Suchergebnisse

In pre-WW II industrial development in Palestine was retarded when compared to industrialized countries; but soc conditions were favorable toward such development when compared to many Oriental countries. Since the 1948 creation of the Israeli State, industrialization has proceeded rapidly because of the impetus of national policy & assistance from the US. During this period the accelerated immigration into the new State has radically changed the composition of the pop. There has been a huge increase in the % of new-comers to resident pop & the character of the immigration has shifted from a predominantly Western to an Oriental one. These changes have led to problems of econ & soc adjustment. In effect this has put two contrasting societies vis-a-vis each other: the Ur, industrialized society with its special traits of acquisitiveness & aggressive att's toward SE change facing the pre-industrial, agri'al society with its traditionalism & its high valuation of leisure. Contrary to expectations, no major breakdown in the process of absorption ensued. The adjustment of the newcomers to industrial employment became the subject of the UNESCO investigation here described. The most important inquiries undertaken were those which covered 11 modern industrial enterprises in the Haifa district. The results were verified by a survey taken in the Tel-Aviv district. Information on the vocational preferences of young workers was provided by a statist analysis carried out by the Vocational Guidance Dept of the Hadassah Educ'al Services in Jerusalem. The Haifa investigation covered 420 workers in 11 industrial enterprises organized largely on the assembly line system. The majority of these were employed at spinning, weaving, sewing, glass manufacture, & railway shops. Most of the workers were immigrants from Iraq, Morocco, Egypt, & other Oriental countries. The immigrants were less likely to be employed in the old-established factories not greatly expanded since 1948. That most workers interviewed were resigned to their status as workers is indicated by the fact that 332 of 420 did not contemplate leaving their present employment in the near future. Acceptance of present status was high among immigrants from Yemen, India, Turkey, & Bulgaria. Discontent was high among those from Egypt, Iraq, & Morocco, countries where a large part of the Jews belong to the Mc. Dissatisfaction was generally low among F's, perhaps because they regarded the arrangement as a temporary one. 25% of M's below 25 years in age were discontent & 11% of those above. Factory managers held their chief complaint against workers from Oriental countries to be their lack of punctuality & absenteeism. They agreed, however, that these immigrants can be easily influenced & in time become excellent workers. Because of this some managers preferred to employ Oriental over European immigrants. Management tried to treat all workers equally: only 37 of the 420 expressed dissatisfaction with the attitude of management. The managers interviewed indicated that workers were quite sensitive to any form of discrimination, real or imagined. Soc contacts with Oriental workers was limited. Trade union organization, unknown to Oriental Workers, was associated by them with the Israeli authorities who rule over them. There was no serious attempt to educate workers in respect to their union organization (Histadrut). There was a greater knowledge & appreciation of the operations & signif of trade unionism among workers in the smaller enterprises (up to 100 workers). There appeared to be no serious friction among workers themselves regardless of recentness of immigration or source. This is in accord with community philosophy which considers all soc discrimination as immoral. Most immigrants were convinced that they are discriminated against in situations which are not work-related, but few could name instances to prove it. Contrary to popular opinion, normal working relations were not observed to lead to closer personal contacts. Specific adjustment to factory work was easier among those who found the greatest number of common elements between their previous & their new job. The following conclusions are reported: (1) the general adjustment of the immigrants to the industrial way of life is satisfactory; (2) educ is important in-so-far as it facilitates training & work assignment; consequently, educ is more functional with some types of jobs than others; (3) desire for security of employment motivates the immigrant to strive for a skilled type of job; (4) F's adjust to industrial work more smoothly than M's; (5) the adjustment to specific job requirements is somewhat impeded by the relative unfamiliarity of the immigrant with machinery & its operation; (6) managers & forement disagree on the intelligence & perception of the new immigrants, but studies of Einstein suggest that certain initial differences in perception & abstract thinking exist between the various ethnic groups of the pop; (7) wages are not an incentive & positive factor in adjustment; (8) there is virtually no discrimination against newcomers on the part of management or veteran workers (except for some discrimination against Oriental workers), but there seems to be a spectacular indifference to & ignorance of the special problems of the newcomers on the part of the Histadrut (General Jewish Labor Federation). It can be concluded that the process of adjustment of new immigrants to the requirements of an industrial society has proceeded with remarkable promise. B. J. Keeley.

