In Annals of Spring and Autumn it is stated that: "State affairs are worship and military affairs." The inscriptions on turtle shells and bones are records of the escapulimancia during the Shang dynasty (≈1600 BC - 1046 BC), and that covers all aspects of life and society. The "tun" (屯) is a unit of measurement used for the turtle shells and bones of the oracle during the Shang dynasty. A shell or a bone is "a pian (丿)", and a pair is "a tun (屯)". "Shi tun" (示屯) refers to the "offering of shells and prepared bones", is one of the important sources of oracular bones. The organization and analysis of reception records in those bones allow us to get to know this dynasty of more than 3,000 years ago from a new perspective. In addition, we can also understand the social status of taxpayers and signatories,through comparisons with the content of otheroracular bones.
This article examines whether intermediaries and consumers exert similar influence on producers' boundary-spanning efforts. I propose that boundary spanning is primarily constrained by intermediaries specialized in the market, not by consumers. Consequently, producers are more likely to obscure boundaries when intermediaries' power weakens. To test these ideas, I exploit a natural experiment that shifted the hitmaking power of genre-specific radio stations to general consumers and thus partially democratized the market mediation structure of the U.S. commercial music industry. The results indicate that after democratization occurred in 2012, record labels were more likely to introduce crossover offerings that incorporated features from other popular genres. Through mechanism triangulation efforts, I found that strategic reorientation, or producers' attempt to appeal to a broader spectrum of consumers across genre lines, plausibly explains the crossover effect. This study highlights democratizing changes that dilute intermediaries' influence as a novel explanation of why constraints on producers' boundary decisions have weakened in some markets. The findings suggest that intermediaries' and consumers' expectations may diverge, acting as conflicting forces that organizations must carefully manage. Many organizations closely monitor intermediaries that are deemed influential, but their influence should not be taken for granted as marketplaces empower consumers and become more democratized.
According to a new "textual criticism" by a scholar, the Yuan drama 'Baiyueting'of Guan Hanqing was adapted from the South tune "Baiyueting" The paper focuses on the status of the North tune "Baiyueting" and the poetry-related areas of the South tune "Baiyueting" after citing the wrong textual criticism. From the perspective of the development of the Chinese drama art history, the paper makes a deep ,penetrating and full analysis of the relations between the two and relative issues. As a result, the academic propositions are confirmed, such as "the North tune' Baiyueting' was created by Guan Hanqing on the basis of his own experiences in politics in the early stage of his creation", "The South tune 'Baiyueting'was created in the mid-Yuan dynasty by a person living in Hangzhou called Shihui by thinking over and over again of the North tune'Baiyueting'","The two stages of the booming of the north tune'Baiyueting' and the development of the South tune 'Baiyueting' are two continual stages in the development history of the Chinese drama art, which are also by no means irreversible", thus providing the academic support with new facts and the notion of original poetry for the rewriting or revising the development history of the Chinese drama. Keywords: the North tune'Baiyueting', the South tune 'Baiyueting', Place in the History of Literature, Old Edition of the Capital of Yan, Think over, Poetry-related area Résumé Un certain savant a récemment proclamé que Le Pavillon de l'adoration de la Lune de Guan Hanqing fut adapté du théatre du Sud du même nom. Cet essai, partant de la place littéraire de