Suchergebnisse

2009 Lithuanian presidential elections were an important political event. In comparison with previous presidential elections the most visible distinction was one candidate's strong leadership and media domination. At the beginning of the official elections campaign it was clear that D. Grybauskaitė has a sizeable public support and definitely will win. This article argues that the role of the outside factor, particularly mass media, in pre-election campaign was one of the most valuable resources in D. Grybauskaitė's presidential elections communication strategy. Exclusive domination in headlines before the official elections campaign had begun framed permanent mass public support and set up an agenda and priorities which during an official campaign was unbeatable resource – preconceived advantage.

2009 Lithuanian presidential elections were an important political event. In comparison with previous presidential elections the most visible distinction was one candidate's strong leadership and media domination. At the beginning of the official elections campaign it was clear that D. Grybauskaitė has a sizeable public support and definitely will win. This article argues that the role of the outside factor, particularly mass media, in pre-election campaign was one of the most valuable resources in D. Grybauskaitė's presidential elections communication strategy. Exclusive domination in headlines before the official elections campaign had begun framed permanent mass public support and set up an agenda and priorities which during an official campaign was unbeatable resource – preconceived advantage.

2009 Lithuanian presidential elections were an important political event. In comparison with previous presidential elections the most visible distinction was one candidate's strong leadership and media domination. At the beginning of the official elections campaign it was clear that D. Grybauskaitė has a sizeable public support and definitely will win. This article argues that the role of the outside factor, particularly mass media, in pre-election campaign was one of the most valuable resources in D. Grybauskaitė's presidential elections communication strategy. Exclusive domination in headlines before the official elections campaign had begun framed permanent mass public support and set up an agenda and priorities which during an official campaign was unbeatable resource – preconceived advantage.

In order to induce the Member States to transpose EU directives on time, the Lisbon Treaty introduced a new instrument allowing the European Commission to apply to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), asking the Court to impose financial sanctions on the defaulting Member state at the stage of first infringement procedure, instead of a mere declaration of state's failure to fulfil obligations. It took almost a decade for the CJEU to apply the Treaty provision that entrenched the said instrument and provide first guidance on its application. This article analyses the European Commission's interpretation of the scope of the instrument and its practical use, the reasons for the CJEU's prolonged silence and the impact of the CJEU's interpretations on the Commission's practice and the Member States' authorities responsible for enforcing EU law.

In order to induce the Member States to transpose EU directives on time, the Lisbon Treaty introduced a new instrument allowing the European Commission to apply to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), asking the Court to impose financial sanctions on the defaulting Member state at the stage of first infringement procedure, instead of a mere declaration of state's failure to fulfil obligations. It took almost a decade for the CJEU to apply the Treaty provision that entrenched the said instrument and provide first guidance on its application. This article analyses the European Commission's interpretation of the scope of the instrument and its practical use, the reasons for the CJEU's prolonged silence and the impact of the CJEU's interpretations on the Commission's practice and the Member States' authorities responsible for enforcing EU law.

The article focuses on two war compositions written in two geocultural spaces representing Cold War ideological confrontations, viz. Sinfonia de la Guerra (1940) by Vytautas Bacevičius, composed in Buenos Aires, and the oratorio Don't Touch the Blue Globe (1969) by Eduardas Balsys, composed in Soviet Lithuania. Analysing the strategies of war imagination in Lithuanian compositions and discussing them in modern war music's context, the author explores an interaction between traditional topics (military, pastoral etc.) and modern stylistic idioms. Both compositions demonstrate variety of intertextual strategies and differences of resemantization characteristic of first and second musical modernism. This is linked to the observations of changes in war narratives and post-war cultural memory. After a discussion of the the controversies in the national and international reception of the compositions in question before and after 1990, the trends of re-contextualization of the Lithuanian composers are highlighted (musical and extra-musical connotations, the aspects of recognition and deliberate silence, and sociocultural and sociopolitical dissonances) with reference to the impact of cultural and political processes.

The article focuses on two war compositions written in two geocultural spaces representing Cold War ideological confrontations, viz. Sinfonia de la Guerra (1940) by Vytautas Bacevičius, composed in Buenos Aires, and the oratorio Don't Touch the Blue Globe (1969) by Eduardas Balsys, composed in Soviet Lithuania. Analysing the strategies of war imagination in Lithuanian compositions and discussing them in modern war music's context, the author explores an interaction between traditional topics (military, pastoral etc.) and modern stylistic idioms. Both compositions demonstrate variety of intertextual strategies and differences of resemantization characteristic of first and second musical modernism. This is linked to the observations of changes in war narratives and post-war cultural memory. After a discussion of the the controversies in the national and international reception of the compositions in question before and after 1990, the trends of re-contextualization of the Lithuanian composers are highlighted (musical and extra-musical connotations, the aspects of recognition and deliberate silence, and sociocultural and sociopolitical dissonances) with reference to the impact of cultural and political processes.

