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In this article, ideological tranformations within the Swedish Christian Democratic party throughout the past years is analyzed. This is done in comparison with previous research on the ideological character of the party from the 1960's to the early 2000's. The party's ideology is analyzed with a two dimensional model, i.e., universalism -- particularism & confessionalism -- secularism. These two dimensions are derived from the ideological debate within the Dutch CDA during the 1990's, a party that has operated in a similar context as the Swedish Christian Democrats have. Based on the two dimensions speeches & op-ed articles by the party leadership is analyzed. The conclusion is that the Swedish Christian Democrats has moved from a position of a strong Christian inspiration to a more secular direction, & that the party also has moved from strong universal beliefs to less universal & more particularistic beliefs. Adapted from the source document.

Radical pan-Islamism is a serious threat to universal secularism, the central norm of international order since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. International secularism rests on two principles: firstly, the organization of religion within states is subject to their sovereignty & not to supranational or transnational revolutionary movements, & secondly, religion must not determine the foreign policies & the alliances of the state. The resurgence of pan-Islamic radicalism since September 11, 2001 as a central issue in world politics challenges both principles. Adapted from the source document.

The article presents a study of religious effects on the environmental opinion among individuals in Sweden & the U.S. in 2000. It is a most different system design, since the comparison is between a highly secular (Sweden) & a highly religious population (the U.S.). The study uses data representing the adult population in Sweden & the U.S. In Sweden, religious people tend to be more positive than secular people to policies of environment protection. In the U.S., Republicans who belong to Evangelical Churches & people with a literal understanding of the Bible tend to be rather negative to suggestions on environmental care, while others who claim to be "born again" are rather positive towards suggestions on environmental caring procedures. Adapted from the source document.