Suchergebnisse

Il lavoro si propone di affrontare un problema urgente e non rimandabile: la condizione di emergenza ambientale del pianeta terra. Il fenomeno viene ricostruito storicamente, focalizzando l'attenzione sugli aspetti filosoficamente rilevanti – come, per esempio, il rapporto tra scienza e tecnica – e dimostrando la necessità di un cambiamento di rotta, soprattutto in riferimento al fenomeno del surriscaldamento climatico. A questo riguardo viene passata in rassegna una tassonomia delle etiche ambientali, dividendole tra antropocentriche e anti-antropocentriche e considerando la rilevante eccezione a questo schema rappresentata da Hans Jonas. Vengono sottolineati i problemi che incontra l'etica nell'affrontare un compito complesso, globale, a responsabilità diffusa e per il quale è difficile individuare basi motivazionali come quello della difesa dell'ambiente. Per compensare queste mancanze viene preso in analisi il concetto di beni comuni, sulla scia della sua diffusione avvenuta negli ultimi anni. Questo è analizzato nel suo sviluppo a livello di storia delle idee. Sono presi in considerazione in modo critico i contributi di Garret Hardin, di Elinor Ostrom e dei diversi rappresentati dei fronti italiani, divisi in tre approcci: quello dei benecomunisti, quello giuridico e quello dell'etica della cura. Inoltre tale concetto viene posto in relazione dialogica con quelli di bene comune, democrazia e diritti e viene proposta una tassonomia dei suoi usi che si divide in quattro modalità: economica, giuridica, etica e sociale. Infine, viene valutato in modo critico l'effettivo contributo dei diversi fronti dei beni comuni e di un loro possibile approccio integrato possono fornire a livello etico e normativo per contribuire ala difesa dell'ambiente. L'attenzione viene posta anche sul rapporto tra crisi e opportunità e sull'etica animale. In conclusione, l'approccio dei beni comuni sembra essere insufficiente perché manca di una prospettiva globale per affrontare un problema che invece la richiede come quello ambientale. Vengono, quindi, proposte alcune possibili integrazioni. ; This work wants to face an urgent and not postponable issue: the environmental emergency on Planet Earth. The topic is explored from an historical point of view, focusing on some philosophically considerable issues – as, for example, the connection between science and technology – and showing how a change of human behaviour is needed, especially regarding global warming. A taxonomy of the environmental ethics is described, dividing them in anthropocentric and anti-anthropocentric and considering the exception of Hans Jonas. Ethic has problems to face such a complex, global, and with widespread responsibility task which does not offer a sound ground for motivation as environmental protection. In order to exceed these limits, the attention is focused on the notion of common goods, which has encountered a large use over the last few years. This topic is firstly described under the perspective of the history of ideas. Then some proposals are critically examined as the one of Garret Hardin, Elinor Ostrom and some among the different line-ups of the Italian debate as the "benecomunisti", the juridical and the ethic of care approach. Moreover the notion of commons is related in a dialogic way to other concepts such as common good, democracy and rights and a taxonomy of its uses is proposed diving them into: economical, juridical, ethical and social uses. Finally the different proposals of the commons and the one of their integrated approach are critically analysed regarding the help they can offer from an ethical and normative point of view to the task of environmental protection. Also the crisis/opportunity dialectic and topics from animal ethics are described. In conclusion, the common goods approach is considered not sufficient to face a global issue as environmental emergency because of its lack of a global perspective. Therefore some possible integrations are offered.

