Suchergebnisse

The goal of Master thesis is to investigate expression and features of postmodern style of private dwelling-houses of Lithuania, from the middle of the 9th decade to the 10th decade of the twentieth century. In order to reveal the characteristics, features and cultural significance of the style in Lithuania, the private dwelling-houses of postmodern style of the Western world (the U.S., Western Europe, Japan) are analyzed, as well as conditions which prompted their development. The paper discusses that the social, political and economic factors of Lithuania at that time, led to the suspicion and critical evaluation of postmodern architecture in general.It is assumed that due to the political-economical factors, the Western magazines were one of the main tools for Lithuanian architects to get to know postmodern architecture. Therefore, a comparative analysis between private dwelling-houses published in foreign periodicals, and of Lithuania, is conducted. Consequently the most common features of private dwelling-houses of postmodern style in Lithuania and their links with Western architecture are determined. Houses of Lithuania of high quality postmodern architecture are named, their valuable properties are defined. Thesis consists of: 92 p. text without extras, 57 pictures., 9 schemes, 99 bibliographical entries, 3 appendixes included.

The goal of Master thesis is to investigate expression and features of postmodern style of private dwelling-houses of Lithuania, from the middle of the 9th decade to the 10th decade of the twentieth century. In order to reveal the characteristics, features and cultural significance of the style in Lithuania, the private dwelling-houses of postmodern style of the Western world (the U.S., Western Europe, Japan) are analyzed, as well as conditions which prompted their development. The paper discusses that the social, political and economic factors of Lithuania at that time, led to the suspicion and critical evaluation of postmodern architecture in general.It is assumed that due to the political-economical factors, the Western magazines were one of the main tools for Lithuanian architects to get to know postmodern architecture. Therefore, a comparative analysis between private dwelling-houses published in foreign periodicals, and of Lithuania, is conducted. Consequently the most common features of private dwelling-houses of postmodern style in Lithuania and their links with Western architecture are determined. Houses of Lithuania of high quality postmodern architecture are named, their valuable properties are defined. Thesis consists of: 92 p. text without extras, 57 pictures., 9 schemes, 99 bibliographical entries, 3 appendixes included.

Single mother families is one of the most common and the poorest family type in Lithuania. The literature analysis shows that single mother families' poverty is mostly determined by socio-political conditions. Therefore, the research of the dissertation intended to reveal the reasons that determine the problematics of single mother families in Lithuania and to capture what challenges these families face and what support resources they have. The research has shown that in Lithuanian, in the context of family policy, single mother families are stigmatised and discriminated, they do not receive necessary support and all the system is unappropriated to their needs. Family policies are mostly determined by the dominant conservative, patriarchal, familialistic and religious values. Therefore, the family policy is mainly interested in supporting nuclear and large families and all policy tools are implemented accordingly. In the context of such policy, single mothers and their children face many financial, childcare, education, healthcare, logistic and legislative challenges. While trying to survive in an unfavourable political environment, mothers have to sacrifice many of their own and their children's needs, they experience consumption deprivation and cannot devote as much time to their children as they would like to. Meanwhile, children have to spend a lot of their time alone and to learn to take care of themselves at an early age. The most important source of support to these families is their informal network, which provides them with financial and childcare support. Meanwhile, children's fathers are involved into their lives both socially and financially, as much as they feel close to their children.

Single mother families is one of the most common and the poorest family type in Lithuania. The literature analysis shows that single mother families' poverty is mostly determined by socio-political conditions. Therefore, the research of the dissertation intended to reveal the reasons that determine the problematics of single mother families in Lithuania and to capture what challenges these families face and what support resources they have. The research has shown that in Lithuanian, in the context of family policy, single mother families are stigmatised and discriminated, they do not receive necessary support and all the system is unappropriated to their needs. Family policies are mostly determined by the dominant conservative, patriarchal, familialistic and religious values. Therefore, the family policy is mainly interested in supporting nuclear and large families and all policy tools are implemented accordingly. In the context of such policy, single mothers and their children face many financial, childcare, education, healthcare, logistic and legislative challenges. While trying to survive in an unfavourable political environment, mothers have to sacrifice many of their own and their children's needs, they experience consumption deprivation and cannot devote as much time to their children as they would like to. Meanwhile, children have to spend a lot of their time alone and to learn to take care of themselves at an early age. The most important source of support to these families is their informal network, which provides them with financial and childcare support. Meanwhile, children's fathers are involved into their lives both socially and financially, as much as they feel close to their children.

