Suchergebnisse

Demonstrated is the structural and functional interrelation between sanitary protection of the territories, epidemiological monitoring, and the state sanitary-epidemiological surveillance. Sanitary protection of the territories (SPT) of the Russian Federation is a separate focus area authorizing sanitary prophylactic (anti-epidemic) activities, with a self-sustained sub-goal. It combines individual roles appertained to epidemiological monitoring and to federal sanitary-epidemiological surveillance, only in reference to a particular item - emergency situation in the sphere of sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population. Specificity of the SPT is a balance between functionality and capacity of the monitoring, surveillance and control. Legislative and regulatory legal acts, which concern sanitary protection of the territory, provide the means for defining its basic organizational principles: country-wide activities, self-sufficiency and self-support of the Rospotrebnadzor, three-level hierarchical system, and information exchange. ; Показана взаимосвязь в структурном и функциональном отношениях санитарной охраны территории с эпидемиологическим надзором и государственным санитарно-эпидемиологическим надзором. Интегрируя в себе отдельные функции эпидемиологического надзора и федерального государственного санитарно-эпидемиологического надзора, но только в отношении определенного объекта - чрезвычайной ситуации в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения, санитарная охрана территории Российской Федерации является отдельным направлением проведения санитарно-профилактических (противоэпидемических) мероприятий, имеющим самостоятельную подцель. Специфика санитарной охраны территории - сочетание функций и возможностей мониторинга, надзора и контроля. Положения законодательных и нормативных документов, касающихся санитарной охраны территории, позволяют очертить ее основные организационные принципы: государственный характер мероприятий, независимость Роспотребнадзора в организационном, функциональном и материальном отношениях, трехуровневая иерархическая система, информационное взаимодействие.

The article is devoted to the study of a possibility of designating the boundaries of sanitary zones (distancing) for traffic arteries outside settlements within the right-of-way.The study was conducted regarding the current Russian laws, projects of possible changes in legislation and draft amendments. It offers definitions of the right-of-way and of sanitary zone and highlights topics that have not yet been regulated.At the same time, the research methods are of universal character and after introducing other regulatory parameters may be applied for similar research in other countries as well.Calculations and field studies allowed to find that within the railway right-of-way and with the existing train traffic intensity, equivalent continuous sound pressure level in aggregate does not exceed the established maximum permissible level of 80dBA for personnel performing their labour functions within the railway rightof-way.A growth in the Leq/LAeq on the right-of-way from 80,0 to 95,0 dBA may lead to an increase in the hazard class (subclass).An analysis of the actual results of a special assessment of working conditions at JSC Russian Railways showed in the vast majority of cases the acceptability of working conditions evaluated according to noise factor measured at the workplaces of employees working during full or part-time shift on the right-of-way. Hazardous working conditions at the level of some subclasses for certain professions (operator of track measurement, railway track worker) arise rather due to indicators of severity of the labour process. ; Статья посвящена вопросу исследования возможности установления границ санитарных зон (разрывов) для транспортных магистралей вне населённых пунктов по полосе отвода.Исследование проводилось применительно к требованиям действующего российского законодательства с учётом проектов его изменений. Даны определения полосы отвода, санитарной зоны и отмечены не урегулированные вопросы, связанные с ними.Вместе с тем методы исследования носили универсальный характер и с условием изменения нормативных параметров могут быть применены для аналогичных исследований в других странах.В результате проведённых расчётов и натурных исследований было установлено, что в пределах полосы отвода железнодорожной магистрали при существующей интенсивности движения поездов эквивалентный уровень шума в совокупности не превышает для персонала, исполняющего свои трудовые функции в пределах полосы отвода железной дороги, установленный предельно допустимый уровень в 80 дБА.Увеличение на полосе отвода эквивалентного уровня шума с 80,0 до 95,0 дБА может приводить к повышению класса (подкласса) вредности.Анализ фактических результатов специальной оценки условий труда в ОАО «РЖД» показал, что в абсолютном большинстве случаев на рабочих местах работников, находящихся полную или неполную рабочую смену на полосе отвода, регистрируются по фактору «шум» допустимые условия труда. Вредные условия труда на уровне ряда подклассов для отдельных профессий (оператор по путевым измерениям, монтёр пути, работник искусственных сооружений) формируются за счёт показателей тяжести трудового процесса.

