Suchergebnisse

Lord Acton was one of the most eminent intellectuals of the Victorian age. His political thought aimed at reconciling his Catholic faith with liberal prin-ciples. Although he has never written a book, his essays expressed an histo-riography that has exerted great influence in the study of history, the most known example of which is the Cambridge Modern History, conceived by Lord Acton himself. This article aims at showing that his interpretation of Ma-chiavelli, expressed in the introduction to the famous edition of the Prince edited by Arthur Burd, is a precious testimony of the widespread circulation of Machiavellian thought in Europe.

Fragmented after the Yougoslav dissolution, the Serbs of Serbia and Republika Srpska are still claimed by their intellectual and political elites as members of a single national body that transcends the borders. This article will aim at tackling the framework, modalities and outcomes of cooperation between the Serbian Republic and the Bosnian Serb entity in order to preserve the representation of this common nation within a «common spiritual space», through the reading of paradiplomacy.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. What happened in law with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. – 2.1. The protection of EU founding values as pre-condition for mutual trust. – 2.2. Towards an integrated FSJA and a stronger protection of fundamental rights at EU level. – 2.3. Overcoming the EC-EU dualism and some of the institutional problems of the FSJA. – 2.4. When general rules have an exception: opt-out/opt-in countries and enhanced cooperation. – 3. Main texts adopted post-Lisbon and the persistence of intergovernmentalism in the FSJA. – 3.1. Main FSJA texts adopted post-Lisbon. – 3.2. The persistence of intergovernmentalism in the FSJA. – 4. Conclusions and possible improvements in the new legislature (2019-2024).

Stability is defined as an international system with the same distribution of power for a long period of time. World order is defined as a governance anchored to the promotion of four steady values (the units of measurement) in each arena of international relations: democracy (political), market (economic), peace (military), national self-determination leading to single-nation states (cultural). Multipolar and bipolar systems were stable, but disordered, as values promoted by the main powers were not steady. Change periods were/ are unstable: from 1915 to 1945 and after 1989. In the 1990s there was an attempt to consolidate both order and stability, through the concert of powers; as pluri-national states prevailed after 1989, it was only a 'near order'. Since 2001, there has been neither stability (both unipolarism and multipolarism failed), nor order, as the promotion of those values has been weakened by the West (especially by Obama and Trump) because of the objections of Islamic fundamentalist groups (and in part by China, Russia, Venezuela). A "disordered stability" and the return to the conservative diplomacies of 'real-politik' (with the West promoting 'lesser evil' authoritarian regimes and waging wars to fight Islamic fundamentalism) has not re-emerged yet. The Usa are not a great power anymore, as both Obama and Trump were/are shy and uncertain in foreign policy. An "unstable order" would be anchored to the promotion of single-nation (only Shiite or only Sunni, Palestinian, Kurd) states. ; La stabilità di un sistema internazionale è collegata alla stessa distribuzione del potere per un lungo periodo di tempo. L'ordine mondiale può essere definito come quella forma di governance che viene ancorata alla promozione di alcuni valori costanti (le unità di misura) in ogni arena delle relazioni internazionali: democrazia (politica), mercato (economica), pace (militare) e auto-determinazione nazionale che porta a stati mono-nazionali (culturale). I sistemi multipolari e bipolari sono stati stabili, ma disordinati, perché i valori promossi dalle maggiori potenze non erano costanti. I periodi di cambiamento sono di solito instabili: dal 1915 al 1945 e dopo l'89. Negli anni '90 c'è stato un tentativo di consolidare sia l'ordine che la stabilità, attraverso il concerto delle potenze, ma siccome gli stati pluri-nazionali hanno prevalso, c'è stato solo un ordine "zoppo". Dopo il 2001, non c'è stata né stabilità perché sia l'unipolarismo che il multipolarismo sono falliti, né ordine, perché l'Occidente (soprattutto con Obama e Trump) ha indebolito la promozione di quei tre valori di fronte alle obiezioni dei gruppi islamici fondamentalisti, e (in parte) di Cina, Russia, Venezuela. Non è ancora riemersa una "stabilità disordinata" e il ritorno alle diplomazie conservatrici della real-politik, con l'Occidente che promuove regimi autoritari considerati "mali minori" e che scatena guerre per combattere i fondamentalisti islamici. Gli Usa non sono più una grande potenza, a causa della politica estera timida e incerta di Obama e Trump. Un "ordine instabile" sarebbe collegato alla promozione di stati mono-nazionali: uno palestinese, uno curdo, ed entità con cittadini solo sciiti o solo sunniti.