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Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what self-determination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.

Self-determination is a crucial concept in establishing the legitimacy of political communities in the international system, and thereby in constructing social identities and political loyalties. At the most general level, self-determination refers to an idea of a right to freedom. In international politics, it also refers to a norm on ways of bounding political communities. At the same time, what selfdetermination precisely means is contested and contingent. I argue that self-determination evolves today amidst a tension between the challenges of diversity and liberal peace dictates. While diversity has to do with varieties of cultural expression, socioeconomic organization and political status, liberal peace dictates concern global governance practices that tend to impose previous liberal models of democracy, development and human rights. The essay first presents the evolution of the meaning of self-determination in international politics. Then it addresses critical approaches upon contemporary liberal peace. The remaining sections analyze how contemporary self-determination movements present claims highly suggestive to rethink forms of political community, of state-community relation, and of participation in global governance structures.

Introduction: The autonomy of the individual's will aiming at the exercise of individual freedom by refusing the use of a face mask as a means of protection can have serious collective consequences in relation to the prevention and spread of the contagious infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Objective: To analyze whether the individual's freedom of self-determination against collective interest in cases of compulsory use of a face mask will prevail. Method: The study was developed through documentary and bibliographic collection, with descriptive bias. Results: The official data and guidelines of the World Health Organization in joint analysis with the existing Brazilian legislation and the constitutional commandments of fundamental rights, allowed us to reach the result of the proposed objective. Conclusions: The published normative acts are based on validity in a federal standard with the status of a law in a formal sense, with the provision for the adoption of prophylaxis measures, including the mandatory use of the mask, to combat the pandemic. The prevalence of the collective interest in favor of public health and the fundamental right to life and health of others is legitimate given the individual's freedom of self-determination. ; Introdução: A autonomia da vontade do indivíduo visando o exercício de liberdade individual ao recusar a utilização de máscara facial como meio de proteção pode trazer sérias consequências coletivas em relação à prevenção e à propagação de doença infectocontagiosa causada pelo SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Analisar se a liberdade de autodeterminação do indivíduo em confronto com o interesse coletivo nos casos de utilização compulsória de máscara facial irá prevalecer. Método: O estudo foi elaborado por meio de coleta documental e bibliográfica, com viés descritivo. Resultados: Os dados oficiais e as orientações da Organização Mundial de Saúde em análise conjunta com a legislação brasileira existente e os mandamentos constitucionais dos direitos fundamentais nos permitiram chegar ao objetivo proposto. Conclusões: Os atos normativos editados têm fundamento de validade em norma federal com status de lei em sentido formal, havendo neles a previsão de adoção de medidas de profilaxia, dentre elas o uso obrigatório da máscara, no combate à pandemia. A prevalência do interesse coletivo em prol da saúde pública e do direito fundamental à vida e à saúde de outrem são legítimas frente à liberdade de autodeterminação do indivíduo.

Education has been depicted as the main 'social elevator' to confront the internal inequalities of modern abyssal societies. Roma, as the largest, ancient European minority, are perpetually targeted as a 'sensitive' population in regard to access to and success in basic and higher education, creating a framework where Roma themselves, from an early age, are considered a 'problem'. Academia, scientific research and knowledge production are not isolated from these practices and political/epistemological framework. In this sense, the article unravels its complicity and responsibility in the maintenance of the white order, the modern civilisatory mission toward the racialised bodies and the 'ideology of integration' as the only possible political path. This paper discusses the current academic production of evidence-based research in the field of education in regards to Roma, exploring the semantics and conceptual constructions that frame the discussion related to the Roma experience in the educative system. Furthermore, the article discusses how the conceptual codification of such a framework actually serves to condition intellectual and political approaches that attempt to go beyond the complicit 'ideology of integration' when addressing public and educative policies.