The main issue analyzed in the paper is policy design and its outcome on the social construction of single mother families and its effect on their wellbeing and life opportunities. Literature review and qualitative legislation documents analysis have been conducted to demonstrate how single mothers are perceived and treated in the context of social policy in Lithuania. The main findings of the paper show that in Lithuania, social policy is concentrated on controlling demography and therefore promotes traditional families and multi-child families. Meanwhile, single mother families are rather neglected and are not recognized by family policy as a group of a specific importance.

The main issue analyzed in the paper is policy design and its outcome on the social construction of single mother families and its effect on their wellbeing and life opportunities. Literature review and qualitative legislation documents analysis have been conducted to demonstrate how single mothers are perceived and treated in the context of social policy in Lithuania. The main findings of the paper show that in Lithuania, social policy is concentrated on controlling demography and therefore promotes traditional families and multi-child families. Meanwhile, single mother families are rather neglected and are not recognized by family policy as a group of a specific importance.

The main issue analyzed in the paper is policy design and its outcome on the social construction of single mother families and its effect on their wellbeing and life opportunities. Literature review and qualitative legislation documents analysis have been conducted to demonstrate how single mothers are perceived and treated in the context of social policy in Lithuania. The main findings of the paper show that in Lithuania, social policy is concentrated on controlling demography and therefore promotes traditional families and multi-child families. Meanwhile, single mother families are rather neglected and are not recognized by family policy as a group of a specific importance.

The main issue analyzed in the paper is policy design and its outcome on the social construction of single mother families and its effect on their wellbeing and life opportunities. Literature review and qualitative legislation documents analysis have been conducted to demonstrate how single mothers are perceived and treated in the context of social policy in Lithuania. The main findings of the paper show that in Lithuania, social policy is concentrated on controlling demography and therefore promotes traditional families and multi-child families. Meanwhile, single mother families are rather neglected and are not recognized by family policy as a group of a specific importance.

The job for young people is not only source of income, but also the way of successful self realization and integration into society. Moreover, the high level of youth employment is the ground of stable and economically strong society. Unfortunately youth unemployment is a serious problem not only in Lithuania, but in more other EU countries also. Youth unemployment rate is twice biger than general unemployment rate. Because of the actuality of youth employment problem, the main purpose of this master thesis is to study the perspectives of the Lithuanian youth employment in single EU labour market and to refer the ways to solve the problem. The methods of youth employment policy documents, employment statistics analysis, and qualitative expert and youth interviews were used for the research. Were made 10 structured interviews with 5 experts and 5 youth respondents. First of all the theoretical presumptions about youth employment are reviewed in this work. The problematic use of youth conception, the development of youth situation in labour market and reasons of youth unemployment are discussed. The EU and the Lithuanian employment policy and programs with its specific attention to youth employment problems in the general employment policy were discussed. The third part of this work presented the results of qualitative expert and youth research, which name the main youth employment problems in Lithuania and propose measures to solve them. The study also studies the effects of EU policy for the youth employment. The work also predicts the outcomes of youth labour emigration. The study refers possible ways to solve the future difficulties. It also discusses future trends of youth employment in overall EU labour market. Finally there are formulations of the main findings of this work and the use of this work in the formulation of the policy process.

The job for young people is not only source of income, but also the way of successful self realization and integration into society. Moreover, the high level of youth employment is the ground of stable and economically strong society. Unfortunately youth unemployment is a serious problem not only in Lithuania, but in more other EU countries also. Youth unemployment rate is twice biger than general unemployment rate. Because of the actuality of youth employment problem, the main purpose of this master thesis is to study the perspectives of the Lithuanian youth employment in single EU labour market and to refer the ways to solve the problem. The methods of youth employment policy documents, employment statistics analysis, and qualitative expert and youth interviews were used for the research. Were made 10 structured interviews with 5 experts and 5 youth respondents. First of all the theoretical presumptions about youth employment are reviewed in this work. The problematic use of youth conception, the development of youth situation in labour market and reasons of youth unemployment are discussed. The EU and the Lithuanian employment policy and programs with its specific attention to youth employment problems in the general employment policy were discussed. The third part of this work presented the results of qualitative expert and youth research, which name the main youth employment problems in Lithuania and propose measures to solve them. The study also studies the effects of EU policy for the youth employment. The work also predicts the outcomes of youth labour emigration. The study refers possible ways to solve the future difficulties. It also discusses future trends of youth employment in overall EU labour market. Finally there are formulations of the main findings of this work and the use of this work in the formulation of the policy process.