The tendencies of change of domestic requirements to sanitary protection zones are analyzed. It was found that the criteria and mechanisms for rationing of sanitary protection zones and their sizes in Ukraine have not changed significantly over the past 30 years. The foreign experience of sanitary classification of industrial enterprises and the sizes of sanitary protection zones for them is studied. The criteria and mechanisms of rationing of sanitary protection zones in relation to residential areas in different countries of the world are revealed. Classification of countries according to the mechanisms of rationing of sanitary protection zones has been carried out. There were detected tree groups of countries in which: on the nationwide level approved a clear sanitary classification of enterprises, industries and facilities and strictly regulated sizes of sanitary protection zones for them; on the nationwide level, the sanitary classification of enterprises is of a recommendatory nature, there are regional or local regulations on the sizes of buffer zone, setback distances and safe zone; sanitary classification of industrial facilities of hazard classes is unclear, the sizes of sanitary protection zones are set only for certain types of industrial enterprises. There were identified reasons for differences in the sizes and criteria for the establishment of sanitary protection zones in different countries. The differences between the sizes of sanitary protection zones and the criteria for their establishment in different countries are explained by: using different of technologies in production; different sanitary requirements for the relative positions of industrial facilities and residential areas; time of writing and validity of standards and regulations for the establishment of sanitary protection zones; the speed of response of legislative and regulatory government agencies to the emergence of new technologies for use in production processes; decision-making mechanism for the establishment of sanitary ...

Sanitary and Epidemiologic Regulations Sanitary Protection of the Russian Federation Territory SR 3.4.2318-08 were developed with view of observing of their continuity as regards Sanitary and Epidemiologic Regulations Sanitary Protection of the Russian Federation Territory (edited in 2003) and in consideration for the provisions of the Russian legislation. Presented in the article are provisions of the Russian Federation laws and decrees of the Government which served as the basis for several items of the Issues I, II, III, and IV. ; При разработке санитарно-эпидемиологических правил «Санитарная охрана территории Российской Федерации» СП 3.4.2318-08 соблюдалась преемственность их по отношению к санитарно-эпидемиологическим правилам «Санитарная охрана территории Российской Федерации» редакции 2003 г. и учитывались положения правовой базы Российской Федерации. В статье представлены положения законов Российской Федерации и постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации, на которых основаны отдельные пункты Разделов I, II, III и IV.

The article is concerned with the activities carried out by the local governments in such cities of Katerynoslav District as Katerynoslav, Оleksandrіvsk, Bakhmut, Verkhnedneprovsk, Luhansk, Mariupol, Nikopol, Novomoskovsk, Pavlohrad and Slovіanoserbsk in the field of sanitary protection of the population (1870 - 1914).In order to prevent the emergence and the spread of diseases, the local governments of Katerynoslav District embarked upon various sanitary rules introduced shortly after the city government reform. But the effect those rules had upon the population was very miserable, given the factory workers' poor living conditions and low cultural level.Therefore the next step in hygienic improvement in the District's cities was formation of licensed sanitary committees. Another response to the hygienic challenges was creation of a sanitary station in Katerynoslav, a specialized agency affiliated to the local government funded thereby. In other cities of the District, such as Mariupol, Оleksandrіvsk, Bakhmut and Pavlohrad, one could find nothing but introduction of such a position as local sanitary doctor. This made it possible to effect a certain control of the hygienic standards as well as to eliminate drawbacks in the activities carried out by the local governments in this field.The author provides evidence to inefficiency of the measures taken for sanitary protection of Katerynoslav District's population, which embodies the overall notorious trend typical of the Russian Empire. This trend manifested itself very vividly during the epidemic of cholera in 1910 which was accompanied by a great number of infected and perished residents, especially in Mariupol, Katerynoslav and Оleksandrіvsk. Over all, all that resulted from lack of sewerage and flushing toilet as well as from running water shortages and lack of bacteriological laboratories. ; У статті розглядається діяльність установ громадського управління міст Катеринославської губернії із санітарного захисту населення протягом 1870 -1914 рр. Обґрунтовується недосконалість заходів, проведених ними, що відображало загальноімперську тенденцію. Висвітлюється поступовий прогрес у сфері поліпшення санітарно-гігієнічного стану міських поселень, особливо Катеринослава.