L'articolo compie un percorso esplorativo, facendo ricorso soprattutto alla letteratura esistente, sui potenziali effetti dei sistemi di mobilità condivisa sullo sviluppo e l'organizzazione delle città. La prima sezione ripercorre in una prospettiva storica le forme di interazione tra esigenze di mobilità e modelli di urbanizzazione, analizzandone i presupposti socio-economici e gli effetti dal punto di vista ambientale. Successivamente vengono esaminate le condizioni culturali e tecnologiche che hanno consentito la diffusione della sharing mobility nelle città occidentali, analizzandone in chiave critica le relazioni con lo spazio urbano. Nell'ultimo paragrafo ci si interroga sulle forme di pianificazione e regolazione più congrue per collocare i servizi di sharing mobility all'interno delle politiche pubbliche condotte dai governi locali, in particolare quelle rivolte allo sviluppo sostenibile ed al contrasto della marginalità urbana. ; In the context of the relationship between transport and urban development, the paper discusses the impact that shared mobility services can have on the spatial and functional organisation of cities. The first section provides a review of the interplay in history between transport and urban development, with a view to the implication different mobility systems can have on space and the environment. Then, the cultural and technological drivers for the spreading of shared mobility in contemporary cities are examined, including the response these services can provide to the mobility needs of different users in urban areas. In the concluding section we analyse in what circumstances shared mobility can be part of a policy-making process to promote a balanced urban development, making cities more inclusive and sustainable.

Fin dalla formulazione della teoria della tragedy of the commons di Garrett Hardin nel 1968, assistiamo, sia in ambito accademico sia nella società, a un rinnovato interesse per i commons, le forme collettive o comunitarie di gestione delle risorse ambientali. Questa tesi illustra il funzionamento di queste particolari istituzioni, concentrandosi su un caso di studio italiano, le cosiddette partecipanze agrarie emiliane, indagate adottando una prospettiva antropologica di lungo periodo. Se negli ultimi decenni si sono moltiplicate le ricerche etnografiche e gli studi sperimentali volti a spiegare il grado di performance raggiungibile dai commons, poca attenzione è stata data ai modi in cui questi si formano e si modificano nel tempo per adattarsi a situazioni ecologiche, economiche, politiche e sociali differenti. Sostenendo la necessità di adottare una metodologia il più possibile interdisciplinare, in cui l'antropologo dialoga con la storia, l'economia, la demografia e altre discipline, le domande che guidano la ricerca sono le seguenti: quando, dove e come sono emerse queste particolari istituzioni? Per quali motivi e in che modo sono cambiate nel corso del tempo? Quali fattori hanno permesso loro di continuare ad esistere o, al contrario, le hanno condannate all'estinzione? Quali conseguenze i commons recano all'ambiente e alla popolazione locale nel lungo periodo? In che modo il rapporto tra queste comunità umane e il loro ambiente forgia identità, memorie e comportamenti condivisi? Un'analisi di lungo periodo delle partecipanze agrarie emiliane evidenzia la complessità del fenomeno, in cui i principi di cooperazione sono sempre coesistiti con forti tensioni e conflitti sia interni che esterni, e dove le strategie di gate keeping ed esclusione dei non membri hanno portato nel corso dei secoli a modificare la struttura dei commons, la composizione della popolazione e l'ambiente circostante. ; Since the formulation of the "tragedy of the commons" theory by Garrett Hardin in 1968, we are witnessing, both in the academic world and the society, a renewed interest in the commons, the collective or communal forms of management of environmental resources. This thesis describes the functioning of these particular institutions, focusing on an Italian case study, the so-called "partecipanze agrarie" of Emilia, investigated by adopting a long term anthropological perspective. While during the last decades ethnographic and experimental studies tried to explain the level of performance reached by the commons, scarce attention has been given to the ways in which the commons are formed and change over time to adapt to different ecological, economic, political and social situations. Arguing the need to adopt an interdisciplinary methodology, where anthropology merges with history, economics, demography and other disciplines, the questions that guide the research are the following: When, where and how have the commons emerged? For what reasons and in what way have they changed over time? What factors have helped them to survive or, on the contrary, have condemned them to extinction? What consequences do the commons bring to the environment and to the local population in the long run? How has the relationship between these human communities and their environment forged identities, memories and a shared behavior? A long term analysis of the "partecipanze agrarie" highlights the complexity of the phenomenon, in which principles of cooperation have always coexisted with strong tensions and conflicts, both internal and external, and where gate-keeping strategies and the exclusion of non-members have led to modify over the centuries the structure of the commons, the composition of the population and the surrounding environment.

