Suchergebnisse

It is from the second post-war that scientific internationalism became finally bonded to security strategy issues. Several international bodies created in the second post-war were focusing on issues of science. It should be noted NATO, through its Science Committee, that took care to build an Atlantic community of researchers with skills in pure science, understood as the source and mainstay of economic growth, political harmony and military force. This article will explore the NATO's role in the emergence of a culture of scientific policy in Portugal, although limited to the strict circuit of international forums regarding the topic of science and research yet reveals some not so well known episodes. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyzes the proposal announced by President George W. Bush, on August i6, 2004, to significantly change the US overseas military basing posture. This proposal, labeled Global Posture Review, would, if implemented, represent the most extensive reordering of US military troops overseas in the last 50 years. The current US global basing arrangements are still a product of the Cold War & the main idea behind the administration proposal is to adapt its global posture to the new challenges to peace & international security in the 21st century. The article explains the details of the administration proposal in relation to Europe & Africa & also deals with some of the reactions the proposal has received in the United States. Adapted from the source document.

In Venezuela there is approximately half a million of Portuguese. With the exception of Brazil, this is the largest Portuguese community in Latin America. Fully integrated in Venezuelan society and with a relevant stand in terms of their role in the local economy, today the Portuguese in Venezuela reclaim a more active role of the Portuguese Government in terms of the defense of their interests. Issues such as security and trade are subjects of the main concern of the Portuguese of Venezuela. If to strengthen the Ibero-American axis is today one of the main goals of Portuguese foreign policy, it must pass necessarily by institutionalizing historical, cultural and human relations dating more than 500 years ago, as well as strengthening forms of cooperation, not only political and economical but also educational and cultural. Adapted from the source document.

As the winner of the longest electoral campaign in American history, Barack Obama has also won the right to lead the nation through a period of severe challenges to the US power & world prominence. One month after his inauguration as 44th POTUS, as the new Administration is refocusing US foreign policy, this article goes through the proverbial tour d'horizon of the serious threats to national & international security coming out of West & Southwest Asia. Adapted from the source document.

Since the end of the Cold War, and especially since the 2000s, due to the increasing significance of regional powers in world politics, in order to understand global transformations, it has become crucial to examine how regional powers have been relating to their neighborhoods, complementing their global behavior analysis. Therefore, this work aims to characterize and analyze Brazilian relations with its neighbors (the other American countries), during 1985-2010, concerning Brazilian foreign policy towards the region, the architecture of regional institutions and the management of regional security and energy integration issues. The text is organized in four sections. After a brief introductory part, in the second section is examined how Brazilian foreign policy towards the neighborhood was designed in accordance with administrations and with shifts in the international scene. The third section brings two exams about South American regional integration: security and energy. These two themes were selected since in both cases it becomes clear how Brazilian behavior determines the prosperity (or not) of regional initiatives. In the end, the fourth section aims to synthesize the arguments, concluding the paper.

This article analyses the foreign policies of Germany and the Russian Federation focusing on the post-Cold War transition period up to the present. The article argues that the analysis of this bilateral relationship implies the centrality of historical, political, economic and energy security aspects, which have been underlying the development of this relationship, confirming a historical past of cooperation and even proximity in some fundamental moments in the German-Russian relationship. Adapted from the source document.

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU), one of the most important symbols of the European regional integration process, completed fifty years in 2012. At first glance, many of its positive aspects, which places the EU as the global largest exporter position of agri-food goods, stands strong in the defense of agricultural protectionism, position which is reflected in the European way of acting in the negotiations and the CAP as a concerned policy to ensure food security in the European Continent. All these elements show positive traits of European regional integration. However, the CAP is quite controversial because over the decades it favored the interests of the European farmers maintaining its level of income, especially of certain member states of the EU, persists for more than five decades keeping the essence of its original structure, even it is an extremely costly policy to citizens of the European bloc of regional integration and resulted in imbalances. Taking into account these elements, the purpose of this article is to discuss the origins of the CAP, which are linked to food security in the post-Second World War Europe, the interests that supported its original formulation, the previous negotiations and those that occurred during the its institutionalization process. In addition, we intend to analyze the first results of the integrated European policy in the agricultural area, which went through incremental changes until 1992.

As with Truman or Reagan, the Bush legacy will be felt during the next decades. American foreign policy was transformed after the September 11 terrorist attacks but the Bush National Security Strategy shares some of his predecessors' priorities, namely the consolidation the international primacy of the United States, the containment of challengers & the need to respond to the threats of Islamic terrorism & the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The new policies were put to the test in Iraq & the final verdict on the Bush legacy will be settled by the success or failure of the Iraq crisis. Adapted from the source document.

O presente texto, partindo do pressuposto de que a opção pela integração europeia e a opção de participação de Portugal na construção europeia se afiguram ainda válidas, aborda a questão "para onde vamos (agora)" com base em três aspetos atuais e relevantes para a sobrevivência da UE, e que respeitam, por um lado, à relação entre a UE e as relações internacionais e, por outro, às relações entre a ordem jurídica da UE e as ordens jurídicas dos Estados-Membros, e, em particular, portuguesa: i) a nova Estratégia Global para a Política Externa e de Segurança da União Europeia; ii) o novo quadro jurídico de garantia dos valores fundamentais da União, em especial do Estado de Direito, e a sua recente aplicação a um Estado-Membro; e, ainda, iii) a aplicação do procedimento especial por défices excessivos no caso português, que culminou com a aplicação de sanções "zero". Serão enunciadas algumas questões relacionadas com tais tópicos e com a interrogação sobre a tendência de "centralização" da União que aqueles tópicos permitem ilustrar. ; The present text, assuming that the option of carrying on the European integration project, as well the option of Portugal to take part in it, are still fully valid, addresses the question "where are going (now)"on the basis of three actual and relevant issues regarding the survival of the EU which concern both the relationship between the EU and International Relations and the relationship between EU legal order and national legal orders, in particular the Portuguese legal order: the new Global Strategy for the EU's Foreign and Security Policy, the new legal framework to protect EU's fundamental values, especially the rule of law, and its recent application to a member State, as well as the functioning of the special procedure on excessive budgetary deficit which led to the application of "zero"sanctions to Portugal – enouncing some questions related to such topics as well as with the interrogation on the trend towards a "centralization" at the EU level that such topics may illustrate.