so-called European constitution. It is now fairly clear that the treaty drafted by the Convention, & signed in October 2004, will not be adopted in its original version. This article adopts the point of view that the constitutional treaty reached important consensus among the several member states regarding some key-questions for the future of Europe, & offers some reflections as to the best way to preserve some of those gains in a different constitutional framework. Adapted from the source document.
This article analyzes the public performance of the monk Miguel do Sacramento Lopes Gama in the periodic press between 1822 and 1823. The compositions of monk Miguel intended to construct the ideology that - since the unity of the Portuguese-Brazilian kingdom was broken - the sovereignty needed to pass to a new political unit, Brazil. Known in the Northern provinces as Rio de Janeiro's Project, this ideology was the basis of a conception of nation, foreseeing very reduced provincial powers if compared to the previous period - the legality of the "vintista" constitutionalism. ; Neste artigo, é analisada a atuação pública do Frei Miguel do Sacramento Lopes Gama na imprensa periódica entre 1822 e 1823. Os escritos jornalísticos de Frei Miguel procuraram construir o ideário de que, desfeita a unidade do Reino de Portugal e Brasil, a soberania passaria a uma nova unidade política, o Brasil. Conhecido nas províncias do norte como projeto do Rio de Janeiro, esse ideário lançou as bases de uma concepção de nação, prevendo poderes provinciais bastante reduzidos se comparados com o período anterior, o da vigência do constitucionalismo vintista. ; En este artículo se analiza la actuación pública del Fraile Miguel do Sacramento Lopes Gama en la prensa periódica entre 1822 y 1823. Los escritos periodísticos del Fraile Miguel intentaron crear las ideas de que, después de ser anulada la unidad del Reino de Portugal y Brasil, la soberanía pasaría a una nueva unidad política, Brasil. Conocidas en las provincias del norte como proyecto de Rio de Janeiro, esas ideas sentaron las bases para un concepto de nación, proporcionando poderes provinciales muy reducidos en comparación con el período anterior, de la validez del constitucionalismo de los años 20. ; L'activité politique du frère Miguel do Sacramento Lopes Gama dans la presse quotidienne et périodique entre 1822 et 1823 a été analysée dans cette étude. Les travaux journalistiques de frère ont cherché à construire l'idée, car interrompue l'unité du royaume Portugal-Brésil, de la souveraineté comme une nouvelle unité politique: le Brésil. Connu comme le projet de l'état de Rio de Janeiro dans les provinces du nord, ce mode de penser a planté la graine du concept de nation, en prévoyant pouvoirs provinciaux assez limités par rapport à ceux de la période precedente, quand le constitutionnalisme était en vigueur. ; FELDMAN, A. Dr. Docente da Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário do Tocantins/Cametá
The article discusses the problems that may appear in the federative cooperation between the central level and municipalities and generate divergence around offered programs. Empirically, we analyze the National Program of Support to Fiscal and Administrative Management of Brazilian Municipalities (PNAFM) turned to modernize municipal management because it permits to evaluate the contrasting viewings between federal agencies (Department of the Treasury (MF)/Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF)) and municipalities. Theoretically, the argument to be discussed is that the existence of contradictory positions between federal agencies offering programs and local governments as recipients may create federative dissonances that result in low performance in terms of adhesion from subnational governments. This is a qualitative (we did interviews and documentary analysis) and quantitative research (we applied a survey in Brazilian municipalities and compiled information of the signed contracts according to reports obtained with the CEF. I was found that the federative dissonance expressed through numbers of municipal adhesion and by the opposed viewings of the feds and locals as the interviews with representatives of MF, CEF and municipalities. In terms of intergovernmental cooperation to promote municipal state capacities the analyzed case evidences as the optimism and capacities of enforcement from federal managers can approach the ambition of goals of a program with the failures of implementation and timidity of reached results. ; El artículo discute los problemas que pueden surgir en la cooperación federativa entre el nivel central y los municipios, que generan diferencias en relación a los programas ofrecidos. Empíricamente, se analiza el Programa Nacional de Apoyo a la Gestión Administrativa y Fiscal de los Municipios Brasileños (PNAFM), dedicado a modernizar la gestión municipal, pues ello permite evaluar las visiones contrastantes entre las agencias federales -Ministerio de Hacienda (MF)/Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF)- y los municipios. Teóricamente, el argumento a discutir es que la existencia de posiciones contradictorias ente las agencias federales que ofrecen programas y los gobiernos locales como destinatarios puede generar disonancias federativas que resultan en bajo desempeño en términos de adhesión de los entes subnacionales. Esta es una investigación cualitativa (entrevistas y análisis documental) y cuantitativa (basada en una encuesta a los municipios brasileños y compilación de informaciones de los contratos firmados según informes obtenidos de la CEF). La investigación constató a disonancia federativa se expresó en los números de adhesiones municipales y en las visiones opuestas de los feds y locals, según las entrevistas con representantes del MF, de la CEF y del municipalismo. En términos de cooperación intergubernamental para la promoción de capacidades estatales municipales, el caso analizado evidencia cómo el optimismo y los recursos de enforcement de los gestores federales pueden aproximar la ambición de un programa con las fallas de implementación y timidez de resultados. ; Este artigo discute os problemas que podem surgir na cooperação federativa entre o nível central e os municípios, que gera divergências em relação aos programas ofertados. Empiricamente, analisa-se o Programa Nacional de Apoio à Gestão Administrativa e Fiscal dos Municípios Brasileiros (PNAFM), voltado a modernizar a gestão municipal, pois permite avaliar as visões contrastantes entre as agências federais – Ministério da Fazenda (MF) e Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF) – e os municípios. Teoricamente, o argumento a ser discutido é que a existência de posições contraditórias entre as agências federais que ofertam programas e os governos locais como destinatários pode gerar dissonâncias federativas que resultam em baixo desempenho em termos de adesão dos entes subnacionais. Esta é uma pesquisa que utiliza técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas e análise documental) e quantitativas (survey junto aos municípios brasileiros e informações dos contratos firmados com base em relatórios obtidos da CEF). A dissonância federativa expressou-se pelos números de adesões municipais e pelas visões opostas dos feds e dos locals, conforme as entrevistas com representantes do MF, da CEF e do municipalismo. Em termos da cooperação intergovernamental para promover capacidades estatais municipais, o caso analisado evidencia como otimismo e recursos de enforcement dos gestores federais pode aproximar a ambição de um programa com falhas de implementação e timidez de resultados.
Since the 1970's, with the European Communities first enlargement & the accession of Denmark, Ireland & the United Kingdom, two visions of Europe have dominated the debate on the European project: on the one hand, the "French vision" of a European state that should become an international pole of power & where the nations would submit to central collective government; on the other, the "English vision" of a Europe with economic, trade & financial power, a pole of stability the security of which should be embedded in the transatlantic alliance. In the past there was no real participation in the process of European integration but this "sleepwalking" has come to an end with the choice of the referenda as the method for the ratification of the Constitutional Treaty. Adapted from the source document.