The original aim of SITAR was to create an instrument available to the community: the idea of 'mapping' a complex city like Rome was conceived with the intention of offering a participatory, open and shared data environment. For this reason, the system created in 2007 quickly converted into a webGIS platform capable of showing the topographic positioning of archaeological finds together with descriptive data sheets. Instead, the original documentation of the excavations, pending a decision by MiBAC, is only visible on request, also considering the instances submitted by data producers who have claimed copyright. However, a more in-depth examination of the legislation and in particular of the latest laws leads to the conclusion that the State is the only competent body in this area. Moreover, these rules clearly define the maximum accessibility, usability and reuse of data, guaranteeing full access to documents and administrative procedures, providing the legal basis for a knowledge democracy.

The National Library Service has formed part of the political and professional agenda of the Italian Library Association for many years.From a certain point of view the idea of an SBN as developed by the AIB is in line with the political tradition of the Association or with what can be considered the 'modern' political story of the Association that had begun in the Sixties: awareness of the plurality of the institutional levels of our country, regionalism, institutional cooperation, nationalization of state intervention. Now we must have the courage to imagine a new frontier for Italian libraries and for the SBN. The SBN cannot coincide either with a computer project, or just with a bibliographic system. We must imagine a new cooperative environment that will permit all Italian libraries to deliver a minimum level of services and to create value for citizens. A cooperative environment based on libraries rather than institutional levels, on inclusion and not on assimilation, on plurality, on diversity and on sharing of values and objectives. An environment that will look to the future and that will call young librarians especially to trace its outlines so promoting the contribution of new cultures, able to dare and imagine the new without an excessive respect for consolidated convictions.A new cooperative environment requires courageous political action from the Association: new cooperation semantics must be drawn up, cooperation must be extended even to areas beyond libraries, a new language and new rules must be shared, a different division of national and local services must be imagined, the national services must be restructured basing them on an Italian National Library that in a federated perspective can be a reference point for the memory and future of the country and may contribute to the construction of its European identity. Above all it is necessary to create a sort of distributive community in which all actors, all communities that belong to it contribute to developing a chain of values for Italian citizens, in which service is more important than software, in which the user is more important than the catalogue, in which the future is more important than the past and its burdensome inheritance. ; The National Library Service has formed part of the political and professional agenda of the Italian Library Association for many years.From a certain point of view the idea of an SBN as developed by the AIB is in line with the political tradition of the Association or with what can be considered the 'modern' political story of the Association that had begun in the Sixties: awareness of the plurality of the institutional levels of our country, regionalism, institutional cooperation, nationalization of state intervention. Now we must have the courage to imagine a new frontier for Italian libraries and for the SBN. The SBN cannot coincide either with a computer project, or just with a bibliographic system. We must imagine a new cooperative environment that will permit all Italian libraries to deliver a minimum level of services and to create value for citizens. A cooperative environment based on libraries rather than institutional levels, on inclusion and not on assimilation, on plurality, on diversity and on sharing of values and objectives. An environment that will look to the future and that will call young librarians especially to trace its outlines so promoting the contribution of new cultures, able to dare and imagine the new without an excessive respect for consolidated convictions.A new cooperative environment requires courageous political action from the Association: new cooperation semantics must be drawn up, cooperation must be extended even to areas beyond libraries, a new language and new rules must be shared, a different division of national and local services must be imagined, the national services must be restructured basing them on an Italian National Library that in a federated perspective can be a reference point for the memory and future of the country and may contribute to the construction of its European identity. Above all it is necessary to create a sort of distributive community in which all actors, all communities that belong to it contribute to developing a chain of values for Italian citizens, in which service is more important than software, in which the user is more important than the catalogue, in which the future is more important than the past and its burdensome inheritance.