l'opéra du Nord Pavillon et le champ de lien de la versification du théaâtre du Sud Pavillon, analyse de façon approfondie et minutieuse leurs relations et des problèmes concernés sous l'angle du développement de l'art théâtral chinois. Cette recherche a abouti à confirmer les thèmes académiques comme « l'opéra du Nord Pavillon, originaire de Guan Hanqing, fut créé au début de sa carrière littéraire et inspiré de son expérience politique. » ; « le théâtre du Sud Pavillon fut adapté de l'ancienne édition de la capitale Yan par un habitant de Hangzhou Shi Hui en ajoutant de la musique et de la parole » ; « la prospérité de l'opéra du Nord et l'essor du théâtre du Sud constituent deux phases étroitement liées dont la relation d'héritage est irréversible dans l'histoire de l'art théâtral chinois.», et à fournir un soutien académique doté de nouvelles découvertes de fait et de la théorie de la versification des créations originales pour la révision de l'histoire de développement de l'art théatrâl chinois. Mots-clés: opéra du Nord Le Pavillon de l'adoration de la Lune ; théâtre du Sud Le Pavillon de l'adoration de la Lune , place littaraire, anncienne édition de la capitale Yan, champ de lien de la versification 摘要 有學者新近"考證"出"關漢卿的《拜月亭》雜劇是根據南戲改編的"。本文援此失敗的"考據結論"切入,著眼于北曲《拜月亭》的文學史地位與南戲《拜月亭》的詩學關聯域,對二者的關係及相關問題從中國戲曲藝術歷史發展的角度,作了深入、精微、詳實的考索與辯析,使"北曲《拜月亭》系關漢卿創作生涯早期取材於個人特殊政治情感遭際的原創作品"、"南戲《拜月亭》為元中葉杭州人施惠'翻騰燕都舊本'而成的'填詞和曲'作品"、"北曲鼎盛與南戲勃興是中國戲曲發展史上兩個前後銜接且傳承關係絕對不可逆轉的發展階段"等學術命題得到了確證,為重寫或改寫中國戲曲發展史,提供了具有新的事實發現及原創詩學理念的學術支持。 關鍵詞:北曲《拜月亭》;南戲《拜月亭》;文學史地位;燕都舊本;翻騰;詩學關聯域
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Ministry of Education and Research ; Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; OPUS programme of the National Science Center (Poland) ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; MIUR project (Italy) ; Thalis programme ; Aristeia programme ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; MIUR project (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; New sets of parameters (tunes)for the underlying-event (UE) modelling of the PYTHIA8, PYTHIA6 and HERWIG++ MonteCarlo event generators are constructed using different parton distribution functions. Combined fits to CMS UE proton-proton (pp) data at root s = 7 TeV and to UE proton-antiproton (p (P) over bar) data from the CDF experiment at lower root s, are used to study the UE models and constrain their parameters, providing thereby improved predictions for proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV. In addition, it is investigated whether the values of the parameters obtained from fits to UE observables are consistent with the values determined from fitting observables sensitive to double-parton scattering processes. Finally, comparisons are presented of the UE tunes to minimum bias (MB) events, multijet, and Drell-Yan (q (Q) over bar -> Z/gamma* -> lepton-antilepton+jets) observables at 7 and 8 TeV, as well as predictions for MB and UE observables at 13 TeV.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) porous ceramics with high porosity, compressive strength and low thermal conductivity were prepared by Organic Foam Template Method. The effects of the sintering temperature, polycarboxylic acid (PCE) dispersant and pore size of organic foam template on the properties of MgO porous ceramics were investigated. The experiment results showed that with the increase of sintering temperature, the MgO porous ceramic shrinkage, skeleton density and compressive strength increased. PCE could increase the fluidity of slurry and make the framework clearer, as well as reduce the cracks formed in the process of drying effectively. When the content of PCE was 0.5 wt-%, the porosity, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of MgO porous ceramics were 88.5%, 1.6 MPa and 0.045 W/(m·K), respectively. In addition, as the pore size of the organic foam template decreased, the porosity decreased, and the resistance increased and the thermal conductivity increased.
