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Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- A NOTE ON SOURCES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER ONE. THE FORMATION OF AN ARABOTTOMAN GENTLEMAN -- CHAPTER TWO. WAR AND EXILE -- CHAPTER THREE. ADOPTION OF THE ARAB CAUSE -- CHAPTER FOUR. ADVOCATE OF ISLAMIC NATIONALISM: THE ARAB EAST -- CHAPTER FIVE. MENTOR TO A GENERATION: NORTH AFRICA -- CHAPTER SIX. THE INTEGRITY OF TRADITION -- CHAPTER SEVEN. TOWARD THE AXIS -- CHAPTER EIGHT. CONCLUSION -- A CHRONOLOGY OF SHAKIB ARSLAN -- NOTES -- SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX

Both al-Kawakibi and Arsalan lived in late nineteenth century characterised with decline of the Muslim nations and the British, French and Italian imperialism. Muslims became promoters of the imperialist cause and Muslim elites were separating religion from politics an idea en route to secularism. The state of Muslims during this period was same everywhere, though varies in degree. Muslims lag far behind in almost everything. Al-Kawakibi and Arsalan rose to identify the causes of the decline of the Muslim ummah as majorly an internal factor than external. Similarly they promoted the return to Al-Qur'an and fundamental principles of Islam, and further advocated Knowledge for all, without dichotomy between religion and science. DOI:10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n6p539

The adolescent transition is characterized by heightened social pressure to conform to gender expectations from peers and increased female sports attrition. However, few studies examine how gender shapes physical activity participation in peer contexts. Through qualitative life-history interviews with high school basketball players, this study explores female sports participation and attrition throughout adolescence. To what extent do pre- and post-pubertal sporting experiences differ for girls? Results indicate that before and after puberty, girls' peer statuses and gender statuses are conflated. Female popularity (peer status) often contradicted (high status) basketball player. At both time points, girls had to renegotiate a tension between popularity (peer status) and athleticism. However, a postpubertal failure to emphasize femininity and/or downplay skills led peers to question girls' heterosexuality. Therefore, homophobia may be complicit in female sports attrition. Modifiable social processes in peer contexts are identified for post—Title IX gender equity education.

Higher education has been one of the prominent sectors in Afghanistan for the past decade. There has been a steady increase in the representation of women within the higher education system in the country. However, the growth of an educated workforce within the job market and the growth of the national economy have not been equal. A high number of university women graduates are jobless, employed in non-relevant professions, or working in part-time jobs like teaching in primary and secondary school. This paper explores the contribution and representation of university women graduates in the economy of Afghanistan. Through a liberal feminist lens, the research views the socioeconomic and political dimensions of gender equality norms and women's empowerment in the country. This paper further determines applicable approaches and solutions towards representation of educated women within the job market and the economy of Afghanistan in the long run.