Suchergebnisse

published_or_final_version ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Public Administration

A Nordic project was initiated as part of an evaluation of sludge treatment processes based on the suggested new EU legislation (EC 2000REF). This report covers the different parts of the project.The project focused on sewage and sludge treatment within a broader frame of background information regarding Giardia and Cryptosporidium, especially the relationship between the risk of transmission and the risk of aquiring infections from the environment. The objectives were further to exemplify the occurrence and viability of Giardia and Cryptosporidium through investigations in raw sewage and untreated or treated sludge from two sewage treatment plants.This report includes: 1. A literature review of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the society and the environment. 2. A field study of occurrence and removal of the protozoa during wastewater and sludge treatment and,3. A laboratory study to further evaluate the efficiency of sludge treatment at various temperatures.

published_or_final_version ; Environmental Management ; Master ; Master of Science in Environmental Management

Sewage sludge use in agriculture is promoted by the European Union since the normative of cleaning waters related to the compulsory use of depuration plants in all cities over 2000 inhabitants was finally implemented in 2005. The University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) has been conducted long-term experiment research about the application of different sewage sludge doses in silvopastoral systems. Main results shown that sewage sludge can be successfully used as fertilizer for both tree and pasture development, with reduced toxicity for animals when plant production is considered in both very acidic and acidic-neutral soils. This paper provides an overview of the main findings in acidic soils of the long-term results after application of sewage sludge in soils.

Reprinted from Political science quarterly, vol. xx, no. 2. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The production of cement is responsible for 5 % of the global CO2-emissions (Development, International Energy Agency and World Business Council for Sustainable, 2009). It is thereby desirable to reduce the amount of cement used by replacing it, or part of it, with another material. Today the concrete industry is experienced in using fly ash from coal combustion. This project investigates how addition of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) to concrete affects the corrosion environment for reinforcement bars. This project used ISSA from Lynetten treatment plant. Relevant properties of the ISSA are investigated such as pH, Water Solubility, Water content, Content of organic materials, Electrical conductivity, and particle size. Furthermore the content of heavy metals and soluble anions in the ISSA was investigated. Tests were carried out on mortar samples as the mortar has smaller aggregates (<4mm) and therefore is more homogeneous than concrete. The castings were carried out according to the recipe from DS/EN 196:2005 (w/c-ratio: 0.5). Three types of mortar samples were used: Reference samples, samples where 10 % of the cement were replaced, and samples where 5 % of the sand was replaced. The mortar samples were investigated for changes in diffusion of chlorides, capillary suction, density, porosity, and samples with reinforcement were placed in an air-saltwater-cycle for investigating changes in chloride-induced corrosion. Generally the lab-test did not indicate critical properties for the ISSA from Lynetten. There was however found a content of heavy metals, which compared to the demands in the Danish legislation 1662 (Danish Ministry of the Environment, 2010), falls in category 2 hence its use is restricted for certain civil works. The properties of ISSAs generally seemed to vary between different batches from the same sewage sludge plant. Most of which can possible be explained by differences in the efficiency of the combustion. The test on the mortar samples yielded the following conclusions. The tests ...

Activated sludge is now one of the most widely used biological processes for the treatment of wastewaters from medium to large populations. It produces high amounts of sewage sludge that can be managed and perceived in two main ways: as a waste it is discharged in landfill, as a fertilizer it is disposed in agriculture with direct application to soil or subjected to anaerobic digestion and composting. Other solutions, such as incineration or production of concrete, bricks and asphalt play a secondary role in terms of their degree of diffusion. The agronomical value of domestic sewage sludge is a proved question, which may be hidden by the presence of several pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds and pathogens. In this way, the sustainability of sewage sludge agricultural disposal requires a value judgment based on knowledge and evaluation of the level of pollution of both sewage sludge and soil. The article analyzed a typical Italian case study, a water management system of small communities, applying the criteria of evaluation of the last official document of European Union about sewage sludge land application, the "Working Document on Sludge (3rd draft, 2000)". The report brought out good sewage sludge from small wastewater treatment plants and soils quality suggesting a sustainable application.

In this work, we review relevant thermochemical processes and current product treatment/utilization issues for continuing applied research according to European union strategic calls and industry demand.

Activated sludge is now one of the most widely used biological processes for the treatment of wastewaters from medium to large populations. It produces high amounts of sewage sludge that can be managed and perceived in two main ways: as a waste it is discharged in landfill, as a fertilizer it is disposed in agriculture with direct application to soil or subjected to anaerobic digestion and composting. Other solutions, such as incineration or production of concrete, bricks and asphalt play a secondary role in terms of their degree of diffusion. The agronomical value of domestic sewage sludge is a proved question, which may be hidden by the presence of several pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds and pathogens. In this way, the sustainability of sewage sludge agricultural disposal requires a value judgment based on knowledge and evaluation of the level of pollution of both sewage sludge and soil. The article analyzed a typical Italian case study, a water management system of small communities, applying the criteria of evaluation of the last official document of European Union about sewage sludge land application, the "Working Document on Sludge (3rd draft, 2000)". The report brought out good sewage sludge from small wastewater treatment plants and soils quality suggesting a sustainable application.