Hayashi Yukio ; Yang Guangyuan: Preface Summary in Chinese Zhang Gongjin: Cultural trends among trans-national minorities in Yunnan Province and Indo-China during a period of social transition Sai Aung Tun: The Tai ethnic migration and settlement in Myanmar O'Connor, Richard A.: Who are the Tai? A discourse of place, activity and person He Shao-ying: An exposition on the funeral rite and view of soul of the Dai nationality in Jinping Rakpong, Prachang: Tai Dam in Laos : rituals of the death Tsutomu, Kaneshige: Village community and public architecture : wagx concept and drum tower among Dong people of Sanjiang in Guangxi Province, China Yang Guangyuan: A cultural interpretation of the religious and sacrificial rites of the Dai nationality Hasegawa, Kiyoshi: Cultural revival and ethnicity : the case of the Tai Lue in the Sipsong Panna, Yunnan Province Wichienkeeo, Aroonrut: Lawa (Lua) : a study from palm-leaf manuscripts and stone inscriptions Michio, Takatani: On narrative formation of spirit legends in Burma (Mayanmar) Hayashi Yukio: Spells and boundaries in regional context : Wisa and Thamma among the Thai-Lao in Northeast Thailand Li Guowen: The Naxi traditional medicine : the Dongba Sutra and Naxi ethnic group Liu Jing-rong: A study on the culture of the dance of Lahu nationality Shi Rui: On the marriage culture of the Jingpo nationality Zhao Yanshe: A tentative research on the culture of the wooden drum of Wa ethnic group Somkiat Jumlong: Migration of Yao labor in Nothern Thailand Yoko, Hayami: "He's really a Karen" : articulation of ethnic and gender relationship in a regional context
在香港,若逝世者生前沒有宗教信仰或指定的喪葬儀式,家人通常都會為他舉行道教葬禮。黎志添教授認為道教葬儀在香港已經習俗化。事實上,在一般情況下,進行道教葬儀根本不能反映死者生前信奉的宗教信仰。為何道教葬儀在香港會成為大部份香港人的習俗?我認為,道教葬儀音樂已成為香港人不言而喻的一種身份。 ; 港人一般不會關心葬儀,就算舉辦也不會深究儀式內容。但他們卻認為儀式中的音樂代表了他們的身份。在實地考察中,我發現道教葬儀音樂包含了不少廣東音樂的元素,曲牌《一錠金》就是其中的例子;事實上,採用道教儀式是香港人認同本土中國人身份的表現。 ; 在實地考察中,我發現研究道教殯儀音樂可有多個視角,其音樂及宗教元素更蘊含多層意義。本文以樂師的活動為切入點,以政治身份角力的角度,研究香港道教殯儀音樂。 ; In Hong Kong, a Taoist funeral is usually held for a deceased person by his or her family if the deceased did not have any religious belief or preference. In most cases, a Taoist funeral is a mere convention rather than a reflection of choice or religious affiliation of the deceased. To explore the reason of this ritual popularized in this particular region, I would like to suggest that the music played in a Taoist funeral is part of Hong Kong people's identities. ; Most Hong Kong people, in fact, would avoid the idea of death, not to mention death rituals. When they do, they usually have little knowledge of the Taoist ritual. Most, however, consider the music to be an essential part of the ritual, which reflects to a great extent, their identity. They do, however, consider that the music played represent their identity. ; During the fieldwork for this thesis, I identified a number of traditional Cantonese music pieces in the ritual. For example, the Cantonese tune "Yi-ding jin"一錠金has been playing a significant role. Ordinary Chinese people, as a matter of fact, accept that the music in Taoist funeral rituals represent their identity. ; I have come to understand that there are many layers in a Taoist funeral. The musicians, the ritual, and the Taoist philosophy are part and parcel of the funeral other than the music. Through extensive fieldwork and interviews, I attempt to draw a clear picture of Taoist funeral music activities in the Hong Kong community and explore the entwined relationship between politics and identity dynamics within Hong Kong Taoist funeral music. For a long time, perhaps even today, the identity of the Hong Kong people has remained a controversial ...