The emergence of risk as the dominant issue of the second modernity is primarily due to a crisis in scientific knowledge and the ability to foresee the consequences of human decisions on the socio-natural environment. The concept of risk highlights the limitations of deterministic approaches and the difficulty of recomposing disciplinary knowledge and decision-making criteria within a consistent epistemological framework, suitable to complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. The apparent irreducibility of languages, scientific cultures and normative claims, along with the illusion of self-sufficiency of knowledge, have often amplified risks rather than mitigating them. Risk communication goes far beyond to be a set of messages conveyed by experts (scientists, public authorities), thus becoming a place of complexity, where the process of mediation of knowledge is aimed at inclusion, confidence building and the construction of rules and shared procedures for a more open, participatory and democratic management of risks. Keywords: Risk Communication, Risk Society, Risk governance, Complexity, Theoryof Systems

[English]: In the last years, institutional repositories of preprints and scholarly publications have become a peak experience in the digital library environment, enabling the involvement of authors and scientific communities in a free and shared access to the results of research, and to its circulation trough the web. This volume collects a series of essays, both published and unpublished, that Antonella De Robbio wrote with respect to the issue of scientific information, and to the reply given by the Open Access Movement (OAI). The collection aims to a double purpose: first, to fill the gap in the lacking Italian bibliography concerning Open Archives; second, to take stock of the difficult situation of the Open Access Movement, and of the hope of its advocates that this movement could promote a democratic and immediate circulation of scientific knowledge./ [Italiano]: Negli ultimi anni, i depositi istituzionali di preprint e di pubblicazioni scientifiche (Open Archive) sono diventati tra le esperienze di punta della biblioteca digitale, favorendo il coinvolgimento degli autori e delle diverse comunità scientifiche nella diffusione in rete e nell'accesso libero e condiviso ai risultati della ricerca. In questo volume vengono raccolti alcuni saggi, editi e inediti, che Antonella De Robbio ha dedicato al problema dell'informazione scientifica e alla risposta che ad esso ha dato il movimento per l'accesso aperto. La raccolta si propone un duplice obiettivo: da un lato, di colmare una lacuna nel panorama della carente bibliografia italiana sugli Archivi aperti; dall'altro, di fare il punto della situazione sulla delicata questione del movimento Open Access e della speranza nutrita dai suoi sostenitori che esso possa promuovere la diffusione democratica e tempestiva delle conoscenze scientifiche. /[ENGLISH] In the last years, institutional repositories of preprints and scholarly publications have become a peak experience in the digital library environment, enabling the involvement of authors and scientific communities in a free and shared access to the results of research, and to its circulation trough the web. This volume collects a series of essays, both published and unpublished, that Antonella De Robbio wrote with respect to the issue of scientific information, and to the reply given by the Open Access Movement (OAI). The collection aims to a double purpose: first, to fill the gap in the lacking Italian bibliography concerning Open Archives; second, to take stock of the difficult situation of the Open Access Movement, and of the hope of its advocates that this movement could promote a democratic and immediate circulation of scientific knowledge.

Automi, realtà virtuale e formiche ("Automata, virtual reality and ants") proposes an analysis of the complexity of the war phenomenon through three different approaches: in the microphysics of the individual action, in simulated reality and in a metaphor with the biological environment. The investigation into the nature of the interactions between man and machine presents the attempt to dominate the Clausewitzian uncertainty of the battle through an automated, post-human system. This seems to be resolved in the Omega Point, which the theologian de Chardin had identified as a point of escape from entropy and from the disorder of reality. There is neither a scientific solution, nor a theological fate. Intelligence is shared through the semantics of the satellite, of the drone and through the information passing from machine to machine. While the warriors will act as a swarm, by sharing a huge amount of data, each one of them on the exocrine glands of the machine, St. Basil was right when he warned that whoever claims to speak on the nature of things (and therefore on war) should first of be able to speak of the nature of the ant.

