Suchergebnisse

Security policy in different time periods was differently regarded. Security was initially seen as the matter of military field, but the development of the public security threats and the fields which they affect, expanded the field of application of the notion of security. Another important aspect is that the security threats often affect not only national public level but as well they start to influence the regional and the international level. These processes therefore augmented the need to develop ecosecurity sector, because many accidents nowadays occur in large strategic objects (such as in the nuclear power-stations) which touch the interests of a large number of countries. Furthermore, there are global problems such as climate change affecting all countries the solution of which is possible only by the cooperation of international community. In order to make a decision of ecological security the states develop appropriate policy. Moreover, the majority of states ensure a high level of ecosafety by joining regional and international agreements. The sphere of eco-security is expanding and includes a growing number of sectors, not only the protection of the environment, but also criminal issues and other fields. The Article discusses the peculiarities of national security and regulatory context, and reviews the questions of eco-security regulated in the legal acts of Lithuanian Republic. The main provisions of the Lithuanian eco-security are enshrined in the National Security Act the Framework Programme of Eco-security, the Environmental Protection Act of Lithuanian Republic and other legal acts regarding the protection of ecosystem and environment. ; Saugumo politika skirtingais laikotarpiais buvo vertinama skirtingai. Pradžioje saugumas buvo suprantamas kaip karinis, tačiau vystantis visuomenei saugumo grėsmių ratas plėtėsi. Dar vienas svarbus aspektas – grėsmės saugumui neretai pereina iš valstybės lygmens į regioninį bei tarptautinį. Labai dažnai avarijos dideliuose objektuose (pvz. atominėje elektrinėje) paliečia ne vienos šalies interesus, o keleto, be to, yra globalių problemų, tokių kaip klimato kaita, kurių sprendimui reikalingos tarptautinės bendruomenės pastangos. Šie procesai sąlygojo poreikį išskirti ekologinio saugumo sektorių. Ekologinio saugumo problemų sprendimui valstybės suformuoja atitinkamą politiką, be to, dauguma valstybių renkasi didesnio saugumo lygio užtikrinimą prisijungiant prie regioninių ir tarptautinių susitarimų. Pats ekologinio saugumo objektas plečiasi ir apima vis daugiau sektorių, ne vien tik aplinkos apsaugos, bet sutinkami ir kiti (pvz. kriminaliai klausimai). Straipsnyje aptarta ekologinio saugumo raida ir reguliavimo ypatumai nacionalinio saugumo kontekste, apžvelgtos Lietuvos ekologinio saugumo teisinio reglamentavimo gairės.

The rise to power of the Suga Cabinet in Japan in September 2020 and the victory of J. Biden in the U.S. presidential elections in November 2020 will have a considerable impact on Tokyo's security policy. According to one view, a focus on the global agenda would force Biden to step up dialogue with China, which could damage the Japan-U.S. security relations. Others say that Biden will not correct the «hawkish» policy towards China that has emerged under D. Trump, and therefore Japan has no good reason for concern. In its security policy Japan will in any case continue to rely on the Security Treaty with the United States, strengthen security dialogue with India, Australia and other «like-minded» democracies, and develop political dialogue with China and Russia. However, it is too early to ascertain what will be the priorities of this policy and will there be a tilt in any direction.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; Статья посвящена исследованию политики Республики Беларусь в сфере обеспечения безопасности. В работе рассматриваются структуры обеспечения безопасности в регионе, анализируются пути повышения их эффективности в нейтрализации новых угроз и отмечаются возможности налаживания конструктивного диалога. Объектом исследования стал «российский фактор» как наиболее важное стратегическое направление внешней политики и политики обеспечения безопасности Республики Беларусь. Авторами подробно рассматривается военный аспект белорусско-российской интеграции, анализируется степень контактов Беларуси и России в оборонной сфере, приводятся примеры военно-технического сотрудничества. Изучаются подходы руководства страны к таким военно- политическим структурам, как Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности (ОДКБ) и Организация Североатлантического договора (НАТО). Высказывается тезис о том, что национальным интересам республики отвечает конструктивное взаимодействие и сотрудничество со всеми, без исключения, многосторонними структурами безо¬пасности в регионе, предлагается концепция прагматичного взаимодействия с НАТО на западных границах при акцентировании военного сотрудничества с Российской Федерацией как приоритетного и действительно стратегического. = The article examines the Republic of Belarus policy in the field of security. Security structures in the region are considered, ways of increasing their efficiency in challenging new threats are analyzed, and opportunities for establishing a constructive dialogue are noted in the article. The paper is focused on the role of the Russian factor in enhancing national security and defense of Belarus since special ties with Russia form the mainstream of Belarus' foreign and security policy. The military component of the Belarusian-Russian integration is of a particular interest in this regard. Large-scale tasks in the security area between the two countries, treaties on military cooperation and joint efforts on provision for regional security in the military sphere are covered. The Belarus' attitude to such political and military alliances as the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is presented in detail. The authors argue that the formation of an even, stable and dynamic relationship with all structures for common security in the region serves national interests of Belarus. The paper favors maximum flexibility in the Belarus' foreign and security policy, genuine pragmatism and openness for diverse options in the relations with NATO — while stressing key strategic axis to military cooperation with the Russian Federation in strengthening national security.