Currently, the constantly growing problem in the municipal economy is the management of sewage sludge. According to the law, it is the local government that is responsible for the utilization of sewage sludge and is obliged to select optimal technologies, obtain funds and convince the community of the necessity of its implementation. BIONOR Company has developed an innovative concept for the separation and utilization of sewage sludge in the BIONOR SLUDGE compact installation. This innovative technology is effective from the perspective of reducing the waste amount and can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge produced in small, rural wastewater treatment plants. The aim of the article is the characterization of the BIONOR SLUDGE technology, a comparative analysis of costs of sludge disposal using a variety of methods and an indication of the importance of sludge management for the local development. To achieve the goal set in the article, a discriminative method was used - a description of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line as well as a case study method - a comparative analysis of the costs of operation of BIONOR SLUDGE technological line and the costs of landfilling and utilizing of sewage sludge. The research results confirm that the monthly operational costs of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line are lower than the costs of monthly landfilling or disposal. For potential municipalities, the introduction of BIONOR innovative technology is economical. Moreover, its usage is currently essential for many municipalities due to the introduction of a ban on landfilling of this type of waste from 1 January 2016. This technology can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge generated in small, rural wastewater treatment plants.

Currently, the constantly growing problem in the municipal economy is the management of sewage sludge. According to the law, it is the local government that is responsible for the utilization of sewage sludge and is obliged to select optimal technologies, obtain funds and convince the community of the necessity of its implementation. BIONOR Company has developed an innovative concept for the separation and utilization of sewage sludge in the BIONOR SLUDGE compact installation. This innovative technology is effective from the perspective of reducing the waste amount and can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge produced in small, rural wastewater treatment plants. The aim of the article is the characterization of the BIONOR SLUDGE technology, a comparative analysis of costs of sludge disposal using a variety of methods and an indication of the importance of sludge management for the local development. To achieve the goal set in the article, a discriminative method was used - a description of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line as well as a case study method - a comparative analysis of the costs of operation of BIONOR SLUDGE technological line and the costs of landfilling and utilizing of sewage sludge. The research results confirm that the monthly operational costs of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line are lower than the costs of monthly landfilling or disposal. For potential municipalities, the introduction of BIONOR innovative technology is economical. Moreover, its usage is currently essential for many municipalities due to the introduction of a ban on landfilling of this type of waste from 1 January 2016. This technology can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge generated in small, rural wastewater treatment plants.

The problem of utilization of waste treatment facilities every year becomes more acute for many urban, rural settlements in Russia. Over the years near their territories, numerous sludge–infested sludge plots, tailing dumps, dumps, and quarries were formed. Their presence significantly affects the living conditions of the population, environmental safety in the regions. The purpose of this paper is a comparative description of the method for disinfecting sewage fecal waste and a device for utilization of sludge from sewage treatment plants. Precipitation formed in the process of wastewater treatment in the form of excess silt, although they are of value due to the content of a number of organic components, but do not have a permanent composition. This, in turn, requires certain compliance with the processing conditions for use as fertilizers in obtaining agricultural products. In sediments, heavy metals are often found. Getting into the soil, they can adversely affect plants, animals and humans, the natural environment in general. Meanwhile, the introduction of various composts into the soil or production on their basis is one of the ways to solve the problem of getting rid of the huge amount of waste that accumulates in populated areas. The soil is enriched with nutrient macro- and microelements and organic substances. Utilization of precipitation in the form of fertilizers in agriculture will reduce the costs of mineral fertilizers to 600–1000 rubles/ha. To regulate the introduction of sewage sludge into the soil, taking into account the requirements of environmental safety, it is necessary to introduce a system of legislative acts.

Report no. 2 issued jointly by the Office for Local Government and the Dept. of Health. ; Contents.--no. 1. A new ten-year program for aiding municipalities.--no. 2. Comprehensive sewerage studies; manual of procedure.--no. 3. Constructing economic sewage works; guide for municipal officials.--no. 4. Statewide Map series.--no. 5. Water and sewer service areas. 2 v. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement&mdash ; primarily wastewater management&mdash ; were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.

In this study, the behavior of bituminous mixes made with sewage sludge ash (SSA) as mineral filler was investigated. The behavior of these mixes was evaluated with the Cantabro, indirect tensile strength, water sensitivity, permanent deformation, and resilient modulus tests. The results show that SSA waste may be used in bituminous mixes at approximately 2–3% weight percent, maintaining adequate levels of cohesion and adhesion in the mixtures, which is comparable to mixtures made with active fillers such as hydrated lime and cement. Moreover, its use does not increase permanent deformations. However, the resilient modulus test gave slightly lower results for mixes made with SSA than for mixtures made with other fillers. It may be concluded that SSA waste may be used as a filler for bituminous mixes with better results than for mixes made with limestone fillers and with similar results for mixes made with other fillers such as hydrated lime and cement. ; This work has been financed by the University of Alicante through projects VIGROB-256 and GRE10-28 and by the Valencian Provincial government through Project GV/2012/113.