The article describes, first, the global emergency related to the production, consumption and dispersion in the environment of non-recyclable or reusable disposable plastic. Subsequently, it continues with the analysis of the objectives and measures established in the context of the European strategy for plastics and the recent Directive(EU) No 2019/904. In fact, behind the objectives and legal solutions offered by the European Union, there is the hope, shared by the author, that the challenges connected to the production, consumption and the end of the life cycle of plastic can become opportunities, and will not only guarantee everyone a healthier environment, but will also drive the European plastics industry towards innovation and growth, creating at the same workplaces and increasing the rate of employment. ; Nell'attuale contesto sociale, è particolarmente avvertita, a livello mondiale, l'esigenza di contenere l'impatto ambientale relativo alla produzione, consumo e dispersione nell'ambiente della plastica monouso non riciclabile o riutilizzabile. Proprio l'emergenza globale connessa alla diffusione di tale materiale viene illustrata nella prima parte del presente studio, ove ne vengono forniti anche allarmanti numeri. Successivamente, l'articolo prosegue con l'analisi degli obiettivi e delle misure stabilite nell'ambito della strategia europea per la plastica e dalla recente direttiva UE/2019/904. Dietro gli obiettivi e le soluzioni giuridiche offerte dall'Unione europea, infatti, v'è la speranza – condivisa dall'Autore – che le sfide connesse alla produzione, al consumo e alla fine del ciclo di vita della plastica possano trasformarsi inopportunità, tanto per assicurare a tutti un ambiente più sano e pulito, quanto per condurrel'industria europea della plastica all'innovazione e alla crescita, con maggiori livelli ancheoccupazionali. ; W artykule przedstawiono globalny kryzys związany z produkcją, zużyciem i rozproszeniem w środowisku jednorazowego plastiku nienadającego się do recyklingu ani wielokrotnego użycia. Następnie dokonano analizy celów i środków przewidzianych w strategii europejskiej dotyczącej tworzyw sztucznych oraz w dyrektywie (UE) nr 2019/904. W istocie za celami i rozwiązaniami prawnymi, jakie stwarza Unia Europejska, kryje się podzielana przez autora nadzieja, że wyzwania związane z produkcją, konsumpcją i zakończeniem cyklu życia tworzyw sztucznych mogą stać się szansami i nie tylko zapewnią zdrowsze środowisko, ale także popchną europejski przemysł tworzyw sztucznych w kierunku innowacji i wzrostu, tworząc miejsca pracy i zwiększając wskaźnik zatrudnienia.

This paper aims to analyse the possible convergence between the scouting educational movement founded by Baden Powell in 1908, and the Capability Approach. The general purpose of this paper is to verify how scouting, through the game in the educational mediation, can guarantee the basis for the capability discernment of self-education. To same extent is to understand how the self-educating proposal can become a way for the implementation of sustainable development, wished by the objectives of Agenda 2030. Scouting, based on micro-organization for patrols, becomes the receptacle for capability-actions, for possibility of shared governance. It is a true environment to implementation of lucky and generative synthesis between global targets and educational emergencies, thanks to the possibility of giving happiness to others and the development of a concretely democratic conscience. ; Il presente lavoro intende analizzare la possibile convergenza tra il movi- mento educativo scoutistico, fondato da Baden Powell a partire dal 1908, e il Capability Approach. Si vuole provare a verificare come lo scoutismo, attraverso il dispositivo del gioco nella mediazione educativa, possa garantire la base per l'intendimento capacitante dell'autoeducazione e comprendere come la proposta autoeducante possa divenire strada per l'attuazione dello sviluppo sostenibile, augurato dagli obiettivi dell'Agenda 2030. Lo scoutismo, in forza della sua micro-organizzazione per pattuglie, diventa il ricettacolo di capacit-azioni, di possibilità di governance condivise; vero ambiente per attuare la fortunata e generativa sintesi tra gli obiettivi mondiali e le emergenze educative, grazie alla procura della felicità per gli altri e alla formazione di una coscienza concretamente democratica.

Maintaining and improving the soil resource is crucial for the protection of the global environment, the sustainability issues, the human well-being, and the economic development. Soil is in fact a complex integrated system whose multitude of biotic and abiotic properties allows the provision of functions, which in turn deliver ecosystem services for human benefits. The most widespread agrarian, forest and food production systems may have negative impacts on soil, thus exacerbating its degradation processes. There is an increasing awareness that improper use or poor soil management, together with the most recent events related to climate change, jeopardize the proper functioning of soils. The need to protect the soil resource is thus widely shared internationally. One of the major challenges in the new growth EU strategy is to accomplish food security and to promote sustainable agricultural development, achieving the climate neutrality by 2050. Given the crucial role of soil for human activities, the Soil Thematic Group of the Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna (Italy), states its position identifying the main challenges for the future growth of EU in: - The organic carbon loss; - Bio-technologies for agro-waste conversion into eco-efficient bio-based products; - Soil biodiversity: preservation and restoration; - The agroecological systems for supporting the farm to fork and ecosystems and biodiversity policies; - Towards a soil sustainable and suitable farm and food system; - Forest soil restoration; - Next generation policy instruments for soil conservation and carbon sequestration; - Soil as energy resource for sustainable rural facilities; - Novel methodologies and approaches to multi-criteria landscape analysis, monitoring and planning.