Problem Setting. The article investigates the formation in Ukraine of legal regulation of the state sanitary control of water, the process of creating of general and special jurisdiction for its implementation, as well as the regulation regime, methods and tools for health protection of waters of different categories. The relevance of this article due to the need to systematize the individual areas of water law, including the protection of water and sanitation of the twentieth century.Analysis of the recent researches and publications. The article devoted to the study of formation in Ukraine of legal regulation of the state sanitary control of water, the process of creating of general and special jurisdiction for its implementation, as well as the regulation regime, methods and tools for health protection of waters of different categories.Paper objective. The relevance of this article due to the need to identify viable methods and instruments of legal regulation of sanitary protection of water during the formation of the main areas of water legislation of Ukraine in the twentieth century.Terms used in the legal protection of water, sanitary water use rules, the bodies of sanitary supervision, the state sanitary inspection.Conclusions. Research in the field of water legislation, and therefore the individual concerned and its protection issues, many scientists were engaged as ecologists and environmentalists. However, the special historical and legal work in a range twentieth century. no. This gap makes it difficult to analyze the current state of affairs in the field of sanitary protection of water. Detection of historical stages of development of water legislation in this area, identifying the main patterns and dynamics of legal regulation of sanitary protection of water in specific historical circumstances will improve the current regime of water protection. The author analyzes the main laws and regulations in the field of materials of sanitary protection of water and related industries on the basis of the research the author came to the conclusion that the development of the Ukrainian legislation on health protection of water resources in the twentieth century has reflected all the deep transformation in our country: the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic 1918 new attitude to water and other natural resources, as enshrined in the USSR the priority of social forms of ownership of water resources, based on which was built the system of government in this area with strict planning principle and the cost of administrative-command nature of power. After independence, the Ukrainian state was able to synthesize the design achievements of the historical development and lay the foundation of modern laws on sanitary protection of water resources in the context of globalization. ; Статья посвящена исследованию становления в Украине правового регулирования санитарного контроля за состоянием вод, процесса создания органов общей и специальной компетенции для его осуществления, а также регламентации режима, методов и средств санитарной охраны вод различных категорий. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню становлення в Україні правового регулювання санітарного контролю за станом вод, процесу створення органів загальної та спеціальної компетенції для його здійснення, а також регламентації режиму, методів і засобів санітарної охорони вод різних категорій.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню становлення в Україні правового регулювання санітарного контролю за станом вод, процесу створення органів загальної та спеціальної компетенції для його здійснення, а також регламентації режиму, методів і засобів санітарної охорони вод різних категорій. ; Статья посвящена исследованию становления в Украине правового регулирования санитарного контроля за состоянием вод, процесса создания органов общей и специальной компетенции для его осуществления, а также регламентации режима, методов и средств санитарной охраны вод различных категорий. ; Problem Setting. The article investigates the formation in Ukraine of legal regulation of the state sanitary control of water, the process of creating of general and special jurisdiction for its implementation, as well as the regulation regime, methods and tools for health protection of waters of different categories. The relevance of this article due to the need to systematize the individual areas of water law, including the protection of water and sanitation of the twentieth century.Analysis of the recent researches and publications. The article devoted to the study of formation in Ukraine of legal regulation of the state sanitary control of water, the process of creating of general and special jurisdiction for its implementation, as well as the regulation regime, methods and tools for health protection of waters of different categories.Paper objective. The relevance of this article due to the need to identify viable methods and instruments of legal regulation of sanitary protection of water during the formation of the main areas of water legislation of Ukraine in the twentieth century.Terms used in the legal protection of water, sanitary water use rules, the bodies of sanitary supervision, the state sanitary inspection.Conclusions. Research in the field of water legislation, and therefore the individual concerned and its protection issues, many scientists were engaged as ecologists and environmentalists. However, the special historical and legal work in a range twentieth century. no. This gap makes it difficult to analyze the current state of affairs in the field of sanitary protection of water. Detection of historical stages of development of water legislation in this area, identifying the main patterns and dynamics of legal regulation of sanitary protection of water in specific historical circumstances will improve the current regime of water protection. The author analyzes the main laws and regulations in the field of materials of sanitary protection of water and related industries on the basis of the research the author came to the conclusion that the development of the Ukrainian legislation on health protection of water resources in the twentieth century has reflected all the deep transformation in our country: the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic 1918 new attitude to water and other natural resources, as enshrined in the USSR the priority of social forms of ownership of water resources, based on which was built the system of government in this area with strict planning principle and the cost of administrative-command nature of power. After independence, the Ukrainian state was able to synthesize the design achievements of the historical development and lay the foundation of modern laws on sanitary protection of water resources in the context of globalization.