Neste texto, são apresentados dois estudos sobre motivação e prática musical desenvolvidos no âmbito do ensino superior. Os estudos foram conduzidos por dois referenciais distintos: Crenças de Auto-Eficácia (Albert Bandura) e Teoria da Autodeterminação (Deci & Ryan). O delineamento metodológico para cada investigação foi o estudo de levantamento conduzido por meio de instrumentos de coleta de dados elaborados de acordo com cada referencial. A população investigada foram alunos de cursos superiores de música de uma instituição de ensino da cidade de Curitiba. Os resultados apontaram possibilidades de verificar o processo motivacional de alunos de cursos de música, a partir da observação de alguns aspectos como a) a confiança do discente nas próprias capacidades e suas crenças em produzir resultados; b) as ações intencionais que possam produzir mudanças; e c) os fatores que podem promovê-las. Buscou-se ao final do texto, enfatizar a observação desses aspectos por parte dos educadores, como meio de promover um processo de aprendizagem musical mais significativo e orientado.

Dennett's theory of personal identity argues that the "self" is no more than a center of narrative gravity. One of the main hurdles to assessing this proposal lies in the fact that it is difficult to understand what the nature of Dennett's concept of "self" is; specifically, what are the ontological and epistemological commitments that can be attributed to the phenomenon in question. In this article we claim that the best way to make an interpretative reconstruction of his notion of "self" is appealing to the distinction elaborated by Reichenbach between three classes of entities, Concreta, Abstracta, and Illata, and understanding the narrative centers of gravity as a case of Reichenbachian Abstracta. We defend that understanding the narrative centers of gravity as Abstracta in the sense of Reichenbach is pertinent and illuminating given that: i) although he does not apply it directly to the problem of the nature of the "self", Dennett does use Reichenbach's distinction in other parts of his work; ii) Dennett explicitly draws an analogy of the "self" with the centers of gravity that are, precisely, one of his examples of Abstracta; iii) this way of understanding the "self" allows us to give sense and better understand certain aspects of Dennett's narrative theory. Besides allowing us to clarify the metaphors used by Dennett in the elaboration of his narrative theory, such conceptual elucidation allows us to better understand the distinction between the three classes of intentional psychology drawn by Dennett (1987) and is useful in suggesting to which of these three types the concept of "self" belongs.

Este artigo apresenta uma avaliação sobre a história da escolha constitucional portuguesa pelo caminho do projeto europeu. Reflete ainda sobre os aspetos jurídico-políticos da construção do Portugal europeu e dos sentidos de soberania e autodeterminação no contexto da integração europeia, destacando que no presente não se conhecem os responsáveis pela sua condução política, em especial quando considerada a crise das dívidas soberanas. ; This article presents an assessment on the history of the Portuguese constitutional option for the European project path. It also reflects about the juridical-political aspects of the construction of the European Portugal and the meanings of sovereignty and self-determination in the context of the European integration, highlighting that in the present the ones responsible for its political conduction are not known, especially when we consider the crisis of the sovereign debts.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a autoeficácia de alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos do segundo ciclo do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio. Participaram 50 alunos de ambos os sexos, que cursavam o Telecurso 2000, de uma cidade do Estado de São Paulo. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi uma escala especificamente construída para esse fim e que avalia a percepção do estudante quanto ao próprio desempenho acadêmico e o quanto se sente capaz de realizar tarefas escolares. O teste de Mann-Whitney U revelou não existirem diferenças significativas entre a autoeficácia declarada dos estudantes, dos dois níveis de ensino para o estudo, para o desempenho e para a autoeficácia geral. Com relação ao sexo, independente do nível de ensino cursado, o teste revelou que as diferenças também não foram significativas para nenhuma das medidas de autoeficácia.

