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The topic of the Master's thesis is – "Cyber Attacks and State's Right to Self-Defence". The aim of the Master's thesis is to reveal the problematic aspects of cyber attacks and also the difficulty which arrises when trying to qualify cyber attacks as an armed attack, which whould trigger state's right to self-defense. The main sources of information that were used in writting the thesis are as follows: various scientific articles by information security engineers, books of various foreign authors regarding state's right to self-defense, use of force, armed attacks and it's qualifying measures. The most important source of information used - was Tallinn Manual 2.0, which examines international law governing cyber warfare and how it's norms regulate the use of force in international relations. First structural part of the thesis is covering the historical aspects of the topic. It analyses the main concept of the work – cyber attacks. History, development, peculiarities of the concept and cyber attack clasification among other things are examined in the first part. The largest attention is given to the changes of cyber attacks throughout the years, rising danger which it brings and newly arrising problematics of the attacks, as well as how it changes governmental perseption towards it. The second part of the master's thesis is dedicated to the analysis of state's right to self-defense and cyber attacks in the context of that. The second part of the thesis is the more important part, as it concludes the analysed material and compares cryteria of different findings. First half of the second part is regarding the problematic aspects of the state's right to self-defense, various examples as well as the concept of the armed attack and its criteria. The second half of the second part takes the attention to cyber attacks in the context of armed attack, which could trigger states right to self-defense from the mentioned cyber attacks.

The topic of the Master's thesis is – "Cyber Attacks and State's Right to Self-Defence". The aim of the Master's thesis is to reveal the problematic aspects of cyber attacks and also the difficulty which arrises when trying to qualify cyber attacks as an armed attack, which whould trigger state's right to self-defense. The main sources of information that were used in writting the thesis are as follows: various scientific articles by information security engineers, books of various foreign authors regarding state's right to self-defense, use of force, armed attacks and it's qualifying measures. The most important source of information used - was Tallinn Manual 2.0, which examines international law governing cyber warfare and how it's norms regulate the use of force in international relations. First structural part of the thesis is covering the historical aspects of the topic. It analyses the main concept of the work – cyber attacks. History, development, peculiarities of the concept and cyber attack clasification among other things are examined in the first part. The largest attention is given to the changes of cyber attacks throughout the years, rising danger which it brings and newly arrising problematics of the attacks, as well as how it changes governmental perseption towards it. The second part of the master's thesis is dedicated to the analysis of state's right to self-defense and cyber attacks in the context of that. The second part of the thesis is the more important part, as it concludes the analysed material and compares cryteria of different findings. First half of the second part is regarding the problematic aspects of the state's right to self-defense, various examples as well as the concept of the armed attack and its criteria. The second half of the second part takes the attention to cyber attacks in the context of armed attack, which could trigger states right to self-defense from the mentioned cyber attacks.

The topic of the Master's thesis is – "Cyber Attacks and State's Right to Self-Defence". The aim of the Master's thesis is to reveal the problematic aspects of cyber attacks and also the difficulty which arrises when trying to qualify cyber attacks as an armed attack, which whould trigger state's right to self-defense. The main sources of information that were used in writting the thesis are as follows: various scientific articles by information security engineers, books of various foreign authors regarding state's right to self-defense, use of force, armed attacks and it's qualifying measures. The most important source of information used - was Tallinn Manual 2.0, which examines international law governing cyber warfare and how it's norms regulate the use of force in international relations. First structural part of the thesis is covering the historical aspects of the topic. It analyses the main concept of the work – cyber attacks. History, development, peculiarities of the concept and cyber attack clasification among other things are examined in the first part. The largest attention is given to the changes of cyber attacks throughout the years, rising danger which it brings and newly arrising problematics of the attacks, as well as how it changes governmental perseption towards it. The second part of the master's thesis is dedicated to the analysis of state's right to self-defense and cyber attacks in the context of that. The second part of the thesis is the more important part, as it concludes the analysed material and compares cryteria of different findings. First half of the second part is regarding the problematic aspects of the state's right to self-defense, various examples as well as the concept of the armed attack and its criteria. The second half of the second part takes the attention to cyber attacks in the context of armed attack, which could trigger states right to self-defense from the mentioned cyber attacks.