In: Sbornik s dokladi ot meždunarodna naučna konferencija na tema "Diplomatičeski, ikonomičeski i kulturni otnošenija meždu Kitaj i stranite ot centralna i iztočna Evropa", Band 7, Heft 1, S. 403-412
Friendship, cooperation and cultural exchanges have been established between Bulgaria and China 70 years ago. In the dynamic 21st century they stabilize and develop and their priority is education. In 2022 the High school for extended study in humanities "Damyan Damyanov" in the town of Sliven will celebrate 25 years since its establishment – it is a school with its own spirit and with interests and searches in the field of humanitarian education. It is our aim to find a way for modern technologies to work in favor of humanitarianism. The beginning of the cooperation between our chool and the Confucius Institute at Veliko Tarnovo university "St. Cyril and Methodius" was in 2016 with the first volunteer – Zhao Panyu. Her followers were Tun Yachi, Chai Jouyan, Shi Sanzhuang and Yunhan Li. Each of the girls, who resided in our city, left her bright mark in our school community. In the conditions of distance learning, Yunhan Li found a wonderful way to reach her students. Using social media, she had every class as a video event in Chinese language and culture lessons. Yunhan Li translated into Chinese some of the best poems of Damyan Damyanov. The e-book she created is bilingual – the poems are published so that both the Bulgarian and Chinese version can be seen. Moreover, readers also have the opportunity to hear how the words of the beloved poet sound in Chinese, performed by Yunhan Li. We are convinced that the e-book Leah created contributes not only to promote Bulgarian poetry in the Republic of China but also to increase the interest in our country in Chinese language and culture. We are honored that in this way we can participate in the cultural exchanges between our countries. Friendship, cooperation and cultural exchanges have been established between Bulgaria and China 70 years ago. In the dynamic 21st century they stabilize and develop and their priority is education. In 2022 the High school for extended study in humanities "Damyan Damyanov" in the town of Sliven will celebrate 25 years since its establishment – it is a school with its own spirit and with interests and searches in the field of humanitarian education. It is our aim to find a way for modern technologies to work in favor of humanitarianism. The beginning of the cooperation between our chool and the Confucius Institute at Veliko Tarnovo university "St. Cyril and Methodius" was in 2016 with the first volunteer – Zhao Panyu. Her followers were Tun Yachi, Chai Jouyan, Shi Sanzhuang and Yunhan Li. Each of the girls, who resided in our city, left her bright mark on our school community. In the conditions of distance learning, Yunhan Li found a wonderful way to reach her students. Using social media, she had every class as a video event in Chinese language and culture lessons. Yunhan Li translated into Chinese some of the best poems of Damyan Damyanov. The e-book she created is bilingual – the poems are published so that both the Bulgarian and Chinese version can be seen. Moreover, readers also have the opportunity to hear how the words of the beloved poet sound in Chinese, performed by Yunhan Li. We are convinced that the e-book Leah created contributes not only to promote Bulgarian poetry in the Republic of China but also to increase the interest in our country in Chinese language and culture. We are honored that in this way we can participate in the cultural exchanges between our countries.
The purpose of the article is to identify ways to form and develop the national Chinese art song "period of openness". The article reveals the ideas of the origin of the national romantic musical and poetic genre, features of the German Kunstlied, Chinese romance in the "period of openness" (from Romance to Kunstlied and artistic song). The interaction of traditional Chinese and Western European music systems, in which pentatonics are organically combined with classical-romantic harmony and uniform accentuation, is studied. The research methodology involves the application of a systematic approach, as well as methods of analytical, comparative, art, using which on the examples of Chinese art song "openness period" (composers Luo Zhongzhong, Li Inha, Lu Tsai-i) analyzes the process of assimilation of national traditions in chamber and vocal creativity of Chinese composers, which found expression in the accentuation of articulatory and phonetic features of the pronunciation of the verbal text, the folk throat manner of singing, the interpretation of the voice as a color paint. The regional specificity of Chinese romance is considered on the example of the songs "Returning to Mount Qingshan" by Zhang Lizhong, "You will like it" by Shi Xin. The scientific novelty of the work is to identify transformational changes in Chinese music of the twentieth century. based on the peculiarities of the refraction of European new compositional techniques (dodecaphony, serialism), which is reflected in the romances of Chinese composers "New Wave" or "national Chinese musical avant-garde" (Luo Zhongzhong, Chen Mingzhu, Zhu Jianyer). Conclusions. The study found that the "period of openness" for China was a time of reform and change in all spheres of life, including the art of music. The basis for the creation of a national romantic musical and poetic genre was the German Kunstlied, whose principles were in tune with the aesthetic foundations of classical Chinese art. Changes in creative concepts in Chinese music based on musicians' awareness of the possibility of a subjective approach to art. Their figurative and semantic kinship became the key to the formation and approval of the national-genre foundations of Chinese artistic song. The ways of spreading and popularizing Chinese art song in the context of the idea of the festival-competition movement are also determined.
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Incoming governor Republican Atty. Gen. Jeff Landry, for now, is showing he's seeking a home run when it comes to smaller, more efficient yet as effective government when, as part of his introduction of new (and solid) appointees to his administration, he noted willingness to establish co-payments and work requirements for Medicaid recipients in Louisiana.
Medicaid blows away any other single spending item in the state's budget. The latest projections have it spending $3.75 billion this year in state taxpayer dollars, which in terms of those dollars only elementary and secondary education rivals, but throwing in $13.5 billion in federal dollars means about three-eighths of total state spending goes out the door for this program.