The last book written by Nietzsche, Ecce homo: how one becomes what one is (1888), is one of its more controversial works, having been comprehended as signal of prepotency, as egocentric self-exhibition, and as presage of the collapse that interrupted his intellectual trajectory in January 1889. Controversies were fueled, in part, by the peculiar narrative developed in the book - he tells himself his life and works in an eulogistic and hyperbolical tone -, in part, by the fact that the late publication of Ecce homo, occurred only in 1908, favored contrast with the apocryphal The Will to Power – set of notes published in 1901 as Nietzsche's 'main work'. Our purpose in this paper is to reflect on possible contributions of Ecce homo's 'autobiographical' and 'self-critical' tenor to the German philosopher's path of thought. Our hypothesis is that the narrative experimented in the book has an intimate relation with previous themes of Nietzschean works (especially, that of perspective) and with the task of revaluation of all values. Through a self-staging, the placing of a certain 'Nietzsche' in the scene, the philosopher advances his critique of metaphysics - and its popular version, Christian morality - while accentuates the worldliness of his perspective, its contingent feature and its conditioning by "little things", decision that seems to carry a relevant philosophical dimension: Nietzsche assumes the partiality and the interest involved in his taking a position within culture.

This article has as its main theme the disorder of self-love, according to the thought of Louis Lavelle. For this philosopher, self-love is something that not only tarnishes man's conscience but also his relationships with others. In the egoist there is a process of losing consciousness, since the idea or image that he has of himself is unfair to reality, it is always exaggerated. This false self-image, for being unfounded, prevents your conscience from being perfect, thus making it impossible for one of the philosopher's basic principles: to know oneself. The article discusses self-love, supported by the notion of sincerity towards oneself. This sincerity is only possible when there is detachment from fantasies, that is, detachment from vanity. The reflection carried out in this article was guided by the reading, analysis and interpretation of texts by Lavelle, such as The error of Narcissus, Conduite à l'égard d'autrui, Traité des valeurs, De l'Acte.

Narro e discuto neste relato de experiência aspectos dos muitos caminhos que integraram minha pesquisa de doutorado. Dentre esses aspectos, destaco as aprendizagens e reorganizações conceituais e propositivas geradas pela vivência e reflexão acerca de dois exercícios memorialísticos que realizei como aluna de disciplinas do programa de pós-graduação, assim como, as implicações desse movimento narrativo/reflexivo junto ao percurso metodológico construído e consolidado. Minha pesquisa configurou-se como uma investigação-formação, englobando a realização de ações formativas e a investigação dessas ações. O trabalho de formação foi realizado com três grupos distintos, formados por licenciandos da Unicamp - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Em nossos encontros os participantes elaboraram narrativas poéticas autobiográficas, assim denominadas por terem sido criadas a partir de elementos das linguagens artísticas. Junto à reflexão e ressignificação dos meus exercícios memorialísticos identifiquei as narrativas poéticas autobiográficas como práticas favorecedoras do processo de produção e convivência com símbolos, passando a buscar por indícios da atuação desse processo no trabalho de formação desenvolvido com o grupo formado por dezenove licenciandas em Pedagogia. Baseando-me em aportes da Psicologia Analítica de Carl G. Jung identifiquei indícios de processos simbólicos em duas narrativas criadas por alunas desse grupo. E, a partir desses indícios, procurei refletir sobre possíveis implicações desses processos em práticas autobiográficas no âmbito da formação docente.

The present work is focused on the epistemological investigation about the relation between Nonconceptual Self, nonconceptual content of perception, awarenes and recognition of place in the context of the Gibsonian ecological perspective. In view of this investigative purpose our objectives are the following: 1 - to characterize the nonconceptual content of perception in the anti-representationalist context and 2 - to question whether consciousness is necessary for organisms to act in the environment and to acquire perceptual experiences such as the recognition of place. In the context of Gibsonian perspective, we will argue in support of the hypothesis that the ecological-informational and anti-representationalist theory of perception offers innovative theoretical subsidies for the analysis of our research purpose. We understand that in order to have awareness and to be able to think about oneself, the agent must first have basic perceptual experiences of the environment. We consider that the agent's basic perceptual experiences, such as recognition of place, does not necessarily involve consciousness.

