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The article views categoricalness as a communicative category functioning in the scientific discourse and adversely affecting the process of scientific communication. The results of the discourse and contextual analysis of categoricalness revealed its correlation with the communicative categories of politeness, authoritativeness, confidence, subjectivity, and emotionality. The analysis of the texts of scientific reviews, oral discussions, and disputes allowed the authors to conclude that Russian scientific communication is characterized by a high level of categoricalness, which suggests potential conflictogenity in such type of interaction. The article discusses ways of neutralizing categoricalness through the use of several mitigation tools, including lexico-stylistic and syntactical ones, intended to eliminate the destructive component from scientific communication

The concept of gender has become increasingly prominent in scientific discourse, reflecting society's growing recognition of the complexities of human identity and social relations. In this article, the author delves into the multifaceted nature of gender and gender culture, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of these concepts within the framework of scientific inquiry. Gender research spans various academic disciplines, each offering unique insights into the complexities of gender dynamics. Linguistic studies explore the language and discourse surrounding gender, revealing how linguistic practices both reflect and shape gender norms and identities. Psychological research investigates the cognitive processes and social factors that influence gender identity formation and expression. Sociological inquiries examine the social structures and power dynamics that perpetuate gender inequality and discrimination. Philosophical analyzes interrogate the underlying assumptions and conceptual frameworks that underpin our understanding of gender. Cultural studies explore the diverse representations and practices that constitute gender culture within different societies and historical contexts. Gender culture in society is understood as a system of organizing intersexual relations that has developed within the social structure, encompassing a multitude of individual gender cultures and serving as a macroconstruct for them. The concepts of gender and gender culture as sociocultural phenomena serve as methodological tools for studying the specificity and dynamics of specific gender cultures that develop within various sociocultural societal systems. In conclusion, the study of gender and gender culture is essential for advancing our understanding of human diversity and social inequality. By critically examining the conceptual foundations and methodological approaches to gender research, we can contribute to the development of more inclusive and equitable societies that recognize and respect the full spectrum of gender identities and expressions.

In 2022 it is planned to release a new strategic concept of NATO. Experts and scholars are taking a prominent part in its development. They have a significant impact on the formation of the foreign policy identity of this transnational political space through their place in the construction of the foreign policy identity of states, NATO institutions and related structures. In the research, using the method of discourse analysis, were studied the publications of think tanks affiliated with NATO, the EU, the US, the UK. The researchers' current approaches to the strategic development of the alliance are considered, a comparative analysis is carried out, the established scientific schools – NATO, EU, USA and the UK – are highlighted. It is concluded that the scientific community creates narratives about the past and future of the organization, contributes to determining its place in international relations, its partners and rivals. In turn, NATO's foreign policy identity as a transnational political space transforms the identities of the member states, which leads to the homogeneity of the transatlantic security space, isomorphism between its subjects – states. NATO is perceived by Western experts as a community of democratic states with global ambitions and responsibility in maintaining international security and promoting Western values. The key threats are the policies of Russia and China, technological changes, contradictions within the alliance. At the same time, in each of the schools are researched problems that are relevant to it. The most influential are the schools of NATO and the US. European schools, primarily the EU's, have less influence, which is due to their emphasis on EU defence integration, disagreements within the Union itself, limited results of new defense initiatives after 2016.

The separatist movements have significantly intensified in many European states, most notably in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Spain, which were empires before the collapse of colonialism in the 20th century and expanded their territories by conquering the neighboring countries. Today, within the majority of multiethnic states, there are historical and geographical regions where indigenous ethnic communities seek to secede and gain independence. The economic factors and identity based on common language, culture and history usually play a significant role in the development of separatist movements. It should be noted that the activities of the separatist movements threaten the sustainable development and functioning of the system of international relations. Since the international law does not specify which social groups can exercise their right to self-determination, the following dilemma often arises: should the principle of territorial integrity of states prevail over the right of the nation to self-determination, or vice versa? Nowadays, the problem of separatism has gone beyond the internal politics of the state and has gained the international importance. First of all, this is due to the fact that the third parties intervene in the conflicts in order to destabilize the situation in certain countries and to strengthen their influence in a particular region. Trying to avoid criminal responsibility and imposition of international sanctions, separatists do not resort to open armed attacks on neighboring countries, which is a clear act of aggression, and use hybrid warfare techniques instead. Taking into consideration the current Ukrainian statehood challenge and the real threat to our country's territorial integrity, the study of separatism as an actual threat to national security is essential. Despite the large number of scientific works devoted to this phenomenon, it is necessary to continue the comprehensive research of separatism. That is why the scientific approaches to the definition of separatism are analyzed in this article, and its nature is investigated. Key words: separatism; separatist movement; secession; irredentism; nationalism; ethnopolitical conflict.

The article considers the problems of interpreting the concept of "extremism." Due to the fact that there are no legislative provisions of this term in the Russian Federation, there is a problem of defining extremism as a phenomenon both in the legal and scientific field, which demonstrates relevance of the research. Historical formation of the term, its first references in scientific and political discourse have been considered in detail. The article gives a detailed analysis of the definition of extremism in a legal aspect of domestic and foreign legislation, much attention being given to the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating the concept into the legislation. The author discussed the issue that manifestation of extremism and punitive measures be subject to different legal and regulatory instruments. A detailed review of scientific interpretations of the term by domestic and foreign researchers has been given. The author highlighted and compared different approaches to understanding it. As a result of the analysis, the author's own definition of the concept has been provided, which takes into account all the aspects, advantages, and disadvantages of the previously described interpretations according to the results of the study. This original definition can provide a deeper and more comprehensive study of the phenomenon of extremism itself and will provide an opportunity of more careful approach to developing methods and technologies to overcome extremism.

The intimate relationship between global European expansion since the early modern period and the concurrent beginnings of the scientific revolution has long been acknowledged. The contributions in this volume approach the entanglement of science and cultural encounters – many of them in colonial settings – from a variety of perspectives. Historical and historiographical survey essays sketch a transcultural history of knowledge and conduct a critical dialogue between the recent academic fields of Postcolonial Studies and Science & Empire Studies; a series of case studies explores the topos of Europe's 'great inventions', the scientific exploitation of culturally unfamiliar people and objects, the representation of indigenous cultures in discourses of geographical exploration, as well as non-European scientific practices. 'Entangled Knowledges' also refers to the critical practices of scholarship: various essays investigate scholarship's own failures in self-reflexivity, arising from an uncritical appropriation of cultural stereotypes and colonial myths, of which the discourse of Orientalism in historiography and residual racialist assumptions in modern genetics serve as examples. The volume thus contributes to the study of cultural and colonial relations as well as to the history of science and scholarship.