Both cost sharing by and community engagement requirements of some program recipients not only could return a little offsetting revenue but also could results in wiser utilization that reduces costs, as clients behave more responsibly in their consumption of health care on the dole. Research profusely demonstrates over a variety of welfare programs that asking for exchanges of resources with clients, whether that be cash, labor, or action or desire to participate in the paid or unpaid workforce reduces dependency on welfare without a decline in well-being of the clients.
However, the legal environment and the nature of health care as a relative demand-inflexible good make creation of incentive programs like these trickier. Cost sharing for Medicaid is allowed under federal law, but exempts a significant minority of clients, and at low permissible rates unchanged for a decade. Further, as expected when people are asked to pay more for a good, cost sharing leads to lower utilization of Medicaid, which potentially could lead to those with the least resources less able to access health care.
While that cudgel often is used by leftist special interests to argue against any form of cost sharing, which fewer than half the states employ, in fact the latest research reveals that of those who drop out of Medicaid with the introduction of cost sharing typically are the healthiest who don't need it (and if they find they do, they typically re-enroll). In other words, cost sharing (at ridiculously low maximum levels such as $75 for hospitalization, $4 for a doctor visit and $8 for nonemergency emergency room use, with a cap of five percent of income) doesn't really discourage clients who need Medicaid.
Louisiana charges only low copayments on prescription medicine, $0.50 to $3. It doesn't charge what it could for anything else or on managed care premiums, but if it did older data suggest it could save $175 million annually. And that doesn't include savings from more efficient use of resources caused by cost sharing, which exist but no study has been able to quantify for any jurisdiction.
Community engagement is more complicated. For one thing, the legal environment as shaped by present jurisprudence makes it difficult for states like Louisiana who unwisely expanded Medicaid to impose this, as lower federal courts through 2020 ruled that imposing such a requirement, even upon as was the case just able-bodied adults without dependents years prior to retirement age (ABAWDs), in a strict legal sense didn't comport to the law establishing Medicaid that mandates any waiver to its requirements not reduce the prospects of the client population.
That could change with the current U.S. Supreme Court lineup that might, much to the chagrin of the political left that usually shies away from following the law and Constitution literally in favor of expansive interpretations that can read in their political agendas, take a more holistic approach to this question and rule in favor of introducing community engagement. That may come, as after several states tried this and were found wanting in the courts plus their dealing with a Democrat Pres. Joe Biden Administration hostile to these efforts caused them to abandon such efforts, since a few states are gearing up to try again and take the Biden Administration all the way to the Court if necessary, if not wait for a more flexible future administration to aid them.
Absent that, the only such program now in existence is Georgia's, because its work/volunteer/student requirement program for ABAWDs is for anyone in the expanded zone, which Georgia wisely has yet to accept. And it had to fight the Biden Administration in court to get it underway, which finally happened earlier this year, in showing raw numbers of Medicaid-insured would go up.
However, because it hasn't expanded Medicaid, it has decided to pay entirely for some insurance benefits for qualifying clients, which is less than it would pay under expansion but with potentially many fewer recipients. But, the point of the program isn't so much as to insure the uninsured but to let them use the program as a bridge to obtaining insurance through the private sector through employment that offers that as a benefit.
Another issue with requirements for the Medicaid population is, because of federal law that makes it so easy to receive care without paying by citing indigency, strictures often can be dodged easily while still receiving care. This is why such requirements have but a negligible effect on promoting work when applying those to other welfare programs can produce dramatic changes. That's why a community engagement requirement that the Republican-led U.S. House of Representatives had on the table earlier this year would have knocked out Louisiana only an estimated 52,700 (expansion) clients at a total of $34.5 million in state costs.
So, what Louisiana could do is abandon expansion and use the Georgia model. That would provide an instant $451 million in savings, some of which then would be plowed back into the 25 to 100 percent federal poverty limit clientele for stripped-down insurance, with about a third to a half in the past already able to pay for their insurance likely through the workplace, so the uninsured portion won't rise much and the state will pay less for insuring those who really need it and give back to the community in some form.