Le zone interne, spesso coincidenti con lo spazio rurale esprimono dimensioni sociali, politiche ed economiche, espressioni della cultura locale. La capacità di innescare processi che mirano contemporaneamente a creare economia, valore sociale e ambientale attraverso innovative formule organizzative indicano nuovi ruoli e responsabilità sono fondamentali. per la costruzione dello sviluppo L'innovazione deve prestare attenzione alla necessità di una transizione socio-ecologica della società e dell'economia. L'ambiente naturale e' considerato un elemento centrale nelle strategie di sviluppo, fonte insostituibile per la sopravvivenza stessa dell'uomo. Il lavoro schematizza una nuova visione delle zone interne e rurali, territori che assumono cruciale importanza nei processi di cambiamento e di transizione ecologica che la società sta vivendo. ; The territory of the inland areas, often coinciding with a rural territory, is the result of sedimentation of social, political, and economic practices, expressed by the local culture. Today, the ability to trigger processes that simultaneously aim at creating economic, social, and environmental value through innovative organizational formulas that propose new roles and responsibilities in building development is fundamental. Innovation must pay attention to the need for a socio-ecological transition of society and the economy. The natural environment must be considered a central element in development strategies, an irreplaceable source for the very survival of man. Sustainable Development Goals can be achieved through a shared vision and structured process, which means that a transition management approach could potentially change society in the medium to long term. The article proposes a new vision of inland and rural areas, territories that assume crucial importance in the processes of change that society is currently experiencing.

Ciò che si presenta è un estratto del percorso di pianificazione strategica maturato in modo partecipato sulla costa Jonica calabrese, perseguendo obiettivi condivisi in chiave ambientale. Il documento è stato redatto in linea con l'approccio richiesto dall'Unione Europea in relazione alla valutazione ambientale strategica e nel rispetto della pianificazione ambientale regionale. Può ritenersi un buon esempio di Pianificazione Strategica realizzato dal basso con il coinvolgimento attivo degli attori sociali ed economici. Il piano strategico della città di Crotone è rappresentativo di una reazione culturale nell'Italia Meridionale e rispecchia pratiche analoghe in Europa. La città si dota di uno strumento importante di indirizzo per una "Primavera del mezzogiorno" e si riappropria del "diritto alla Città", riaprendosi al mare ed interpretando un nuovo valore d'impresa, superando i fenomeni politici esogeni dei decenni passati, con politiche di rigenerazione degli insediamenti costieri in relazione alla città. In un certo senso si affida ai nuovi valori di sostenibilità che determinano l'impresa produttiva del turismo e della cultura, riconnettendo il sistema costiero al tessuto densamente antropizzato, attraverso connessioni ecologiche di semplice fruibilità. ; A strategic planning with the participation of stakeholders about municipality.Pursuing shared for sustainable environment, and innovative line for the VAS approach required by the European Union. Harmonization of environmental planning with the active involvement of social and economic actors. The PS of Crotone is considered to be the most important tool of "Awakening of the South Italy" through the reappropriation of "Space of the City", overcoming political and economic phenomena of conteporary city.Crotone like a productive enterprise of culture, and about "sweet tourism" whit the reconnecting of coastal system, through simple ecological connections usability.