1. Approaches to U.S. immigration history. Immigration portrayed as an experience of uprootedness / Oscar Handlin ; Immigration portrayed as an experience of transplantation / John Bodnar ; The invention of ethnicity in the United States / Kathleen Neils Conzen ... [et al.] ; Immigrant women: nowhere at home? / Donna Gabaccia ; Race, nation, and culture in recent immigration studies / George J. Sanchez ; More "trans-," less "national" / Matthew Frye Jacobson -- 2. Settlers, servants, and slaves in early America. European claims to America, circa 1650 ; Alonso Ortiz, a tanner in Mexico City, misses his wife in Spain, 1574 ; Don Antonio de Otermin, governor of New Mexico, on the Pueblo revolt, 1680 ; Marie of the Incarnation finds clarity in Canada, 1652 ; Elizabeth Sprigs, a servant, writes to her father in London, 1756 ; William Byrd II, a land speculator, promotes immigration to Virginia, 1736 ; Thomas Philip, a slave trader, describes the middle passage, 1693 ; Job recalls being taken to slavery in America, 1731 ; Religion and contested spaces in colonial North America / Tracy Neal Leavelle ; Adaptation and survival in the New World / Alison Games -- 3. Citizenship and migration before the Civil War. Citizenship in the Articles of Confederation, 1781 ; Citizenship and migration in the United States Constitution, 1787 ; Naturalization Act of 1790 ; An Act Concerning Aliens, 1798 ; New York's Poor Law, 1788 ; Moore v. People upholds fugitive slavery acts, 1852 ; The open borders myth / Gerald L. Neuman ; Citizenship in nineteenth-century America / William J. Novak -- 4. European migration and national expansion in the early nineteenth century. Ana Maria Schano advises her family in Germany on emigration, 1850-1883 ; Irish describe effects of the potato famine, 1846-1847 ; Irish immigration and work depicted in song, 1850s ; Emigrant runners work NY harbor, 1855 ; Samuel F.B. Morse enumerates the dangers of the Roman Catholic immigrant, 1835 ; Portrayals of immigrants in political cartoons, 1850s ; The global Irish / Kevin Kenny ; German Catholic immigrants who make their own America / Kathleen Neils Conzen -- 5. The Southwest borderlands. Stephen Austin calls for Texas independence, 1836 ; John O'Sullivan declares "boundless future" is America's "manifest destiny" ; U.S. territorial expansion to 1850 ; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo sets rights of Mexicans in ceded territory, 1848 ; Congress reports Indian incursions in the border area, 1850 ; The ballad of Gregario Cortez, 1901 ; Negotiating captivity in the New Mexico borderlands / James F. Brooks ; Anglos establish control in Texas / David Montejano -- 6. National citizenship and federal regulation of immigration. U.S. Constitution, Amendment 14, Sec. 1 ; Naturalization Act of 1870, Sec. 7 ; Supreme Court recognizes Congress's plenary power over immigration, 1889 ; U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark rules birthright citizenship applies to all born in United States, 1898 ; Immigration Act of 1917 lists excludable classes ; Chinese poetry from Angel Island, 1910s ; Immigration station at Ellis Island, New York, c. 1904 ; Immigration station at Angel Island, San Francisco, c. 1915 ; The great wall against China / Aristide R. Zolberg ; Divided citizenships / Linda Bosniak -- 7. Immigration during the era of industrialization and urbanization. Mary Antin describes life in Polozk and Boston, 1890 ; Jacob Riis describes the impoverished tenements of New York City, 1890 ; George Washington Plunkitt justifies the urban political machine, 1905 ; Chinatown, U.S.A., 1874-1919 ; John Martin, an American worker, does not understand the foreigners in the 1919 steel strike ; Jane Addams on the settlement as a factor in the labor movement, 1895 ; Work and community in the jungle / James R. Barrett ; Chinatown: a contested urban space / Mary Ting Yi Lui -- 8. Colonialism and migration. Senator Albert J. Beveridge supports an American empire, 1898 ; Joseph Henry Crooker says America should not have colonies, 1900 ; Downes v. Bidwell rules Puerto Rico belongs to but not part of United States, 1901 ; Louis Delaplaine, a consular official, says Puerto Ricans are ungrateful, 1921 ; A citizen recommends Puerto Rican labor for Panama Canal, 1904 ; Filipino asparagus workers petition for standard of American wages, 1928 ; A Chinese labor contract in Hawaii, 1870 ; The noncitizen national and the law of American empire / Christina Duffy Burnett ; Japanese and Haoles in Hawaii / Evelyn Nakano Glenn -- 9. Immigrant incorporation, edentity, and nativism in the early twentieth century. The Asiatic Exclusion League argues that Asians cannot be assimilated, 1911 ; Fu Chi Hao reprimands Americans for anti-Chinese attitudes, 1907 ; Madison Grant on the "passing of a great race," 1915 ; Randolph Bourne promotes cultural pluralism, 1916 ; Becoming American and becoming white / James R. Barrett and David Roediger ; The evolution of racial nativism / John Higham -- 10. The turn to restriction. Immigration Act of 1924 establishes immigration quotas ; Thind v. United States rules Asians cannot become citizens, 1923 ; Mary Kidder Rad writes that patrolling the border is a "man sized job" ; Congressman John Box objects toMexican immigrants, 1928 ; League of United Latin-American Citizens form civil rights organization, 1929 ; The invention of national origins / Mae M. Ngai ; The shifting politics of Mexican nationalism and ethnicity -- 11. Patterns of inclusiion and exclusion, 1920s to 1940s. Dominic Del Turco remembers union organizing, 1934 ; Dept. of Labor reports on consumer spending patterns of Mexican families, 1934 ; Recalling the Mexican repatriation in the 1930s ; Callifornia Attorney General Earl Warren questions Japanese Americans' loyalty, 1941 ; Poet Mitsuye Yamada ponders the question of loyalty, 1942 ; Mine Okubo illustrates her family's internment, 1942 ; Sailors and Mexican youth clash in Los Angeles, 1943 ; Louis Adamic: war is opportunity for pluralism and unity, 1940 ; President Franklin Roossevelt urges repeal of Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1943 ; Chicago workers encounter mass culture / Lizabeth Cohen ; The history of "milotary necessity" in the Japanese American internment / Alice Yang Murray -- 12. Immigration reform and ethnic politics in the era of civil rights and the Cold War. Sociologist Will Herberg describes the "triple melting pot" ; Anthropologist Oscar Lewis theorizes the culture of poverty, 1966 ; :iri Tholmas thinks about racism, 1969 ; Cesar Chavez declares "Viva la cause!" 1965 ; Historian Oscar Handlin criticizes national-origin quotas, 1952 ; President Lyndon Johnson signs Immigration Act of 1965 ; The liberal brief for immigration reform / Mae M. Ngai ; Representing the Puerto Rican problem / Lorrin Thomas -- 13. Immigrants in the post-industrial age. President Reagan signs Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986 ; Ruben Martinez describes the fight against Proposition 187, 1995 ; Asian immigrants transplant religious institutions, 1994 ; Proof of the melting pot is in the eating, 1991 ; Perla Rabor Rigor compares life as a nurse in the Philippines and America, 1987 ; Santiago Maldonado details the lives of undocumented immigrants in Texas, 1994 ; George Gmelch compares life in New York and Barbados, 1971-1976 ; A Chicano conference advocates the creation of Aztlan, 1969 ; Janitors strike for justice, 1990 ; Transnational ties / Nancy Foner ; Ethnic advocacy for immigration reform / Carolyn Wong -- 14. Refugees and asylees. Refugee Act of 1980 ; Congressman Jerry Patterson details needs of refugees in California, 1981 ; A Cuban flees to the United States, 1979 ; Xang Mao Xiong recalls his family's flight from Laos, 1975 ; United States interdicts Haitian refugees at sea, 1991 ; Refugee youth play soccer in Georgia, 2007 ; A sociologist assesses DNA testing for African refugees, 2010 ; Refugees enter America through the side door / Aristide R. Zolberg ; "They are proud people": refugees from Cuba / Carl J. Bon Tempo -- 15. Immigration challenges in the twenty-first century. An overview of race and Hispanic origin makeup of the U.S. population, 2000 ; A statistical portrait of unauthorized immigrants, 2009 ; Remittance and housing woes for immigrants during economic recession, 2008 ; Mohammed Bilal-Mirza, a Pakistani-American taxi driver, recounts September 11, 2001, and its aftermath ; American-Arab Anti-discrimination Committee condemns terrorism, 2001 ; Feisal Abul Rauf, an imam, proposes a multi-faith center in New York, 2010 ; Immigrants march for immigration reform, 2006 ; Minutemen call for border security first, only, and now, 2006 ; Joseph Carens makes the case for amnesty, 2009 ; Arizona passes state law against illegal immigration, 2010 ; The work culture of Latina domestic workers / Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo ; The citizen and the terrorist / Leti Volpp.