Excitingly, with these reforms Landry is swinging for the fences that could result in a huge payoff by trimming state government to the tune of several hundred million dollars while the deserving poor obtain health insurance and care when they feel they need it. It's been years since health care policy in the state could find itself on such a healthy trajectory.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research ; Belgium Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Research Promotion Foundation (RPF) ; Ministry of Education and Research ; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) ; Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules (IN2P3/CNRS) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) ; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Office for Research and Technology, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology (DST) - India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Science and Innovation, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) ; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; National Science Council, Taipei ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A.P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT) ; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; HOMING PLUS of Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; MoER: SF0690030s09 ; Spectra of identified charged hadrons are measured in pp collisions at the LHC for root s = 0.9, 2.76, and 7 TeV. Charged pions, kaons, and protons in the transverse-momentum range p(T) approximate to 0.1-1.7 GeV/c and for rapidities vertical bar y vertical bar < 1 are identified via their energy loss in the CMS silicon tracker. The average p(T) increases rapidly with the mass of the hadron and the event charged-particle multiplicity, independently of the center-of-mass energy. The fully corrected p(T) spectra and integrated yields are compared to various tunes of the PYTHIA 6 and PYTHIA 8 event generators.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age-and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to similar to 2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men 50y, women 50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR= 50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may providefurther insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape. ; Funding: Funding for this study was provided by the Aarne Koskelo Foundation; the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; the Academy of Finland (40758, 41071, 77299, 102318, 104781, 117787, 117844, 118590, 120315, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129269, 129293, 129378, 130326, 134309, 134791, 136895, 139635, 211497, 263836, 263924, 1114194, 24300796); the Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR); the Ahokas Foundation; the ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; the ALK-Abello A/S (Horsholm, Denmark), Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation, MEKOS Laboratories Denmark; the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament); the American Heart Association (AHA; 13POST16500011); the ANR ("Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche"); the Ark (NHMRC Enabling Facility); the Arthritis Research UK (19542, 18030); the AstraZeneca; the Augustinus Foundation; the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; 241944, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 496688, 552485, 613672, 613601 and 1011506); the Australian Research Council (ARC; DP0770096 and DP1093502); the Becket Foundation; the bi-national BMBF/ANR funded project CARDomics (01KU0908A); the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRINL; 184.021.007, CP 32); the Biocentrum Helsinki; the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation; the British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, SP/04/ 002); the Canadian Institutes for Health Reseaerch (FRCN-CCT-83028); the Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124, C490/A10119); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB; NWO Genomics); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Association of Schools of Public Health (1734, S043, S3486); the Centre of Excellence Baden-Wurttemberg Metabolic Disorders; the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government; the Clinical Research Facility at Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust; the Contrat de Projets Etat-Region (CPER); the Croatian Science Council (Grant no. 8875); the CVON (GENIUS); the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; the Danish Centre for Health Technology Assessment, Novo Nordisk Inc.; the Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF 1333-00124); the Danish Diabetes Association; Danish Heart Foundation; the Danish Medical Research Council; the Danish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Health; the Danish National Research Foundation; the Danish Pharmaceutical Association; Danish Pharmacists Fund; the Danish Research Council; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; the Diabetes Hilfs-und Forschungsfonds Deutschland (DHFD); the Dr. Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; the Dresden University of Technology Funding Grant, Med Drive; the Dutch Brain Foundation; the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; the Dutch Economic Structure Enhancing Fund (FES); the Dutch Kidney Foundation; the Dutch Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports; the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs; the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; the Egmont Foundation; the Else Kraner-Fresenius Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); the Emil Aaltonen Foundation; the Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam; the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education (SF0180142s08); the European Commission (223004, 2004310, DGXII, FP6-EUROSPAN, FP6-EXGENESIS, FP6-LSHG-CT2006-018947, FP6-LSHG-CT-2006-01947, FP6-LSHM- CT-2004-503485, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006037593, FP6-LSHM-CT-2007-037273, FP7-201379, FP7-201668, FP7-279143, FP7-305739, FP7313010, FP7-ENGAGE-HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, FP7-EurHEALTHAgeing-277849, FP7-HEALTH-F42007-201550, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F7305507 HOMAGE, LSHM-CT-2006-037593, QLG1CT-2001-01252, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT2002-01254); the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; the European Regional Development Fund to the Centre of Excellence in Genomics (EXCEGEN; 3.2.0304.11-0312); the European Research Council (ERC; 2011-StG-280559-SEPI, 2011-294713-EPLORE, 230374); the European Science Foundation (ESF; EU/QLRT-2001-01254); the EuroSTRESS project FP-006; the Finlands Slottery Machine Association; the Finnish Centre for Pensions (ETK); the Finnish Cultural Foundation; the Finnish Diabetes Association; the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; the Finnish Foundation for Pediatric Research; the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (40058/07); the Finnish Medical Society; the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture (627; 2004-2011); the Finnish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (5254); the Finnish National Public Health Institute (current National Institute for Health and Welfare); the Finnish Special Governmental Subsidy for Health Sciences; the Finska Lakaresallskapet, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; the Flemish League against Cancer, ITEA2 (project Care4Me); the Folkhalsan Research Foundation; the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) Vlaanderen; the Foundation for Life and Health in Finland; the Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and the Stockholm County Council (560283); the G. Ph. Verhagen Foundation; the Gene-diet Interactions in Obesity' project (GENDINOB); the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN); the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG 004446); the GenomEUtwin (EU/QLRT2001-01254; QLG2-CT-2002-01254); the German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology (01 AK 803 A-H, 01 IG 07015 G); the German Diabetes Association; the German Ministry of Cultural Affairs; the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012, 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403); the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN-2 and NGFN-plus); the German Research Council (SFB1052 "Obesity mechanisms"); the Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River region of Western Australia; the Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology research grant (PENED 2003); the Gyllenberg Foundation; the Health Care Centers in Vasa, Narpes and Korsholm; the Health Fund of the Danish Health Insurance Societies; the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health; the Helsinki University Central Hospital special government funds (EVO #TYH7215, #TKK2012005, #TYH2012209); the Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); the Ib Henriksen Foundation; the Illinois Department of Public Health, and the Translational Genomics Research Institute; the INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (Project A28); the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN; 09.001); the Italian Ministry of Health "targeted project" (ICS110.1/RF97.71); the Italian National Centre of Research InterOmics PB05_ SP3; the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health; the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR); the Joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; the Juho Vainio Foundation; the Juselius Foundation (Helsinki, Finland); the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (JDRF); the KfH Stiftung Praventivmedizin e. V.; the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; the Kuopio University Hospital; the Leenaards Foundation; the Leiden University Medical Center; the Liv och Halsa; the Local Government Pensions Institution (KEVA); the Lokaal Gezondheids Overleg (LOGO) Leuven and Hageland; the LudwigMaximilians- Universitat, as part of LMUinnovativ; the Lundberg Foundation; the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation; the Medical Research Council (G0601966; G0700931; G0000934; G0500539; G0600705; G1002319; G0701863; PrevMetSyn/SALVE; MC_ U106179471; MC_ UU_ 12019/1); the MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (MRC CAiTE); the MRC Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases; the MRC Human Genetics Unit; the Medical Research Council of Canada; the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center (P30 DK072488); the Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels, Belgium (G. 0881.13 and G. 0880. 13); the MIUR-CNR Italian Flagship Project; the Montreal Heart Institute Foundation; the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health); the Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital in Jakobstad; the Narpes Health Care Foundation; the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD); the National Cancer Institute (CA047988); the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000124); the National Center for Research Resources (U54RR020278); the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI, 1RL1MH083268-01, 5R01HL087679-02, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HL043851, HL080467, HL087647, HL36310, HL45670, N01HC25195, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01HC55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N02HL64278, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL087676, R01HL59367, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL120393, U01HL080295); the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI, U01HG004402); the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR, RP-PG-0407-10371); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDKDRC, 