The sanitary protection zones (SPZ) are established according to potencial pollutions sources to protect the environment and people's health from possible influence. SPZ are set with detail projects, mostly during the projecting of potencial pollution source construction and remains valid till the SPZ specification. And to specify the SPZ is possible by doing measurement of pollution scatter or in other lawful cases. According to reasoned requests of residents, the SPZ are being enlarged because of people's complaints and tangible appropriate effect of pollution. Similarly, after the measurement of pollution's scatter by requests of SPZ user, introducing modern pollution scatter decrease ways or processes. Also, the SPZ, which were established long-ago, nowadays may be motiveless too large or too small; because introducing of new modern technologies or forbidding long-time and larger pollution emitted sources exploitation, herewith comes possibility to reduce SPZ. The aim of this study is to project and specify the SPZ borders of Kaunas International Airport. The study analyses Kaunas International Airport's SPZ, which is set according to detail project and is valid since July 7, 1998, under the special terms of handling land and forests. However, the calculated and established SPZ borders were not equalized with the noise made by planes and other aircrafts , because then hygiene standards did not introduce methods of measurements of aerial noise. When Lithuania entered the European Union, plenty of normative acts were transfered to the law base of Lithuania and due to that the noise and its influence to environment have started to be regulated more strictly. Moreover, foreign investors have got safer and more desirable conditions in Lithuanian air traffic range. And that determined to exploit modern and more quiet airplanes in Lithuanian aircraft as well as to limit exploitation of loud airplanes according to various legal bounds. But then increased the flights of passengers and cargo transit as well as fligt's noise became steadier. Therefore came the necessity to specify SPZ of Lithuanian airports according to particular noise levels induced by airplanes flights. Sustaining the nonfiction the necessity to specify Kaunas International Airport SPZ borders was established according to airplanes noise levels. The newly projected SPZ after the perspective maps of noise does not show remarkable changes – 21 ha; however, the SPZ's shape has changed and more than 50 premise were involved to the noise zone C. Also a major part of this zone has changed its location from the west side (a settled one) to the east side where agriculture sites stretch in Jonava district.

The sanitary protection zones (SPZ) are established according to potencial pollutions sources to protect the environment and people's health from possible influence. SPZ are set with detail projects, mostly during the projecting of potencial pollution source construction and remains valid till the SPZ specification. And to specify the SPZ is possible by doing measurement of pollution scatter or in other lawful cases. According to reasoned requests of residents, the SPZ are being enlarged because of people's complaints and tangible appropriate effect of pollution. Similarly, after the measurement of pollution's scatter by requests of SPZ user, introducing modern pollution scatter decrease ways or processes. Also, the SPZ, which were established long-ago, nowadays may be motiveless too large or too small; because introducing of new modern technologies or forbidding long-time and larger pollution emitted sources exploitation, herewith comes possibility to reduce SPZ. The aim of this study is to project and specify the SPZ borders of Kaunas International Airport. The study analyses Kaunas International Airport's SPZ, which is set according to detail project and is valid since July 7, 1998, under the special terms of handling land and forests. However, the calculated and established SPZ borders were not equalized with the noise made by planes and other aircrafts , because then hygiene standards did not introduce methods of measurements of aerial noise. When Lithuania entered the European Union, plenty of normative acts were transfered to the law base of Lithuania and due to that the noise and its influence to environment have started to be regulated more strictly. Moreover, foreign investors have got safer and more desirable conditions in Lithuanian air traffic range. And that determined to exploit modern and more quiet airplanes in Lithuanian aircraft as well as to limit exploitation of loud airplanes according to various legal bounds. But then increased the flights of passengers and cargo transit as well as fligt's noise became steadier. Therefore came the necessity to specify SPZ of Lithuanian airports according to particular noise levels induced by airplanes flights. Sustaining the nonfiction the necessity to specify Kaunas International Airport SPZ borders was established according to airplanes noise levels. The newly projected SPZ after the perspective maps of noise does not show remarkable changes – 21 ha; however, the SPZ's shape has changed and more than 50 premise were involved to the noise zone C. Also a major part of this zone has changed its location from the west side (a settled one) to the east side where agriculture sites stretch in Jonava district.

