Suchergebnisse

The position of immigrant workers in the Belgian labor market & social security system is examined, based on statistical evidence. Total employment of immigrants has more than doubled, from 114,000 in 1954 to 245,900 in 1978. The proportion employed in industry has remained stable, while that in mining has declined & that in the tertiary sector has greatly expanded. The immigrants' young family structure is reflected in their relatively high share of family allowances & low demand on pension funds. Although there is no evidence of discrimination in the social security system, the immigrants' labor market position is unstable, especially for those who are not citizens of European Economic Community countries, which affects their social security rights; it is therefore suggested that immigrants be granted full citizenship after five years' residence in Belgium. 4 Tables, 2 Figures. Modified HA

A comparison of the social security systems developed since WWII in 10 European nations: Austria, Belgium, GB, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Norway, & Sweden. Differences in the systems that reflect ideology & social forces have often been more controversial than the amount of social expenditure. It is argued that the labor movement had a particular vision of social security, which was legislated where labor had the political majority & defeated elsewhere. Postwar developments have been shaped primarily by this factor, which has become more evident in the current crisis than in the period of general expansion in the 1960s to 1970s. 1 Table, 1 Schema. Modified HA

Does prevention make secure? The present article examines whether prevention is really as innocent as it seems, and if security will definitely increase with it against the background of Dutch society and politics. The article discusses the safety risks of prevention, its utility and the exact requirements regarding both utility and safety. The central thesis is that the risks of preventive strategies employed by the Dutch government, are systematically underrated. Discussed are: 1) the tendency for security is fundamental, but safety is not the highest value; 2) not all means to establish safety are legitimate; 3) employed means can be a source of unsafety themselves. A cases examination in included on the hidden dangers of prevention. References. O. van Zijl

The subject of this study is the strategic cooperation of the permanent members in the Security Council in the period 1946 2000. Because of their right of veto the cooperation of the permanent members has a significant influence on the functioning of the Council. The most important aspects of the cooperation that were investigated are the intensity of the cooperation and the ef-fectiveness of this cooperation in preventing and ending wars. To investigate these aspects, for both the intensity and the effectiveness measuring instruments were constructed. These measuring instruments were based on comprehensive sets of so-called 'leading indicators' and statistical methods and techniques. The intensity of the cooperation increased gradually from 1946 until 1990 (the end of the Cold War). Then it started to increase rapidly until 1996. From 1996 a slight decrease can be discer-ned. The strong increase in the strategic cooperation of the permanent members in the security Council can be established in all the majors forms of cooperation in the Council: the numbers of adopted strategic resolutions and presidential statements, the numbers of employed means (like peacekeeping missions and enforcement actions) and the amounts of money that were spent on peacekeeping activities. Further it was established that the response times of the Council regarding potential and waged wars dropped significantly since the end of the Cold War. The effectiveness of the cooperation of the permanent members in the Council was, insofar this was measurable with the applied method, not good for many years, but after the Cold War a clear improvement can be discerned. This goes for the prevention of wars, as well as for post war peacebuilding and the ending of wars. Also the numbers of potential and waged wars in which the Council not intervened dropped significantly since the end of the Cold War, as well as the use of vetoes. The large number of potential and waged wars in which the Council did not intervene during the Cold War was nearly exclusively caused by 'non decisions' (the non placing of wars on the agenda), and not by the use of vetoes by permanent members, as is often assumed in literature. Further, a comparison of two phase classifications of the Cold War showed that the great powers, even when there are great tensions among them, are prepared to cooperate in the Security Council to resolve strategic matters, if they consider this in their interest. Analyses of the adopted strategic resolutions during the Cold War revealed that cooperation here was nearly exclusively limited to issues that were not core issues of the Cold War. From this it can be concluded that cooperation against third party states was a basis of cooperation of the great powers in the Security Council. Finally, the results of this study show clearly that the Security Council was regarded and used to a large extent by the permanent members in the period 1946 2000 as an instrument of foreign policy to pursue their national interests, and not as an instrument of the world community to prevent and end wars.

Na 2013 dreigt de Europese landbouwpolitiek verder te worden afgebroken. Vanaf 2014 wil men vergaand liberaliseren; de markt moet dan alle landbouwproblemen oplossen. In 'De landbouw tussen voedselcrises en overschotten' wordt aangegeven dat dit niet de juiste weg is. Eerst wordt in het kort de geschiedenis en de achtergrond van de landbouwpolitiek beschreven. Daarnaast worden de eigenschappen van de landbouw met zijn miljoenen kleine gezinsbedrijven - zonder marktmacht - uiteengezet. Dit boek laat zien dat er een Europese landbouwpolitiek mogelijk is die veel minder kost, goede overlevingskansen biedt voor de Europese landbouw en beter is voor het milieu en de derde wereld. Harm Schelhaas is oud-voorzitter van het Productschap voor Zuivel; hij promoveerde in 2003 aan de Vrije Universiteit op het proefschrift: Liberalisatie in de landbouw. Cees van Bruchem is senior wetenschappelijk onderzoeker bij het Landbouw Economisch Instituut. Hij was een aantal jaren namens de ChristenUnie lid van de Eerste Kamer