1R01DK8925601, DK063491, R01DK089256, P30 DK072488); the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2007-35205-17883); the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); the National Institute on Aging (NIA; 263-MA-410953, 263-MD-821336, 263-MD-9164, AG023629, AG13196, NO1AG12109, P30AG10161, R01AG15819, R01AG17917, R01AG023629, R01AG30146); the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (5-P60-AR30701, 5-P60-AR49465-03); the National Institutes of Health (NIH; 1R01DK8925601, 1RC2MH089951, 1RC2MH089995, 1Z01HG000024, 2T32 HL 00705536, 5R01DK075681, 5R01MH63706: 02, AA014041, AA07535, AA10248, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AG028555, AG08724, AG04563, AG10175, AG08861, DA12854, DK046200, DK091718, F32AR059469, HG002651, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200782096C, HL084729, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HG65403, R01AG011101, R01AG030146, R01D0042157-01A, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK093757, R01DK075787, R01DK075787, R01HL71981, R01MH59565, R01MH59566, R01MH59571, R01MH59586, R01MH59587, R01MH59588, R01MH60870, R01MH60879, R01MH61675, R01MH67257, R01MH81800, R01NS45012, U01066134, U01CA098233, U01DK062418, U01GM074518, U01HG004423, U01HG004436, U01HG004438, U01HL072515-06, U01HL105198, U01HL84756, U01MH79469, U01MH79470, U01NS069208-01, UL1RR025005); the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical research Centre; the Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO; Geestkracht program grant 10-000-1002; 050-060-810; 100-001-004; 175.010.2003.005; 175.010.2005.011; 175.010.2007. 006; 261-98-710; 40-0056-98-9032; 400-05-717; 452-04-314; 452-06-004; 480-01-006; 480-04-004; 480-05-003; 480-07-001; 481-08-013; 60-60600-97-118; 904-61-090; 904-61-193; 911-03012; 985-10-002; Addiction-31160008; GB-MW 94038- 011; SPI 56-464-14192); the Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw; 91111025); the Nordic Center of Excellence in Disease Genetics; the Nordic Centre of Excellence on Systems biology in controlled dietary interventions and cohort studies, SYSDIET (070014); the Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces (SNN); the Novo Nordisk Foundation; the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, and the Baltimore Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs; the Ollqvist Foundation; the Paavo Nurmi Foundation; the Pahlssons Foundation; the Paivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; the Perklen Foundation; the Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports research (108-1080315-0302); the Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Foundation of Copenhagen County; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); the Reynold's Foundation; the Rotterdam Oncologic Thoracic Study Group, Erasmus Trust Fund, Foundation against Cancer; the Royal Swedish Academy of Science; the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); the Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); the Samfundet Folkhalsan; the Sigrid Juselius Foundation; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (9M048, 9N035); the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; the Societe Francophone du 358 Diabste (SFD); the South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation; the Stichting Nationale Computerfaciliteiten (National Computing Facilities Foundation, NCF); the Strategic Cardiovascular Programme of Karolinska Institutet and the Stockholm County Council (560183); the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation; the Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland; the Swedish Diabetes Association; the Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024); the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF; ICA08-0047); the Swedish HeartLung Foundation (20120197); the Swedish Medical Research Council (K2007-66X-20270-01-3, 20121397); the Swedish Ministry for Higher Education; the Swedish Research Council (8691, M-2005-1112, 2009-2298); the Swedish Society for Medical Research; the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A-143914, 3200B0105993, 3200B0-118308, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30148401); SystemsX. ch (51RTP0_151019); the Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; the TEKES (70103/06, 40058/07); the The Paul Michael Donovan Charitable Foundation; the Torsten and Ragnar Sderberg Foundation; the Umea Medical Research Foundation; the United Kingdom NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre; the Universities and Research of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, South Tyrol; the University Hospital of Regensburg (ReForM A, ReForM C); the University Hospital Oulu, Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland (75617); the University Medical Center Groningen; the University of Groningen; the University of Maryland General Clinical Research Center (M01RR16500, AG000219); the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); the University of Tromso, Norwegian Research Council (185764); the Vasterbottens Intervention Programme; the Velux Foundation; the VU University Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the Wellcome Trust (064890, 068545/Z/02, 076113/B/04/Z, 077016/Z/05/Z, 079895, 084723/Z/08/Z, 086596/Z/ 08/Z, 088869/B/09/Z, 089062, 090532, 098017, 098051, 098381); the Western Australian DNA Bank (NHMRC Enabling Facility); the Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation (56358); and the Zorg Onderzoek Nederland-Medische Wetenschappen, KWF Kankerbestrijding, Stichting Centraal Fonds Reserves van voormalig Vrijwillige Ziekenfondsverzekeringen. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. More details of acknowledgements can be found in S2 Text.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.