The topic of the Master's thesis is – "Cyber Attacks and State's Right to Self-Defence". The aim of the Master's thesis is to reveal the problematic aspects of cyber attacks and also the difficulty which arrises when trying to qualify cyber attacks as an armed attack, which whould trigger state's right to self-defense. The main sources of information that were used in writting the thesis are as follows: various scientific articles by information security engineers, books of various foreign authors regarding state's right to self-defense, use of force, armed attacks and it's qualifying measures. The most important source of information used - was Tallinn Manual 2.0, which examines international law governing cyber warfare and how it's norms regulate the use of force in international relations. First structural part of the thesis is covering the historical aspects of the topic. It analyses the main concept of the work – cyber attacks. History, development, peculiarities of the concept and cyber attack clasification among other things are examined in the first part. The largest attention is given to the changes of cyber attacks throughout the years, rising danger which it brings and newly arrising problematics of the attacks, as well as how it changes governmental perseption towards it. The second part of the master's thesis is dedicated to the analysis of state's right to self-defense and cyber attacks in the context of that. The second part of the thesis is the more important part, as it concludes the analysed material and compares cryteria of different findings. First half of the second part is regarding the problematic aspects of the state's right to self-defense, various examples as well as the concept of the armed attack and its criteria. The second half of the second part takes the attention to cyber attacks in the context of armed attack, which could trigger states right to self-defense from the mentioned cyber attacks.

Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but it's impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that. This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully. The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation. International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of existing laws generates even more drawbacks than it in the end covers. There is potential for future development however. States are inclined to negotiate and, even as we speak, are attempting at creation of a cyber warfare regulating treaty. The thesis concludes that current international law is not adequate in order to be applicable to cyber warfare and even in areas where it can afford minimal protection, potential for abuse exists. The criteria and standards which were appropriate to conventional warfare and armed conflict are outdated. At least a global understanding on the terms used to define cyber warfare and related terms would be a good starting point. A universally accepted convention would be the perfect solution.

Cyber has been around for over a decade and yet we are still faces with a situation of a very weak or rather no regulation. This is being heavily influenced by our weak technological development and due to the nature of cyberspace and the Internet. Cyber warfare poses interesting questions for us. It is one of a kind type of warfare, the one we cannot see or feel, but it's impacts are instantaneous and potentially devastating. States and scholars agree on that. This thesis attempts to explore possibilities of application of existing international laws to amend this situation and answer the questions if it is adequate or at all possible. While scholars are still arguing about the basics of what cyber warfare and cyberspace actually is, it keeps on evolving. States on the other hand have recognized the potential threat of cyber warfare a long time ago and are attempting to mend the existing legal void, however not successfully. The effects of their efforts are limited only to a small number of States. States who are not willing to give up their cyber capability would also stay clear from such international legislation. International treaties and State practice were analyzed in search of a way to accommodate cyber warfare under the current regime. The findings show that application of existing legal basis to cyber warfare is at best difficult and strained. The reality is that cyber warfare does not fit adequately under any of the legal umbrellas at the moment. Application of existing laws generates even more drawbacks than it in the end covers. There is potential for future development however. States are inclined to negotiate and, even as we speak, are attempting at creation of a cyber warfare regulating treaty. The thesis concludes that current international law is not adequate in order to be applicable to cyber warfare and even in areas where it can afford minimal protection, potential for abuse exists. The criteria and standards which were appropriate to conventional warfare and armed conflict are outdated. At least a global understanding on the terms used to define cyber warfare and related terms would be a good starting point. A universally accepted convention would be the perfect solution.

This master's thesis is aimed at identifying and analyzing cases of use of force, which happened in the last twenty years. In order to achieve this goal, the following study is performed. Firstly, historical aspects of this principle are analyzed. Doctrine of just war is briefly reviewed. The activities of the League of Nations are discussed whether international peace and security is insured. Secondly, the content of prohibition of the threat or use of force is investigated. Legal framework of the principle is investigated. Regulation is established and the relation of this principle to other international law principles is assessed. Thirdly, the United Nations Security Council's duty to support international peace and security is explored. Lithuania's work in the Security Council is laconically reviewed. Fourthly, exceptions to this principle are discussed. Conceptions of individual self-defense, collective self-defense, preemptive self-defense and humanitarian intervention are presented. The criteria of legitimacy of self-defense and the problematic aspects of preemptive self-defense are discussed. Illegal humanitarian intervention in Liberia, Iraq and Kosovo is discussed. Furthermore, military conflicts, their causes and course in Ukraine, Syria and Yemen are analyzed in detail. The decision of the United States to recognize the sovereignty of Israel in the annexed territories has been assessed. Security Council and General Assembly resolutions were reviewed. Expressed opinions of the Security Council members was reviewed and the issue of cyber security was addressed as well.