The goal of the study was to analyze communication about parents' experiences of political oppression in Lithuania (deportation to Siberia or political imprisonment) among second generation survivors during the Communism regime. We assumed that survivors' traumatic experiences have an impact on adult o.spring of survivors, and communication might involve avoidance in talking about parents political violence experiences. Materials and methods. One Hundred Forty-Five second generation survivors, who had at least one parent whom experienced political imprisonment or forced displacement during the Soviet occupation in Lithuania participated in our study. Mailed questionnaires included demographic data and open questions about communication with their parents concerning the parents political oppression. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results and conclusions. Second generation participants found out about the forced displacement and political imprisonment of their parents during childhood. For some of the participants these memories were interesting and had a positive impact, for example, they were proud of their parents. For other participants, the topic of their parents oppression was painful and caused negative feelings such as fear and anger. While there was no direct question in the questionnaire concerning the topic of oppression, it was still mentioned in the participants' answers. One characteristic feature of communication about oppression is silence and mystery. This was partly determined by the social and political circumstances of the soviet regime.

The goal of the study was to analyze communication about parents' experiences of political oppression in Lithuania (deportation to Siberia or political imprisonment) among second generation survivors during the Communism regime. We assumed that survivors' traumatic experiences have an impact on adult o.spring of survivors, and communication might involve avoidance in talking about parents political violence experiences. Materials and methods. One Hundred Forty-Five second generation survivors, who had at least one parent whom experienced political imprisonment or forced displacement during the Soviet occupation in Lithuania participated in our study. Mailed questionnaires included demographic data and open questions about communication with their parents concerning the parents political oppression. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results and conclusions. Second generation participants found out about the forced displacement and political imprisonment of their parents during childhood. For some of the participants these memories were interesting and had a positive impact, for example, they were proud of their parents. For other participants, the topic of their parents oppression was painful and caused negative feelings such as fear and anger. While there was no direct question in the questionnaire concerning the topic of oppression, it was still mentioned in the participants' answers. One characteristic feature of communication about oppression is silence and mystery. This was partly determined by the social and political circumstances of the soviet regime.

The goal of the study was to analyze communication about parents' experiences of political oppression in Lithuania (deportation to Siberia or political imprisonment) among second generation survivors during the Communism regime. We assumed that survivors' traumatic experiences have an impact on adult o.spring of survivors, and communication might involve avoidance in talking about parents political violence experiences. Materials and methods. One Hundred Forty-Five second generation survivors, who had at least one parent whom experienced political imprisonment or forced displacement during the Soviet occupation in Lithuania participated in our study. Mailed questionnaires included demographic data and open questions about communication with their parents concerning the parents political oppression. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results and conclusions. Second generation participants found out about the forced displacement and political imprisonment of their parents during childhood. For some of the participants these memories were interesting and had a positive impact, for example, they were proud of their parents. For other participants, the topic of their parents oppression was painful and caused negative feelings such as fear and anger. While there was no direct question in the questionnaire concerning the topic of oppression, it was still mentioned in the participants' answers. One characteristic feature of communication about oppression is silence and mystery. This was partly determined by the social and political circumstances of the soviet regime.

The goal of the study was to analyze communication about parents' experiences of political oppression in Lithuania (deportation to Siberia or political imprisonment) among second generation survivors during the Communism regime. We assumed that survivors' traumatic experiences have an impact on adult o.spring of survivors, and communication might involve avoidance in talking about parents political violence experiences. Materials and methods. One Hundred Forty-Five second generation survivors, who had at least one parent whom experienced political imprisonment or forced displacement during the Soviet occupation in Lithuania participated in our study. Mailed questionnaires included demographic data and open questions about communication with their parents concerning the parents political oppression. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results and conclusions. Second generation participants found out about the forced displacement and political imprisonment of their parents during childhood. For some of the participants these memories were interesting and had a positive impact, for example, they were proud of their parents. For other participants, the topic of their parents oppression was painful and caused negative feelings such as fear and anger. While there was no direct question in the questionnaire concerning the topic of oppression, it was still mentioned in the participants' answers. One characteristic feature of communication about oppression is silence and mystery. This was partly determined by the social and political circumstances of the soviet regime.

The aim of this research is to analyze ethnic topics of Lithuanian press. The objective of the research is to examine in what forms and how ethnic intolerance is constructed in printed and Internet media texts through representation of topics, problems, named causers of the problems and their causality (i.e. by introducing/presenting explanations of causes of the problems). Therefore, the main problem of this study is the assessment of the concept of ethnic intolerance and measurement of ethnic intolerance in media discourse. The main body of empirical data was collected during the qualitative research of printed and Internet media, which consisted of two parts: (1) media content analysis and (2) structured interviews with experts (politicians, officials, representatives of ethnic minorities, and journalists). The findings of the research of ethnic intolerance content in Lithuanian media reveals that topics (problems) of interethnic relations in Lithuanian press are mostly interrelated with economical and political issues and less with cultural and psychological causality aspects. Each ethnic or religious group – Roma, Jews, Polish, Russians, Muslims and immigrants – is associated with specific problems in the Lithuanian press. No aggressive forms of ethnic intolerance (incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence) were found in the content of Lithuanian press. The most common manifestations of ethnic intolerance in Lithuanian press were hate speech, harassment, subtle (hidden)prejudices, stereotypes and the discourse of silence. The understanding of ethnic problems (topics) in Lithuanian society and representation of ethnic problems in Lithuanian press present a closed circulation cycle as the problems experienced by ethnic, religious and migrant groups in Lithuanian society and identified by surveyed experts, are partially reiterated from topics about ethnic groups covered in media.

