The aim of this study was to reveal if there is literature about who's still playing Pokémon Go two years after game launch, and whether players report the AR-aspect as part of the reason they're still engaging in the game. Investigating the phenomenon covered widely by news and social media from this angle could be of interest of public health workers with the ambition to replicate the success. We ran a systematic search resulting in 22 articles included, published between 2016-2018. The results revealed that the main part of the included studies were conducted just around game launch (July 2016) and within the first six months Pokémon Go was out "in the wild". AR was in general not questioned about, and there exists different and vague understandings of what augmented reality actually is. We were not able to identify the typical long-term player engaging with the game, and to what extent AR was a part of the prolonged success. The search also revealed a lack of longitudinal studies (with larger, more representative participant groups) about general social and mental health implications of playing the game. The studies imply a successful combination of several game aspects - whether playing for the adventure and discovering new places, family bonding, general game flexibility, "to pass time", a bit of nostalgia – or just for fun. Further studies are needed to understand of which importance it is to implement an AR- or location-based-feature, the importance of branding, what app/game mechanics appeal to the general and how deeply immersive experiences through a mobile screen are able to affect us, dragging us into an augmented world – and keeping us there. ; M-FOL
Avalíase o impacto en Galicia da implementación do Programa Operativo para e polo beneficio da I+D+i empresarial-Fondo Tecnolóxico 2007-2013, que constituíu un instrumento singular das políticas de innovación financiado polos Fondos Estruturais da Unión Europea e dirixido ás comunidades autónomas españolas do Obxectivo Converxencia da Unión Europea. A través da análise proposta trátase de identificar o impacto deste Programa plurianual –que mobilizou un importante volume de recursos e cuxa execución se estende ata 2015– na evolución do Sistema Galego de Innovación. Con ese fin analízanse os diferentes tipos de medidas e actuacións financiadas e o seu impacto nos principais indicadores de innovación (creación de capacidades, gasto en investigación e desenvolvemento, solicitude de patentes, persoal en investigación e desenvolvemento, infraestruturas, redes de colaboración, etc.), contrastando os obxectivos perseguidos e os resultados observados. Tamén se analizan aspectos institucionais e organizacionais que inciden no deseño, implementación e xestión das medidas e a súa posible incidencia nos seus efectos (fugas de recursos, dificultades de vertebración, concentración das actividades innovadoras nun número limitado de axentes, etc.). As conclusións extraídas permiten formular recomendacións para o deseño e implementación no territorio doutras políticas de investigación, desenvolvemento e innovación. Palabras ; The aim of this study is to evaluate the implementation and the impact in Galicia of the Operational Programme for the benefit of business, Research, Development & Innovation-Technology Fund 2007-2013, which was a unique instrument of innovation policies financed by the European Union Structural Funds and addressed to the Spanish Autonomous Regions of the European Union Convergence Objective. Through the proposed analysis, we identify the impact of this Multiannual Programme –which mobilised a significant volume of resources and whose execution extends until 2015– on the evolution of the Galician Innovation System. To this end, the different types of measures and actions financed and their impact on the main innovation indicators (capacity building, Research & Development expenditure, patent applications, Research & Development personnel, infrastructures, collaboration networks, etc.) are analysed, contrasting the objectives pursued and the results observed. Institutional and organisational aspects that affect the design, implementation and management of measures and their possible impact on their effects (leakage of resources, vertebration difficulties, concentration of innovative activities in a limited number of agents, etc.) are also analysed. The conclusions make it possible to formulate recommendations for the design and implementation in the territory of other Research & Development & Innovation policies. ; Se evalúa el impacto en Galicia de la implementación del Programa Operativo para y por el beneficio de la I+D+i empresarial- -Fondo Tecnológico 2007-2013, que ha constituido un instrumento singular de las políticas de innovación financiado por los Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea y dirigido a las comunidades autónomas españolas del Objetivo Convergencia de la Unión Europea. A través del análisis propuesto se trata de identificar el impacto de este Programa plurianual –que ha movilizado un importante volumen de recursos y cuya ejecución se extiende hasta 2015– en la evolución del Sistema Gallego de Innovación. Con ese fin se analizan los diferentes tipos de medidas y actuaciones financiadas y su impacto en los principales indicadores de innovación (creación de capacidades, gasto en investigación y desarrollo, solicitud de patentes, personal en investigación y desarrollo, infraestructuras, redes de colaboración, etc.), contrastando los objetivos perseguidos y los resultados observados. También se analizan aspectos institucionales y organizacionales que inciden en el diseño, implementación y gestión de las medidas y su posible incidencia en sus efectos (fugas de recursos, dificultades de vertebración, concentración de las actividades innovadoras en un número limitado de agentes, etc.). Las conclusiones extraídas permiten formular recomendaciones para el diseño e implementación en el territorio de otras políticas de investigación, desarrollo e innovación.