With the creation of the second pillar of the Banking Union, a handful of important decisions has been entrusted to the Single Resolution Board (SRB), which has the status of an EU agency. _is delegation of executive powers to the newly created EU agency takes place in the wake the Court of Justice revisiting its jurisprudence on EU agencies in the Short-selling judgment, C-270/12. _is article aims at examining the mandate provided to the SRB in the context of the Short-selling judgment, and in particular, at analysing whether the granting of discretionary implementing powers to this agency complies with Article 114 TFEU and whether those powers are well framed by conditions and criteria that no scope is le{ for abuse of the delegation. _e article also brie}y addresses the issue of such implementing powers in the light of Articles 290 and 291 TFEU. _e author focuses on the decisions adopting resolution schemes for failing or likely to fail banks as those SRB decisions are supposed to have the biggest impact on banks, their creditors, shareholders and depositors. _e Short-selling case con%rms that the approximation of national laws might be insuf- %cient to achieve the goal of a uniformly functioning internal market and for that reason it might be necessary to entrust an EU agency with some executory powers for contributing to the implementation of the carried out approximation. Decisions of the SRB prevent di~erences, which might easily occur if national resolution authorities were to continue adopting bank resolution decisions. _e di~erent national treatment of failing banks could create obstacles for the smooth functioning of the internal market. _e resolution decisions, taken by the SRB in its executive session, have few elements of democratic scrutiny, therefore in order to ensure that those decisions comply with the Meroni doctrine that has been further developed in the Short-selling judgement, Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 foresees that the Commission and the Council are also involved in approving resolution schemes of failing of likely to fail banks. However, the very short period given for these two EU institutions to examine the bank resolution schemes and the high technical complexity of bank resolution issues do not rule out the probability that the review could be rather formalistic and focus only on a limited number of the most politically delicate issues. In its Short-selling judgment the Court of Justice did not agree with the opinion of the Advocate General N. Jääskinen and maintained that Article 291 TFEU did not apply to the decisions adopted by EU agencies. It therefore follows that the control mechanism, foreseen in Article 291(3) TFEU does not apply to such decisions and the control of implementing powers delegated to EU agencies such as the SRB must be duly envisaged at the moment of delegation, i.e. in Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 itself. The author reaches a conclusion that the mechanisms put in place by Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 in order to ensure the political control of the discretionary implementing powers granted to the SRB comply with the parameters set out by the Court of Justice in the Short-selling judgment.

With the creation of the second pillar of the Banking Union, a handful of important decisions has been entrusted to the Single Resolution Board (SRB), which has the status of an EU agency. _is delegation of executive powers to the newly created EU agency takes place in the wake the Court of Justice revisiting its jurisprudence on EU agencies in the Short-selling judgment, C-270/12. _is article aims at examining the mandate provided to the SRB in the context of the Short-selling judgment, and in particular, at analysing whether the granting of discretionary implementing powers to this agency complies with Article 114 TFEU and whether those powers are well framed by conditions and criteria that no scope is le{ for abuse of the delegation. _e article also brie}y addresses the issue of such implementing powers in the light of Articles 290 and 291 TFEU. _e author focuses on the decisions adopting resolution schemes for failing or likely to fail banks as those SRB decisions are supposed to have the biggest impact on banks, their creditors, shareholders and depositors. _e Short-selling case con%rms that the approximation of national laws might be insuf- %cient to achieve the goal of a uniformly functioning internal market and for that reason it might be necessary to entrust an EU agency with some executory powers for contributing to the implementation of the carried out approximation. Decisions of the SRB prevent di~erences, which might easily occur if national resolution authorities were to continue adopting bank resolution decisions. _e di~erent national treatment of failing banks could create obstacles for the smooth functioning of the internal market. _e resolution decisions, taken by the SRB in its executive session, have few elements of democratic scrutiny, therefore in order to ensure that those decisions comply with the Meroni doctrine that has been further developed in the Short-selling judgement, Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 foresees that the Commission and the Council are also involved in approving resolution schemes of failing of likely to fail banks. However, the very short period given for these two EU institutions to examine the bank resolution schemes and the high technical complexity of bank resolution issues do not rule out the probability that the review could be rather formalistic and focus only on a limited number of the most politically delicate issues. In its Short-selling judgment the Court of Justice did not agree with the opinion of the Advocate General N. Jääskinen and maintained that Article 291 TFEU did not apply to the decisions adopted by EU agencies. It therefore follows that the control mechanism, foreseen in Article 291(3) TFEU does not apply to such decisions and the control of implementing powers delegated to EU agencies such as the SRB must be duly envisaged at the moment of delegation, i.e. in Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 itself. The author reaches a conclusion that the mechanisms put in place by Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 in order to ensure the political control of the discretionary implementing powers granted to the SRB comply with the parameters set out by the Court of Justice in the Short-selling judgment.

