Suchergebnisse

Este artículo propone una redefinición de algunos conceptos a partir del análisis de la política religiosa de la Segunda República. La contextualización del caso español en el entorno mediterráneo, la matización de posturas o el acercamiento a las percepciones sociales ante las decisiones de los gobernantes republicanos pueden ayudar a delimitar con precisión unas medidas rodeadas de gran polémica. Se plantea en esencia una distinción entre política laica y política anticlerical desde el estudio de las disposiciones adoptadas en materia religiosa por los gobernantes del primer bienio republicano. La mayor parte de dichas resoluciones se adscriben al ámbito del laicismo, huyendo de caracterizaciones simplistas que acuden a términos como sectarismo o antirreligiosidad. Con ello se persigue contribuir a un balance ajustado del periodo republicano. ; This article proposes a redefinition of certain concepts through the analysis of religious policy during the Second Republic. A number of highly controversial measures may be better understood by taking into account the Mediterranean context, pinpointing the various attitudes and positions, or examining more closely social perceptions regarding decisions made by Republican governments. In essence, a distinction needs to be drawn between secular and anticlerical policy, by studying the provisions adopted in religious affairs by the administrations of the first two-year period of the Second Republic. Most of these decisions are of a secular nature, avoiding simplistic descriptions containing terms such as sectarianism and antireligiousness. In short, this article aims to contribute towards an accurate assessment of the Republican period.

This article proposes a redefinition of certain concepts through the analysis of religious policy during the Second Republic. A number of highly controversial measures may be better understood by taking into account the Mediterranean context, pinpointing the various attitudes and positions, or examining more closely social perceptions regarding decisions made by Republican governments. In essence, a distinction needs to be drawn between secular and anticlerical policy, by studying the provisions adopted in religious affairs by the administrations of the first two-year period of the Second Republic. Most of these decisions are of a secular nature, avoiding simplistic descriptions containing terms such as sectarianism and antireligiousness. In short, this article aims to contribute towards an accurate assessment of the Republican period. ; Este artículo propone una redefinición de algunos conceptos a partir del análisis de la política religiosa de la Segunda República. La contextualización del caso español en el entorno mediterráneo, la matización de posturas o el acercamiento a las percepciones sociales ante las decisiones de los gobernantes republicanos pueden ayudar a delimitar con precisión unas medidas rodeadas de gran polémica. Se plantea en esencia una distinción entre política laica y política anticlerical desde el estudio de las disposiciones adoptadas en materia religiosa por los gobernantes del primer bienio republicano. La mayor parte de dichas resoluciones se adscriben al ámbito del laicismo, huyendo de caracterizaciones simplistas que acuden a términos como sectarismo o antirreligiosidad. Con ello se persigue contribuir a un balance ajustado del periodo republicano.

Las luchas internas, los golpes de Estado, el triunfo del secularismo con el Ba't y el papel preponderante de la minoría 'alawí ocasionaron la oposición de los fundamentalistas musulmanes, primero de los Hermanos Musulmanes, luego participaron otros grupos. La aspiración básica de los islamistas es acabar con el secularismo, con el predominio de los 'alawíes sobre la mayoría sunní y fundar un Estado islámico donde se aplique la šaria. Los medios que han utilizado los fundamentalistas son la violencia, el terrorismo y la lucha armada. Estos enfrentamientos se han manifestado también en la lucha de clases y en el antagonismo ciudad-campo. ; Internal fighting, coup d 'états, the triumph of secularism under the Ba'th, and the leading role of the 'alawi minority, caused the Islamic fundamentalist opposition. It was first led by the Muslim Brothers, and later other groups participated. The islamiyyun's basic aspiration is to end secularism, stop the leading role of the 'alawis over the sunni majority, and to establish an Islamic State, in which the Shari'a would be fully applied. The means the fundamentalists have used are violence, terrorism, and the armed opposition. Class struggles and the antagonism city-rural areas, are other manifestations of the major framework of the conflict. .

La España de Carlos III, como el resto de la Europa católica del siglo xviii, fue escenario de interesantes novedades en el panorama religioso. La esfera política luchaba desde hacía tiempo por emanciparse de las tutelas eclesiásticas, pero es sólo en el siglo xviii cuando se puede hablar con propiedad de secularización de la política. En España, el regalismo tradicional adquirió nuevos bríos al mezclarse el sustrato autóctono con las ideas que provenían de Ñapóles y de Francia. Aún así, Carlos III se mostró tan cauteloso en sus relaciones con Roma que, a finales del siglo XVIII, el clero seguía disfrutando en España de unos privilegios más amplios que en la mayor parte de las naciones católicas.Charles III's Spain, like the rest of the catholic Europe in the 18th century, was the stage where interesting changes took place in the religious field. The political sphere fought a long time ago to become independent from the ecclesiastical paternity, but only in the 18th cetury was it possible to talk about secularism in politics. In Spain, the traditional regalism acquired new forcé when the new ideas from Naples and France mixed with a national basis. However, Charles III was so cautious in his relationship with the Román Church that, at the end of the century, the clergy in Spain enjoyed wider privileges than in other European kingdoms.

he focus of this article is on the conflict between secular and religious thought in the world of American education. Some years ago, I carried out a large research project on the treatment of religion in the textbooks of American public grammar schools (grades 1-6) and highschools (grades 10-12). The results of this study made it clear that the primary censorship of religion in the United States is through omitting information about religion from educational material. Overt hostility to religion is rare. However the result of leaving out religion and leaving in only the secular world view results in thoroughly biased educational material. The bias is especially clear in sex education, social studies and history. As more and more Americans have become aware of the anti-religious bias in the state-funded educational bureaucracy, there has been increasing conflict. One result is a growing grass-roots hostility to the modern secular state and especially the philosophy of secularism in the schools. Besides large-scale parental resistance, there is also a new anti-secular, pro-religion -we might say "post-modern"- intelligentsia. The basic premise of this new movement is to reject much of modernity and especially its expression in secular humanism and in the growth of the bureaucratic welfare state. Most of this new movement is rooted in religion, primarily Protestant Christianity, but the same thing is happening in American Catholicism and Judaism. Besides the pro-religious intellectual positions, and the critique of modern institutions, there have been concrete social and political expressions. One example is the growth of home-shooling. Approximately one million American children are now educated by their parents at home. There is also a large-scale political movement to break up the state's monopoly on education and to allow private and religious schools to receive tax funds. This new post-modern, pro-family and pro-tradition movement is also supported by the new technology. Personal computers, Internet, fax, etc. are all de-centralizing education and allowing parents to provide sophisticated and superior educational materials to their children at home.