This master's thesis is aimed at identifying and analyzing cases of use of force, which happened in the last twenty years. In order to achieve this goal, the following study is performed. Firstly, historical aspects of this principle are analyzed. Doctrine of just war is briefly reviewed. The activities of the League of Nations are discussed whether international peace and security is insured. Secondly, the content of prohibition of the threat or use of force is investigated. Legal framework of the principle is investigated. Regulation is established and the relation of this principle to other international law principles is assessed. Thirdly, the United Nations Security Council's duty to support international peace and security is explored. Lithuania's work in the Security Council is laconically reviewed. Fourthly, exceptions to this principle are discussed. Conceptions of individual self-defense, collective self-defense, preemptive self-defense and humanitarian intervention are presented. The criteria of legitimacy of self-defense and the problematic aspects of preemptive self-defense are discussed. Illegal humanitarian intervention in Liberia, Iraq and Kosovo is discussed. Furthermore, military conflicts, their causes and course in Ukraine, Syria and Yemen are analyzed in detail. The decision of the United States to recognize the sovereignty of Israel in the annexed territories has been assessed. Security Council and General Assembly resolutions were reviewed. Expressed opinions of the Security Council members was reviewed and the issue of cyber security was addressed as well.

This master's thesis is aimed at identifying and analyzing cases of use of force, which happened in the last twenty years. In order to achieve this goal, the following study is performed. Firstly, historical aspects of this principle are analyzed. Doctrine of just war is briefly reviewed. The activities of the League of Nations are discussed whether international peace and security is insured. Secondly, the content of prohibition of the threat or use of force is investigated. Legal framework of the principle is investigated. Regulation is established and the relation of this principle to other international law principles is assessed. Thirdly, the United Nations Security Council's duty to support international peace and security is explored. Lithuania's work in the Security Council is laconically reviewed. Fourthly, exceptions to this principle are discussed. Conceptions of individual self-defense, collective self-defense, preemptive self-defense and humanitarian intervention are presented. The criteria of legitimacy of self-defense and the problematic aspects of preemptive self-defense are discussed. Illegal humanitarian intervention in Liberia, Iraq and Kosovo is discussed. Furthermore, military conflicts, their causes and course in Ukraine, Syria and Yemen are analyzed in detail. The decision of the United States to recognize the sovereignty of Israel in the annexed territories has been assessed. Security Council and General Assembly resolutions were reviewed. Expressed opinions of the Security Council members was reviewed and the issue of cyber security was addressed as well.

This master's thesis is aimed at identifying and analyzing cases of use of force, which happened in the last twenty years. In order to achieve this goal, the following study is performed. Firstly, historical aspects of this principle are analyzed. Doctrine of just war is briefly reviewed. The activities of the League of Nations are discussed whether international peace and security is insured. Secondly, the content of prohibition of the threat or use of force is investigated. Legal framework of the principle is investigated. Regulation is established and the relation of this principle to other international law principles is assessed. Thirdly, the United Nations Security Council's duty to support international peace and security is explored. Lithuania's work in the Security Council is laconically reviewed. Fourthly, exceptions to this principle are discussed. Conceptions of individual self-defense, collective self-defense, preemptive self-defense and humanitarian intervention are presented. The criteria of legitimacy of self-defense and the problematic aspects of preemptive self-defense are discussed. Illegal humanitarian intervention in Liberia, Iraq and Kosovo is discussed. Furthermore, military conflicts, their causes and course in Ukraine, Syria and Yemen are analyzed in detail. The decision of the United States to recognize the sovereignty of Israel in the annexed territories has been assessed. Security Council and General Assembly resolutions were reviewed. Expressed opinions of the Security Council members was reviewed and the issue of cyber security was addressed as well.

In developing the idea of the just war Hugo Grotius, develops certain natural rights, of which the most important is that it be lawful to kill him who is preparing to kill. Hugo Grotius formulation of self-defense understandable as a broad right of preemption which justifies the use of force against states that are preparing to kill. More than a century later, Emmerich de Vattel expands Grotius concept of self-defense allowing preemptive force to prevent evil. However, the Grotius and de Vattel's statements and arguments were made before Westphalia peace (1648) when there was no sovereignty concept. Nevertheless, in a recent past there are numerous historical examples were anticipatory self-defense has been used and it's usage recognized by international community. The lack of treaties and protocols governing the use of unmanned robots on the battlefield presents debates among international legal scholars. Therefore, it is necessary to assess whether the use of force in response against attacks promulgated by non-state actors is compatible with the principles of Ius ad bellum, such as proportionality, necessity sovereignty and liability of the entity. In recent years, the United Nations Security Council characterized international terrorism in general as one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. However, charter's language suggests that it only regulates the use of force between states therefore an armed response to a terrorist attack will almost never meet parameters for the lawful exercise of self-defense. Instead terrorist attacks are generally treated as criminal acts because they have all the hallmarks of crimes. The drone attacks involve significant firepower—this is not the force of the police, but of the military. [.]