Ключевые слова: безопасность человека; добрые услуги; насильственный экстремизм; разоружение и нераспространение оружия; частные военные и охранные компании; Инициатива Нансена; Совет ООН по правам человека; смертная казнь; миграционные партнерства. = Keywords: human security; good offices; violent extremism; disarmament and non-proliferation; private military and security companies; Nansen Initiative; UN Human Rights Council; death penalty; migration partnerships. ; Статья посвящена реализации концепции безопасности человека во внешней политике и политике безопасности Швейцарии. В ней дается краткий обзор исследований этой концепции и ее отдельных аспектов. Оценивается международная обстановка после окончания холодной войны и прослеживается история разработки концепции, начиная от первого упоминания в Докладе ООН о человеческом развитии (1994 г.) до итоговой формулировки (2012 г.), содержащей право всех людей на свободу от страха, свободу от нужды и свободу жить в достойных условиях. Делается акцент на том, что Конфедерация включила эту концепцию в свою политику в начале 2000-х гг., когда стратегия безопасности через сотрудничество (с 1999 г.) окончательно сменила ее предыдущую концепцию всеобщей обороны (с 1973 г.). Дается информация о соответствующей национальной правовой базе, работе координационного органа (отдела по вопросам безопасности человека) и механизмах финансирования. Описывая четыре основных направления деятельности Швейцарии в этой сфере – политику мира, гуманитарную политику, политику в области прав человека и внешнюю политику в области миграции, автор обращает внимание на то, что в каждом из них Конфедерация поддерживает различные инициативы и выступает с собственными, а также стремится расширять и укреплять международный диалог и сотрудничество. ; The article deals with the implementation of the concept of human security in Switzerland's foreign and security policy. It provides a brief overview of the studies on this concept and its individual aspects. It assesses the international situation after the end of the Cold War and traces the development of this concept from its first mention in the UN Human Development Report (1994) to the final formula (2012) entitling all individuals to freedom from fear, freedom from want and freedom to live in dignity. The article emphasizes the fact that the Confederation incorporated this concept into its policy in the early 2000s, when the strategy of security through cooperation (since 1999) had completely replaced its previous concept of total defence (since 1973). It describes the relevant national legal framework, coordinating authority (Human Security Division) and credit facilities. While describing the four main areas of Switzerland's activities in this area, i.e., peace policy, humanitarian policy, human rights policy and foreign policy on migration, the author notes that in each of them the Confederation supports various initiatives and submits its own as well as seeks to increase and strengthen the international dialogue and cooperation.

THE FORMATION OF INFORMATION SECURITY POLICY IN A MODERN ORGANIZATION SUMMARY The main object of work – creation of information security policy, in modern organization. The main purpose of this work – to analyze and in the end of this work give recomendations, that wuold be useful and wil help organization to know better what is security policy and implement this policy in organizaton. Main tasks, determined in the final work are: determinate conception of information security policy, to explore the main stages of security policy creation; review and introduce internationals standarts and formats which are available on market, to familiaraise with most imoportan steps of security strategy and documentaition; determinate main organization maturity models, which are used in security threats analysis. To analize, what size investition are allocated to secure company's information; to explore that situation is in Lithuanian market, which security metodics and products are available for Lithuanian organization. Successful implementation of security policy in organization depends, from that, how organization will perceive security importance, how they will identify most important information resources, and forecast how this new policy will impact business activity. Also very important is not to make mistakes, choosing methodic ant technologies, which would be adequate to organizations activity. According to the analysis of security methodic and most important security policy steps, is easier to asses the main problems in security process, and to identify reasons which may make security policy inefficient. Successful implementation of security policy, employees training, good manager's security understanding will help to avoid many problems. This work is systematized information about main security policy steps and process, most popular standards, occurring problems ant recommendations how to avoid them. So this work, can be used as a broad – brush and structures theoretical tool, about mains security process. It can be useful, to everyone who is interested in information security.