This paper examines participation in water management, more specifically in implementing the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Norway. Attainment of the goals of the WFD depends on new ways of coordinating the activities, knowledge and resources of many sectors and levels of government, including the private sector. The WFD explicitly emphasizes broad stakeholder involvement and public participation. The new network arena of River Basin District Water Boards at the regional level and Sub-District Boards at the sub-regional level, cut across existing municipal, regional and national borders. In each River Basin District, broad reference groups are established. Through surveys and qualitative case studies, we examine how this norm of participation is operationalized in the River Basin Districts, and how different actors evaluate it. We find that the reference grou ps have mobilized many actors from civil society and the private sector, but they do not report having influe nce. The role of the reference group is unclear. ; Artikkelen er skrevet i forskningsprosjektet «Water Pollution Abatement in a System of Multi-level Governance: A study of Norway's implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WAPABAT), finansiert av MILJØ2015-programmet i Norges forskningsråd.
Master i sosialfag ; This master thesis examines citizen participation through the Citizens Committee (Lokalstyret), a local board in the area of Grønland and Tøyen. The Citizens Committee was established in the spring of 2018, and Bydel Gamle Oslo is the only district that has chosen such a form of organization as part of the participation in the area-based initiative. We examine the justifications made by the borough's key players for creating the Citizens Committee and analyze what forms of legitimacy such an organization permits. In the literature, there is often a three-part operation: input-legitimacy, output-legitimacy and throughput-legitimacy. We have chosen to use this three-part operation as a framework for our thesis, which is as follows: "Does the local government safeguard various forms of legitimacy in Grønland and Tøyen, and in what ways?". The study was designed as a qualitative study with a case-design that combines interviews, observations, and document studies. The Citizens Committee safeguards input-based legitimacy through its localized network. Although its representatives are not formally elected, the Citizens Committee safeguards input-based legitimacy through its localized network. Clearly linking the citizens committee to the District Council (Bydelsutvalget) will further strengthen input-legitimacy. It can also safeguard output legitimacy in the form of contributing to solutions that actually meet the needs of the inhabitants within the framework of the area-based initiative. After clarifying the responsibilities and role of the Citizens Committee through a recent update of the mandate, it is now easier to assign responsibilities and, in doing, so preserve throughput-based legitimacy ; publishedVersion
