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As part of this book, which looks at relations between image and power, the real influential struggle that has taken place, around the cinema, the Church and the supporters of secularism in France, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, is particularly symptomatic of the media's recognised propaganda power, well before any totalitarian state took over it. But let's start with the actors involved in this influence struggle, and their relationship to the image at the time of the birth of the cinema at the end of the nineteenth century. First, the Catholic Church. The Catholic religion is characterised by an ambiguous relationship to the image, in opposition, for example, to Orthodox Christians. While Catholics fear divine representation, the image has always been used throughout history as a privileged educational vector. From the 19th century, the icon was thus used as a 'bible for illiteracy'. The technical advances that mark the history of the image have always been integrated into the range of teaching tools used in the work of catechsis: the magic lantern, the print shop and thus the filmmaker. Thus, as soon as it has been developed, the animated image is used for the teaching of catechism, with the full approval of the religious authorities 1: educational films are therefore produced, illustrating the bible episodes, in full continuity with the use of fixed screenings. The question is more challenging about the inclusion of projections in preaching, which some priests claim in order to attract faithful to the offices. Some Catholics approve and encourage them, such as George-Michel Coissac, who wrote in 1903, how many examples could we cite of priests who have, by this means alone, succeeded in making genuine spiritual resurrections in their parishes? 2. But many others are revolutionised by these methods and call for a decision by the ecclesiastical authorities in this area. This 1, however, does not rule out the possibility that the filmmaker, as a show, has been rejected by a number of ...

There are today intense debates about Islam, secularism and democracy. The arguments raised by the various protagonists refer to implicit representations of the possible relationships between these three terms. They also refer to predetermined conceptions of the historical processes at work in contemporary Muslim societies. We might try to clarify the meaning given to each of these three terms and, consequently, take a new look at the concepts that are widely circulated in the contemporary debate. Adapted from the source document.

The issue of Secularism has reappeared as one of the central themes in the contemporary political debate in several European countries. In this context, the author argues that this debate is linked, in countries like Spain, to a confusing understanding of the political meaning of the essentials of Secularism. This paper explores the ambiguities of this debate of today, & says that the construction of an answer in defense of Secularismn is conditioned to a deep understanding of the hostile positions against it. Adapted from the source document.

For non-European countries such as Turkey & Mexico, the move toward modernity has meant the adoption of the French model of secularism rather than the Anglo-Saxon process of secularization. Today, however, the emergence of public Islam, of Islam in the public space -- as exemplified by the debate about the veil in France as well as in Turkey -- represents a challenge for the Republic whose secular & mono-cultural foundation is questioned. The contemporary Turkish experience offers a good opportunity to analyze the complex & tensed relationship between Republican secularism & the Muslim presence & to stress the dangers of confusing the public space & the Republic. The Turkish candidacy to membership of the European Union has revived & amplified the debate: Does Europe want to be a system of boundaries aiming to protect her against what she considers as the "other," or does she want to show its political capacity to redraw these boundaries by projecting herself into the future? Adapted from the source document.

New section of the Yearbook of North Africa 1994, this chronicy presents the news of Maghreb immigration in France in 6 sections: 1. Ethnicisation of social life; 2. Citizenship, secularism: imbroglio; 3. Immigration: Prevent, control, hunt; 4. Integration: a policy on set-aside; 5. The Islamic organisations in France in 1994 and the dynamism of 'young Islam'; 6. Islamism: hexagonal fever. ; International audience As a new heading of the Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord, this chronicle analyzes 1994 current events of North African immigrant population, in 6 sections: 1. social life ethnicization 2. the citienship and secularism imbroglio 3. Politics of immigration 4. Politics of integration 5. Muslim organizations and Youth Islam 6. Fever about Islamism ; New section of the Yearbook of North Africa 1994, this chronicy presents the news of Maghreb immigration in France in 6 sections: 1. Ethnicisation of social life; 2. Citizenship, secularism: imbroglio; 3. Immigration: Prevent, control, hunt; 4. Integration: a policy on set-aside; 5. The Islamic organisations in France in 1994 and the dynamism of 'young Islam'; 6. Islamism: hexagonal fever. ; Nouvelle rubrique de l'Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 1994, cette chronique présente l'actualité de l'immigration maghrébine en France en 6 sections: 1. L'ethnicisation de la vie sociale ; 2. Citoyenneté, laïcité : l'imbroglio ; 3. Immigration : Empêcher, contrôler, chasser ; 4. Intégration : une politique en jachère ; 5. Les organisations islamiques de France en 1994 et le dynamisme de l'"islam jeune" ; 6. Islamisme : la fièvre hexagonale.