THE FORMATION OF INFORMATION SECURITY POLICY IN A MODERN ORGANIZATION SUMMARY The main object of work – creation of information security policy, in modern organization. The main purpose of this work – to analyze and in the end of this work give recomendations, that wuold be useful and wil help organization to know better what is security policy and implement this policy in organizaton. Main tasks, determined in the final work are: determinate conception of information security policy, to explore the main stages of security policy creation; review and introduce internationals standarts and formats which are available on market, to familiaraise with most imoportan steps of security strategy and documentaition; determinate main organization maturity models, which are used in security threats analysis. To analize, what size investition are allocated to secure company's information; to explore that situation is in Lithuanian market, which security metodics and products are available for Lithuanian organization. Successful implementation of security policy in organization depends, from that, how organization will perceive security importance, how they will identify most important information resources, and forecast how this new policy will impact business activity. Also very important is not to make mistakes, choosing methodic ant technologies, which would be adequate to organizations activity. According to the analysis of security methodic and most important security policy steps, is easier to asses the main problems in security process, and to identify reasons which may make security policy inefficient. Successful implementation of security policy, employees training, good manager's security understanding will help to avoid many problems. This work is systematized information about main security policy steps and process, most popular standards, occurring problems ant recommendations how to avoid them. So this work, can be used as a broad – brush and structures theoretical tool, about mains security process. It can be useful, to everyone who is interested in information security.

Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.

Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.

Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.

Majority of social relations is moving to the virtual space. People are using electronic communications more actively not only for finding important information on the web, but also for ordering and purchasing goods, paying for services and transferring money, watching TV and etc. Development in electronic devices and data transfer technologies allows connectivity to services anywhere anytime. Government institutions, service providers are searching for more ways to provide their services for citizens via the Internet. Information society development is highly related to network and information security. This paper addresses Lithuanian information security policies before EU enlargement and after it. The main goal is to evaluate the impact of EU on the Lithuanian information and network security, safer internet, information technology and development. The paper also proposes qualitative research on Lithuanian information security issues and EU impact of new policies. Governmental and business companies that participated in the research do not relate EU enlargement with IT security progress in Lithuania. They emphasized some factors, that have impact on information and network security. It is IT development, economy, legislation, user friendly information society. Information and network security is also influenced by better financing after the EU enlargement, international cooperation, best practice examples and others.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The main objective of the article is a critical evaluation of the concepts of economic security which are based on the assumptionof the state as a unit of analysis, how these concepts are analysed in scholarship and used to support applied measures of economic security policy. The article also aims at answering the question what is and ought to be the concept of economic security in current Lithuanian politics. The authors do not strive to solve an old and essential problem of social sciences – the methodological choice between individualistic and collectivistic analysis. The goal of the article is just to show the main contradictions in theoretical analysis and political practices between those two approaches when dealing with the problems of economic security. The article admits the wide spread usage of the holistic approach and the fact of policies being based on this approach. However, the use of these measures often causes negative consequences – not only weakening of economic security of individuals, but, in the long run, of states as supra-individual institutions. To expose those measures and inconsistencies is another goal of the article. On the one hand, this makes the analysis more normative, on the other hand, it provides more insights on the topic. The article discusses the concept of economic security, different levels and scope of its analysis. Two different approaches – holistic and individualistic – and their interrelations are presented in more detailed way. The main focus is on how these two different approaches understand and use the concept of threats, as well as the impact of collective measures of economic security and their impact on individuals.

The controversial war in Iraq has revitalized the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union (EU), which has been stagnant since Maastricht Treaty and the failure in the Balkans. The development of the CFSP is accumulating acceleration: the EU will soon have not only a common market, common institutions and a single currency, but also a common constitution, minister of foreign affairs and even a common army. The leaders of the larger states are especially enthusiastic about a stronger CFSP as a counterweight to the US dominance in the international security affairs. The authors of this article contend that clearly articulated and globally projected CFSP will not be possible unless common European interests stemming from as common European identity and implemented by common supranational institutions will emerge. The impact of the CFSP on Lithuanian foreign and security policy will depend on the pace of European integration in this area and the strength of European identity within the political elite of Lithuania and the society itself. Will this impact be of a positive nature? It will depend on the way Europe will choose: creation of an independent defence structure as an alternative to NATO or development of a cohesive strategic partnership with the US and NATO. In any case, Lithuania will have to constantly seek for a subtle balance between her commitments to NATO, implications of the EU membership and the strategic partnership with the US. In this. [to full text]