Nos últimos 30 anos o sector agrario e o complexo agroalimentario galego tiveron que afrontar profundas mudanzas no seu marco de funcionamento como consecuencia dos cambios nos mercados, nas políticas e nas demandas da sociedade. Nese contexto o sector deu mostras nalgúns aspectos dun notable dinamismo e capacidade de resposta. Como exemplos cabe mencionar a expansión da produción láctea, que permitiu que Galicia se consolidara entre as dez primeiras rexións leiteiras da UE, ou o desenvolvemento de producións diferenciadas e de calidade principalmente no vacún de carne e no viño. No referido á tecnoloxía produtiva, o sector agrario mantivo un elevado esforzo investidor que, unido ao acelerado axuste da man de obra, posibilitou que o enorme atraso do que partía na dotación de capital por traballador fora superado. Tal esforzo investidor permitiu tamén a consolidación dun segmento de explotacións profesionais medianas, aínda minoritario, pero que constitúe xa o núcleo produtivo do sector. Porén, a pesar dos avances, o complexo agroalimentario segue presentando aquí fortes deficiencias, especialmente en dous aspectos: os déficits estruturais na base territorial das explotacións e nos usos da terra, e a debilidade da agroindustria. Estas deficiencias provocaron que nas tres últimas décadas se ampliara o saldo negativo da balanza agroalimentaria. ; In the last 30 years, the Galician agricultural and agri-food sector has had to face deep changes in its operating environment, as a result of changes in markets, policies and societal demands. In that context, the sector has shown in some aspects a remarkable dynamism and response capacity. Examples include the growth of milk production, which allowed Galicia to consolidate its position among the top ten dairy regions of the EU, or the development of differentiated and quality productions, mainly in beef and wine. With regard to production technology, the agricultural sector maintained a high investment effort which, coupled with the accelerated decrease in labor, made it possible to correct the low rate of capital per worker. This investment effort also allowed the consolidation of a set of medium-sized professional holdings, still minority in number but already the productive core of the sector. However, despite the advances, the agri-food chain continues to register strong deficiencies, especially in two aspects: structural deficits in the land base of farms and land uses, and the weakness of the agroindustry. Deficiencies that have caused an increase in the deficit of the agri-food trade balance in the last three decades. ; En los últimos 30 años el sector agrario y el complejo agroalimentario gallego han tenido que afrontar profundas transformaciones en su marco de funcionamiento como consecuencia de los cambios en los mercados, las políticas y las demandas de la sociedad. En ese contexto el sector ha dado muestras en algunos aspectos de un notable dinamismo y capacidad de respuesta. Como ejemplos cabe mencionar la expansión de la producción láctea, que ha permitido que Galicia se consolidara entre las 10 primeras regiones lácteas de la UE, o el desarrollo de producciones diferenciadas y de calidad, principalmente en el vacuno de carne y el vino. En lo que respecta a la tecnología productiva, el sector agrario ha mantenido un elevado esfuerzo inversor que, unido al acelerado ajuste de la mano de obra, hizo posible que el enorme retraso del que partía en la dotación de capital por trabajador fuese superado. Tal esfuerzo inversor ha permitido también la consolidación de un segmento de explotaciones profesionales medianas, aún minoritario, pero que constituye ya el núcleo productivo del sector. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances, el complejo agroalimentario sigue presentando aquí fuertes deficiencias, especialmente en dos aspectos: los déficits estructurales en la base territorial de las explotaciones y en los usos de la tierra, y la debilidad de la agroindustria. Estas deficiencias han provocado que en las últimas tres décadas se ampliara el saldo negativo de la balanza agroalimentaria.