In developing the idea of the just war Hugo Grotius, develops certain natural rights, of which the most important is that it be lawful to kill him who is preparing to kill. Hugo Grotius formulation of self-defense understandable as a broad right of preemption which justifies the use of force against states that are preparing to kill. More than a century later, Emmerich de Vattel expands Grotius concept of self-defense allowing preemptive force to prevent evil. However, the Grotius and de Vattel's statements and arguments were made before Westphalia peace (1648) when there was no sovereignty concept. Nevertheless, in a recent past there are numerous historical examples were anticipatory self-defense has been used and it's usage recognized by international community. The lack of treaties and protocols governing the use of unmanned robots on the battlefield presents debates among international legal scholars. Therefore, it is necessary to assess whether the use of force in response against attacks promulgated by non-state actors is compatible with the principles of Ius ad bellum, such as proportionality, necessity sovereignty and liability of the entity. In recent years, the United Nations Security Council characterized international terrorism in general as one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. However, charter's language suggests that it only regulates the use of force between states therefore an armed response to a terrorist attack will almost never meet parameters for the lawful exercise of self-defense. Instead terrorist attacks are generally treated as criminal acts because they have all the hallmarks of crimes. The drone attacks involve significant firepower—this is not the force of the police, but of the military. [.]

In developing the idea of the just war Hugo Grotius, develops certain natural rights, of which the most important is that it be lawful to kill him who is preparing to kill. Hugo Grotius formulation of self-defense understandable as a broad right of preemption which justifies the use of force against states that are preparing to kill. More than a century later, Emmerich de Vattel expands Grotius concept of self-defense allowing preemptive force to prevent evil. However, the Grotius and de Vattel's statements and arguments were made before Westphalia peace (1648) when there was no sovereignty concept. Nevertheless, in a recent past there are numerous historical examples were anticipatory self-defense has been used and it's usage recognized by international community. The lack of treaties and protocols governing the use of unmanned robots on the battlefield presents debates among international legal scholars. Therefore, it is necessary to assess whether the use of force in response against attacks promulgated by non-state actors is compatible with the principles of Ius ad bellum, such as proportionality, necessity sovereignty and liability of the entity. In recent years, the United Nations Security Council characterized international terrorism in general as one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. However, charter's language suggests that it only regulates the use of force between states therefore an armed response to a terrorist attack will almost never meet parameters for the lawful exercise of self-defense. Instead terrorist attacks are generally treated as criminal acts because they have all the hallmarks of crimes. The drone attacks involve significant firepower—this is not the force of the police, but of the military. [.]

The article examines the meaning of the time-limits for the performance of obligations, their kinds, the ways of defining these time-limits and legal effects of their extinction. Also, it analyses the parties' choices as regards the remedies in the case of breaches of obligations with a term and, finally, the meaning of additional time-limits and the period of grace. The analysis is extensively supported by the case-law which assists in the disclosure of the issues related to the time-limits for the performance of obligations. Parties to legal relationships should combine possible remedies for the breach of obligations with a term more flexibly, without confining them to traditional ways of protecting rights by the ordinary civil procedure. Parties are encouraged to use the alternative ways of conflict resolution, such as the establishment of an additional period of time for the performance or the exercise of self-defense. If the time-limit for performance of an obligation is not established, the parties should request the court to fix the time-limit in a summary procedure. This should also be the direction in which the legislation should be improved.

The article examines the meaning of the time-limits for the performance of obligations, their kinds, the ways of defining these time-limits and legal effects of their extinction. Also, it analyses the parties' choices as regards the remedies in the case of breaches of obligations with a term and, finally, the meaning of additional time-limits and the period of grace. The analysis is extensively supported by the case-law which assists in the disclosure of the issues related to the time-limits for the performance of obligations. Parties to legal relationships should combine possible remedies for the breach of obligations with a term more flexibly, without confining them to traditional ways of protecting rights by the ordinary civil procedure. Parties are encouraged to use the alternative ways of conflict resolution, such as the establishment of an additional period of time for the performance or the exercise of self-defense. If the time-limit for performance of an obligation is not established, the parties should request the court to fix the time-limit in a summary procedure. This should also be the direction in which the legislation should be improved.