This article aims to present the relevance of the narrative resource in the representation and in the constitution of the selfness. To achieve this goal, a comparative strategy was chosen between an anti-narrative and narrative positions with regard to the powers of narration in apprehending and composing the domain of identifications. In a first moment, a reconstruction of Jean-Paul Sartre's positions on narration will be carried out, based on the phenomenological ontology of Being and nothingness, as well as the considerations about narrative and identity found in the novel Nausea and in the text of War diaries: notebooks from a phony war. The next moment will explore narrative arguments in Alasdair MacIntyre's After virtue, Charles Taylor's The sources of the self, and especially Paul Ricoeur's in Time and narrative and Self as another. Finally, in the most strictly comparative moment, it is intended to show certain difficulties of the anti-narrative position, as well as the fruitfulness of the narrative position, with regard to the different way of managing the demand for meaning in the anti-narrative rejection of identity and the acceptance of the challenge of permanent elaboration of the meaning of the narrative position.

Este estudo analisa, nos marcos da perspectiva sócio-histórica, os elementos constitutivos da construção social da autoestima no processo ensino-aprendizagem de alunos que viveram histórias de fracasso na escola. Nortearam a sua construção os seguintes pontos: as relações entre autoestima e aprendizagem nas últimas três décadas e o desenvolvimento do psiquismo humano. Analisou-se, por meio do relato da história de vida, o processo de construção da autoestima de dois jovens que frequentaram classes de aceleração, identificando, pela mediação das abstrações teóricas advindas da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, a maneira como a realidade vivida foi significada e valorada. Pela análise biográfica verificou-se que a autoestima está atrelada a um contexto amplo e que, enquanto as condições concretas de vida não forem modificadas, alterações na consciência e, portanto, na forma de avaliar não devem ser esperadas. Assim sendo, a autoestima, como todo fenômeno humano, é produzida nas condições concretas de existência, e a escola deve estar efetivamente comprometida com a humanização de seus alunos.

Introduction: Brazil is one of the world leaders in consumption of agrochemicals, generating billions of reais/year and this fact is increasing. The herbicide Paraquat has a highly hydrophilic molecule and it is used in the control of weeds in many types of plantations. Objective: To determine the presence and content of Paraquat in apples using the following types from the national market: Gala, Fuji, Argentina and Verde, with or without peel and to analyze the residual Paraquat content according to the Brazilian and European legislation. Method: An adapted methodology (UV/VIS spectrophotometer) was used in apples' types with or without peel. Results: Considering the studied types of apples, although Paraquat was present in all of them, only the Verde and Gala types would be approved by European regulations. Argentina type would be approved only by the limits stated by Anvisa and Fuji type would not be approved by none of the regulations. Conclusions: There is a need for constant inspection by analyzing the content of pesticides in food as well as legislation that establishes mandatory information about the type of agrochemical used and the corresponding residual limit allowed. ; Introdução: O Brasil é um dos líderes mundiais no consumo de agrotóxicos, gerando bilhões de reais por ano em valores crescentes. O herbicida Paraquate é uma molécula considerada altamente hidrofílica utilizada em plantações de milho, soja, batata, maçã, entre outros. Objetivo: Determinar a presença e o teor de Paraquate em maçãs do tipo Gala, Fuji, Argentina e Verde, em presença e ausência de casca e discutir seus limites aceitáveis nas legislações vigentes brasileira e europeia. Método: Determinar a quantidade de Paraquate por meio de metodologia adaptada utilizando um espectrofotômetro UV/VIS em amostras de maçãs já mencionadas com e sem casca. Resultados: Dos tipos estudados de maçãs considerando a fruta com a casca, embora o Paraquate estivesse presente em todas, somente os tipos Verde e Gala estariam aprovados pela regulamentação da Comissão Europeia, a Argentina seria aprovada pelos limites da Anvisa e a Fuji seria reprovada pelas duas regulamentações. Conclusões: Há a necessidade de constante fiscalização por meio da análise de teor de agrotóxicos em alimentos, bem como de novas legislações que estabeleçam a obrigatoriedade da informação do tipo de agrotóxico utilizado no produto e o limite residual permitido.