The aim of this research is to analyze ethnic topics of Lithuanian press. The objective of the research is to examine in what forms and how ethnic intolerance is constructed in printed and Internet media texts through representation of topics, problems, named causers of the problems and their causality (i.e. by introducing/presenting explanations of causes of the problems). Therefore, the main problem of this study is the assessment of the concept of ethnic intolerance and measurement of ethnic intolerance in media discourse. The main body of empirical data was collected during the qualitative research of printed and Internet media, which consisted of two parts: (1) media content analysis and (2) structured interviews with experts (politicians, officials, representatives of ethnic minorities, and journalists). The findings of the research of ethnic intolerance content in Lithuanian media reveals that topics (problems) of interethnic relations in Lithuanian press are mostly interrelated with economical and political issues and less with cultural and psychological causality aspects. Each ethnic or religious group – Roma, Jews, Polish, Russians, Muslims and immigrants – is associated with specific problems in the Lithuanian press. No aggressive forms of ethnic intolerance (incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence) were found in the content of Lithuanian press. The most common manifestations of ethnic intolerance in Lithuanian press were hate speech, harassment, subtle (hidden)prejudices, stereotypes and the discourse of silence. The understanding of ethnic problems (topics) in Lithuanian society and representation of ethnic problems in Lithuanian press present a closed circulation cycle as the problems experienced by ethnic, religious and migrant groups in Lithuanian society and identified by surveyed experts, are partially reiterated from topics about ethnic groups covered in media.

The aim of this research is to analyze ethnic topics of Lithuanian press. The objective of the research is to examine in what forms and how ethnic intolerance is constructed in printed and Internet media texts through representation of topics, problems, named causers of the problems and their causality (i.e. by introducing/presenting explanations of causes of the problems). Therefore, the main problem of this study is the assessment of the concept of ethnic intolerance and measurement of ethnic intolerance in media discourse. The main body of empirical data was collected during the qualitative research of printed and Internet media, which consisted of two parts: (1) media content analysis and (2) structured interviews with experts (politicians, officials, representatives of ethnic minorities, and journalists). The findings of the research of ethnic intolerance content in Lithuanian media reveals that topics (problems) of interethnic relations in Lithuanian press are mostly interrelated with economical and political issues and less with cultural and psychological causality aspects. Each ethnic or religious group – Roma, Jews, Polish, Russians, Muslims and immigrants – is associated with specific problems in the Lithuanian press. No aggressive forms of ethnic intolerance (incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence) were found in the content of Lithuanian press. The most common manifestations of ethnic intolerance in Lithuanian press were hate speech, harassment, subtle (hidden) prejudices, stereotypes and the discourse of silence. The understanding of ethnic problems (topics) in Lithuanian society and representation of ethnic problems in Lithuanian press present a closed circulation cycle as the problems experienced by ethnic, religious and migrant groups in Lithuanian society and identified by surveyed experts, are partially reiterated from topics about ethnic groups covered in media.

The aim of this research is to analyze ethnic topics of Lithuanian press. The objective of the research is to examine in what forms and how ethnic intolerance is constructed in printed and Internet media texts through representation of topics, problems, named causers of the problems and their causality (i.e. by introducing/presenting explanations of causes of the problems). Therefore, the main problem of this study is the assessment of the concept of ethnic intolerance and measurement of ethnic intolerance in media discourse. The main body of empirical data was collected during the qualitative research of printed and Internet media, which consisted of two parts: (1) media content analysis and (2) structured interviews with experts (politicians, officials, representatives of ethnic minorities, and journalists). The findings of the research of ethnic intolerance content in Lithuanian media reveals that topics (problems) of interethnic relations in Lithuanian press are mostly interrelated with economical and political issues and less with cultural and psychological causality aspects. Each ethnic or religious group – Roma, Jews, Polish, Russians, Muslims and immigrants – is associated with specific problems in the Lithuanian press. No aggressive forms of ethnic intolerance (incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence) were found in the content of Lithuanian press. The most common manifestations of ethnic intolerance in Lithuanian press were hate speech, harassment, subtle (hidden) prejudices, stereotypes and the discourse of silence. The understanding of ethnic problems (topics) in Lithuanian society and representation of ethnic problems in Lithuanian press present a closed circulation cycle as the problems experienced by ethnic, religious and migrant groups in Lithuanian society and identified by surveyed experts, are partially reiterated from topics about ethnic groups covered in media.