Suchergebnisse

This article contends that Christian anxieties over secularism played a significant role in the political crisis at the end of the Weimar Republic. Although these anxieties flared when German Communists began to imitate elements of the Soviet antireligious campaigns after 1929, their roots lay in a struggle with secularist movements stretching back to the nineteenth-century "culture war" (Kulturkampf). Catholic and Protestant counter-mobilizations of 1930 to 1933 generated theologico-political concepts and calls for state intervention that fed into the mounting political crisis. The Briining government managed to curb excesses, but its inability to completely halt anticlericalism allowed nationalist opponents to capitalize on the new Kulturkampf. The article concludes by demonstrating how the NSDAP managed to portray itself as a non-confessional champion of Christian interests.

For 80 years, the military -- as heir to Kemal Ataturk) -- has been the guardian of the secular Republic of Turkey. In the eyes of many Turks it also protects the state from re-Islamization. Therefore, less danger emanates from the general staff for democracy than from the peculiarities of the Turkish election system: Europe must understand this. Adapted from the source document.