The application of groundwater vulnerability methods has great importance for the sanitary protection zones delineation of karstic sources. Source vulnerability assessment of karst groundwater has mainly relied on the European approach (European Cooperation in Science and Technology—COST action 620), which includes analysis of the K factor, which refers to water flow through the saturated zone of the karst system. In the paper, two approaches to groundwater vulnerability assessment have been applied, COP + K and TDM (Time-Dependent Model) methods, to produce the most suitable source vulnerability map that can be transformed into sanitary protection zones maps. Both methods were tested on the case example of Blederija karst spring in Eastern Serbia. This spring represents a classical karst spring with allogenic and autogenic recharge. Dual aquifer recharge points out the necessity for the inclusion of the vulnerability assessment method created especially for the assessment of karst groundwater. Obtained vulnerability maps show similar results, particularly in the spring and the ponor areas, and these zones are most important for future protection. The COP + K method brings out three vulnerability classes that can be directly transformed into three sanitary protection zones. Contrary to the previous one, the TDM method uses water travel time as a vulnerability degree. The results show that the final map can be easily used to define sanitary zones considering different national legislation.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects public regulatory tools for food safety, notably maximum admitted contamination thresholds and official controls performed at importing country's borders on both developing countries' market access and consumers' health. An Industrial Economics approach is developed that endogenizes the sanitary risk associated with imports by explicitly taking into account the interaction between the public regulatory tools and the strategic response of producers/exporters. Producers' strategic reaction is shown to crucially depend on the characteristics of the economic environment. Moreover, a regulatory reinforcement may exacerbate producers/exporters exclusion without improving consumers' health protection. ; L'objectif de ce papier est d'analyser les effets des instruments publics de réglementation de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, notamment des seuils maximaux de contamination autorisés et des contrôles officiels à la frontière de pays importateurs, sur l'accès au marché des pays en développement et sur la santé des consommateurs. Une approche d'Economie Industrielle est ainsi développé qui endogénise le risque sanitaire associé aux importations en tenant en compte explicitement des interactions entre les instruments publics de régulation et la réponse stratégique de producteurs/exportateurs. On montre que la réaction stratégique de producteurs dépend crucialement des caractéristiques de l'environnement économique. D'ailleurs, un renforcement de la réglementation peut exacerber l'exclusion de producteurs/exportateurs sans améliorer la protection de la santé des consommateurs.

International audience The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects public regulatory tools for food safety, notably maximum admitted contamination thresholds and official controls performed at importing country's borders on both developing countries' market access and consumers' health. An Industrial Economics approach is developed that endogenizes the sanitary risk associated with imports by explicitly taking into account the interaction between the public regulatory tools and the strategic response of producers/exporters. Producers' strategic reaction is shown to crucially depend on the characteristics of the economic environment. Moreover, a regulatory reinforcement may exacerbate producers/exporters exclusion without improving consumers' health protection. ; L'objectif de ce papier est d'analyser les effets des instruments publics de réglementation de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, notamment des seuils maximaux de contamination autorisés et des contrôles officiels à la frontière de pays importateurs, sur l'accès au marché des pays en développement et sur la santé des consommateurs. Une approche d'Economie Industrielle est ainsi développé qui endogénise le risque sanitaire associé aux importations en tenant en compte explicitement des interactions entre les instruments publics de régulation et la réponse stratégique de producteurs/exportateurs. On montre que la réaction stratégique de producteurs dépend crucialement des caractéristiques de l'environnement économique. D'ailleurs, un renforcement de la réglementation peut exacerber l'exclusion de producteurs/exportateurs sans améliorer la protection de la santé des consommateurs.