open ; Nuragic sanctuaries represent the most consistent expression of ritual behaviour in Western Mediterranean during the whole European Protohistory. The research follows a general scheme which proceeds from punctual archaeological analyses and gradually reaches wider degrees of comparative considerations. The study starts with an exhaustive chronological revision of the whole evidence related to Nuragic ritual practices, thus including proper sanctuaries, hoards and isolated offerings. All the collected evidence is then employed in a functional analysis, which aims to the recognition of the individual ritual behaviour as it is determined by commonly shared norms, ensuing from the social environment. In the latter chapters the impact of nuragic sanctuaries in the socio-political reltionships among Nuragic communities is finally explored. The rise of vast monumental stone-built sanctuaries bears evidence of the effective capacity of nuragic communities - which are scattered among thousands of limited size settlements in a relatively small territory - of gathering and employing large amounts of manpower and skilled labour. Nuragic sanctuaries are the fulcrum of religious and socio-political relationships inside and between Sardinian communities during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, leading to the formation of broad sub-regional political entities which are capable to interact, on a fair basis, with the protourban Villanovian communities and the early Phoenician colonies. The study is partly based upon the consistent, and fully unpublished, evidence from Monte S. Antonio di Siligo (SS), one of the largest Sardinian sanctuaries. ; Archeologia ; European and Mediterranean protohistory; Italian Bronze age and Iron age relative chronology; prehistoric religion and its socio-economic impact; weight scales and prehistoric economy; quantification and statistical treatment of archaeological data. ; open ; Ialongo, Nicola ; Ialongo, Nicola

The most important Italian public policies regarding digital libraries are examined. The arguments, more political-institutional than technical, will give extensive emphasis to the project of the Italian Digital Library promoted by the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities, but with at least equal extensiveness they will also try to explain, on the basis of a confrontation with this project, a sort of ontology of digital libraries. The term ontology is used simply to indicate the specifications of a particular conceptual sphere together with its relative relations and for defining the commitment that language assumes towards that same sphere. Basically it will be sought to enumerate and define a minimum nucleus of objects and concepts included in the dominium of interest the boundary of which is marked by digital libraries, to outline a possible agreement (in ontology it would be defined an ontological commitment) on a vocabulary that is coextensive with that dominium. The commitment to agree on the adoption of a shared vocabulary is after all essential for attempting to outline a vision or at least for imagining a long-term strategy for public policies in this sector.The IDL ( Italian Digital Library) project (born between the end of 1998 and 1999 within the sphere of the General Management for library heritage, cultural institutions and publishing) and the subsequent scenario of integration of systems designed by the NTC project, apart from a few debatable architectural elements, define a national strategy of the sector. The success of this strategy will depend on the capacity to deal with three orders of problems: 1) share this strategy with all levels of government foreseen by our social order; 2) guarantee the participation of library services and cultural institutes; 3) define a new cooperative environment that is able to make different institutes (archives, libraries, museums and other agencies involved in the digital world), different cultures and languages, cooperate with one another without sacrificing their differences and without sacrificing their overall intelligence, or their ability to manage the whole. ; The most important Italian public policies regarding digital libraries are examined. The arguments, more political-institutional than technical, will give extensive emphasis to the project of the Italian Digital Library promoted by the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities, but with at least equal extensiveness they will also try to explain, on the basis of a confrontation with this project, a sort of ontology of digital libraries. The term ontology is used simply to indicate the specifications of a particular conceptual sphere together with its relative relations and for defining the commitment that language assumes towards that same sphere. Basically it will be sought to enumerate and define a minimum nucleus of objects and concepts included in the dominium of interest the boundary of which is marked by digital libraries, to outline a possible agreement (in ontology it would be defined an ontological commitment) on a vocabulary that is coextensive with that dominium. The commitment to agree on the adoption of a shared vocabulary is after all essential for attempting to outline a vision or at least for imagining a long-term strategy for public policies in this sector.The IDL ( Italian Digital Library) project (born between the end of 1998 and 1999 within the sphere of the General Management for library heritage, cultural institutions and publishing) and the subsequent scenario of integration of systems designed by the NTC project, apart from a few debatable architectural elements, define a national strategy of the sector. The success of this strategy will depend on the capacity to deal with three orders of problems: 1) share this strategy with all levels of government foreseen by our social order; 2) guarantee the participation of library services and cultural institutes; 3) define a new cooperative environment that is able to make different institutes (archives, libraries, museums and other agencies involved in the digital world), different cultures and languages, cooperate with one another without sacrificing their differences and without sacrificing their overall intelligence, or their ability to manage the whole.