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Norwegian peace initiatives in Eritrea The Norwegian Model is defined as flexible cooperation between government authorities, NGOs and academia applying personal networks and informal settings. The model was coined as a concept in relation to the back-channel that led to the Oslo Accord in 1993. However, similar practices within Norwegian foreign policy were manifest in previous instances as well. Through a discussion of empirical data, this article argues that Norwegian mediation in regard to the Eritrean liberation struggle was a precursor to the Norwegian Model. Adapted from the source document.

This book presents wide-ranging video research in pedagogical contexts that have previously received little notice. Video research is, and can be employed for, so much more that standing in a classroom and filming with a camera. That is what we hope to achieve with this book – to demonstrate the inherent flexibility in video, that it can serve as one tool among many and be utilized in a variety of settings in several different ways. We want to emphasize the fact that you don't need a professional lab with lots of equipment to do quality video research. All you need is a camera, a microphone, and a good plan for what you can, and cannot, capture in your project.

Video Research in Educational Settings: Diverse Video Data in Pedagogical Research and Development is written primarily for other researchers, including those who are just beginning their research activities (such as master students and PhD candidates) and are interested in discovering how flexible, applicable and creative data collection can be with the help of video, and how rich the data material one obtains can be. The chapters represent a broad cross-disciplinary approach, yet with one common denominator: the use of video in different educational arenas, not only for data collection, but also for stimulating reflection, learning and greater expertise. - Denne boken presenterer en bredde i videoforskning innen pedagogiske kontekster som tidligere ikke har fått så stor oppmerksomhet. Med andre ord, videoforskning er, og kan brukes til, så mye mer enn å bare stå i et klasserom og filme med et kamera. Det er det vi ønsker å gjøre med denne boka – vise fleksibiliteten i bruk av video og hvordan video er ett verktøy blant mange, men som kan brukes til flere ulike problemstillinger og på flere ulike måter. Vi ønsker å løfte frem det aspektet at du ikke trenger en stor videolabb med en masse utstyr for å få til god videoforskning. Du klarer deg med et kamera, en mikrofon og en god plan for hva du kan og ikke kan fange opp i ditt prosjekt.

Videoforskning på ulike læringsarenaer: Mangfoldig videodata i pedagogisk forskning og utvikling er primært for andre forskere, men også andre som er på vei inn i forskningsaktivitet, eksempelvis masterstudenter eller ph.d.-kandidater som er interessert i å oppdage hvor fleksibel, brukbar og kreativ datainnsamling med hjelp av video kan være, og hvor rikt datamateriale man kan skaffe seg. Boka presenterer en bred tverrfaglighet, men som uansett har en felles nevner: bruk av video på forskjellige læringsarenaer, både for å samle inn data til forskning og for å stimulere til refleksjon, læring i utdanning eller kompetanseutvikling.

The impacts of climate change on marine resources are well known and demand mitigation and adaptation measures in order to protect the ecosystems. This entails more than simply altering management practices; it requires altering goal setting and managing transitions to new ecosystemic conditions. In the European Union, the main legal tool for protection of the marine environment is the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Greece, as a member state of the European Union, has transposed the Marine Strategy Framework Directive into its national legal order and has developed legal structures to protect its marine resources from various threats, including climate change.
The present paper aims to present the legal and policy management tools in Greece, relevant to implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and climate change adaptation. For methodological reasons, the paper is divided into two parts: The first part deals with those legal tools that apply to an initial assessment of the environmental quality of Greek marine waters, while the second part analyzes legislative activities pertinent to the design and implementation of programs and measures. The aim of the national legislation is to maintain the ecosystemic integrity of the marine waters of Greece and to preserve the unique characteristics of the aquatic environment with respect to present and future generations. However, the analysis shows that a holistic legal framework demands explicit provisions for climate change impacts, while the existing framework focuses primarily on anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment.

"The premise of Elected Officials and Political Leaders is that every elected politician is a political leader. This anthology looks at political leadership in Norwegian local governments and explores how to understand this form of leadership. Passing resolutions is an important part of an elected official's job, and public discourse can suggest that such work is itself the essence of political leadership. This is a central concern in the book, which argues that political leadership also consists of grasping and understanding issues, setting agendas, proposing solutions and mobilizing support for them.

With this broad view of political leadership, the book is organized around four paradoxes associated with the political-administrative system in Norwegian municipal government: the conflict paradox, the administration paradox, the transparency paradox and the democracy paradox. The chapters describe and discuss these paradoxes, the tensions they are based on and how opposing interests can be balanced in a constructive way, both for the local public sector as a whole as well as the individual councils and councilors.

The book provides examples of how elected leaders can strengthen their political leadership, not least through a systematic comparison with Danish municipal governments. Important points in each chapter are also emphasized in interviews with political and administrative leaders who share their experiences with the authors. The book concludes with a discussion of how political leadership can be further developed and strengthened, both through changes in the institutional framework for Norwegian local governments and through dialogue and reflection within the individual municipal councils." - "Folkevalgt og politisk leder tar utgangspunkt i at enhver folkevalgt politiker er en politisk leder. Boken handler om politisk lederskap i norske kommuner, og den diskuterer hvordan vi kan forstå denne formen for lederskap. Å fatte beslutninger er en viktig del av folkevalgtes hverdag, og den offentlige debatten kan gi inntrykk av at dette er selve essensen i det politiske lederskapet. Boken problematiserer dette, og den argumenterer for at politisk lederskap også handler om å fange opp og forstå problemer, sette dagsorden, foreslå løsninger og skape oppslutning om disse.

Med dette brede perspektivet på politisk lederskap er boken organisert rundt fire paradokser knyttet til det politisk-administrative systemet i norske kommuner: konfliktparadokset, administrasjonsparadokset, åpenhetsparadokset og demokratiparadokset. I bokens kapitler diskuteres innholdet i disse paradoksene, hvilke spenninger som ligger til grunn for dem, og hvordan motstridende hensyn kan balanseres på en konstruktiv måte, både for norsk kommunesektor som helhet, for det enkelte kommunestyret og for den enkelte folkevalgte.

Boken gir eksempler på hvordan folkevalgte kan styrke sitt politiske lederskap, ikke minst basert på bokens systematiske sammenlikninger med danske kommuner. Viktige poeng i hvert kapittel blir også understreket i intervjuer med en kommunepolitiker eller en kommunedirektør som deler sine erfaringer med oss. Boken avsluttes med en diskusjon av hvordan det politiske lederskapet kan utvikles og styrkes, både gjennom endringer i rammebetingelsene for norske kommuner og gjennom diskusjoner og refleksjoner i det enkelte kommunestyret."