Master i styring og ledelse ; I denne masteroppgaven har jeg undersøkt hvorfor Haugesund og Karmøy har kommet frem til ulikt utfall i kommunereformen. Haugesund ønsker en storkommune på Haugalandet, mens det politiske flertallet i Karmøy, vil at Karmøy skal være egen kommune også i fremtiden. Kommunene er store i norsk sammenheng med rundt 40.000 innbyggere hver. De har en rekke likhetstrekk, likevel er de ulike på noen sentrale punkt. Haugesund er en sentralisert by, mens Karmøy er desentralisert, med tre byer og flere bygder. Reformen er initiert nasjonalt, mens gjennomføringen skjer lokalt. Regjeringens argumentasjon ligger hovedsakelig i reformens mål og virkemidler. Tidligere undersøkelser viser imidlertid at ulike lokale forhold også kan virke inn på sammenslåingsprosesser lokalt. Hensikten med undersøkelsen har vært å finne ut hvorfor kommunene har kommet frem til ulikt utfall i reformen, om Regjeringens argumentasjon har hatt ulik betydning i beslutningsprosessene, og hvilken betydning lokale forhold har hatt for utfallet. Undersøkelsen har vært gjennomført som en komparativ casestudie, med personlige intervjuer. Informasjonen fra intervjuene danner grunnlaget for analysen. Reformens målsettinger har vært vesentlige for begge kommunene. Særlig aktuell er målsettingen om en mer helhetlig og samordnet samfunnsutvikling. Kommunene er en del av det Regjeringen kaller flerkommunale byområder. Kommunegrensene samsvarer ikke med de funksjonelle samfunnsutviklingsområdene. Dette gir utfordringer i forhold til arealplanlegging. Haugesund er regionsenter med regionsenter-utfordringer, den mangler eksempelvis areal til videre vekst. Kommunen ser kommunesammenslåing som løsningen på mange av sine utfordringer. Det politiske flertallet i Karmøy, ser ikke at reformens målsettinger nås ved kommunesammenslåing. Karmøy er en stor, veldreven kommune. Den har lite å hente på å inngå i en storkommune. De interkommunale problemene løses gjennom interkommunalt samarbeid. Når det gjelder styringsvirkemidlene har disse hatt liten betydning for utfallet. De fleste informantene etterlyser hardere virkemiddelbruk for å lykkes med reformen. Alle informantene beskriver at lokale forhold har vært viktige i reformprosessen. Langvarige, historiske og kulturelle konflikter mellom kommunene har gjort sammenslåing vanskelig. Lokale forhold som ulik kommuneøkonomi, forholdet by-land, identitet og til dels tjenestelokasjon har bidratt til det negative utfallet i Karmøy. Til tross for at Karmøy er større enn Haugesund, ser det ut for at sentrum-periferi konflikten har vært viktig for utfallet i de to kommunene. ; In this study, I have tried to find out why Haugesund and Karmøy have reached different outcome in the local government reform. Haugesund wanted one large municipality in the region, while the political majority in Karmøy, wanted Karmøy to remain as one municipality, further on. The municipalities are big in a Norwegian scale, with approximately 40.000 citizens. They are very much alike, but differ at some points. Haugesund is a city with centralized structure, while Karmøy is decentralized, consisting of three villages and several rural centres. The reform is a national initiative from the government, but is carried out locally. The arguments from the government contain both political goals and -instruments. According to previous studies, several local conditions may influence on local merging- processes. The intention of the study is to find out why the two municipalities have reached different outcomes in the reform, whether political goals and instruments have different impact on the local decision making processes, and whether local conditions have influenced on the outcome. The study is a comparative case study using personal interviews. Information from the interviews is used in the analysis. According to the political goals, they seem to have been important to both municipalities. Most relevant is a more holistic and coordinated community development. The municipalities are a part of what the government calls multi-communal city areas. These are areas where the administrative boundaries no longer reflect people's daily-life areas. This gives certain challenges according to spatial planning. Haugesund is the center of the region with some typical city-problems. One is lack of space to further growth. Haugesund sees the reform as the solution to their problems. The political majority in Karmøy do not think that the reform will contribute to goal achievement. Karmøy is large, and does well. It will not have much to gain by joining a merged municipality. Inter-municipal cooperation solves regional problems. The political instruments of the reform, have been quite unimportant to the outcome in the municipalities. Most informants believe that the instruments should be harder, for the government to succeed. All informants report that local conditions have been important to the outcome. Longlasting historical and cultural conflicts have complicated the process. Differences in economy, the center-periphery relation, identity and partly location questions, have contributed to the negative outcome in Karmøy. Even though Karmøy is the largest of the two, it seems that the center-periphery conflict has been important in both municipalities. ; acceptedVersion