There is an inescapable link between the abstract world of theories and the real world of politics. It is hard to create an equitable policy if the basic organizing principles are flawed. Respectively, it is hard to construct a well-grounded theory with the lack of knowledge of the global processes. As Stephen Walt (1998) noticed, disagreements about policy usually rest on more fundamental disagreements about the basic forces that shape international outcomes. Take, for example, the current debate on how to define the European Union (EU). On the one hand, EU can be defined as a single actor, one of many other actors of international system, which existance is based on a common identity of all member states. On the other hand, EU can be explained as a unit of sovereign states, which are acting independently from one another. The latter perceptions reflect the basic statements of two theories – respectively constructivism and neorealism. According to the specific nature of the EU, as a global actor of international system, when both – normative and with hard power related – aspects can be distinguished in the actions of the Union, constructivism and neorealism are the theories most valuable to explain the current processes. The debate over determination of a security object and threats that occur to it seems different depending on which theory they employ. In neorealist point of view the main object of security is a state that seeks to meet its egoistic interests by improving its power (military or/and economic). From the perspective of constructivism, an object of security is what a securitizing actor refers to. Following this logic, various political, economic, social derivatives might become an object of security. [.].

There is an inescapable link between the abstract world of theories and the real world of politics. It is hard to create an equitable policy if the basic organizing principles are flawed. Respectively, it is hard to construct a well-grounded theory with the lack of knowledge of the global processes. As Stephen Walt (1998) noticed, disagreements about policy usually rest on more fundamental disagreements about the basic forces that shape international outcomes. Take, for example, the current debate on how to define the European Union (EU). On the one hand, EU can be defined as a single actor, one of many other actors of international system, which existance is based on a common identity of all member states. On the other hand, EU can be explained as a unit of sovereign states, which are acting independently from one another. The latter perceptions reflect the basic statements of two theories – respectively constructivism and neorealism. According to the specific nature of the EU, as a global actor of international system, when both – normative and with hard power related – aspects can be distinguished in the actions of the Union, constructivism and neorealism are the theories most valuable to explain the current processes. The debate over determination of a security object and threats that occur to it seems different depending on which theory they employ. In neorealist point of view the main object of security is a state that seeks to meet its egoistic interests by improving its power (military or/and economic). From the perspective of constructivism, an object of security is what a securitizing actor refers to. Following this logic, various political, economic, social derivatives might become an object of security. [.].

There is an inescapable link between the abstract world of theories and the real world of politics. It is hard to create an equitable policy if the basic organizing principles are flawed. Respectively, it is hard to construct a well-grounded theory with the lack of knowledge of the global processes. As Stephen Walt (1998) noticed, disagreements about policy usually rest on more fundamental disagreements about the basic forces that shape international outcomes. Take, for example, the current debate on how to define the European Union (EU). On the one hand, EU can be defined as a single actor, one of many other actors of international system, which existance is based on a common identity of all member states. On the other hand, EU can be explained as a unit of sovereign states, which are acting independently from one another. The latter perceptions reflect the basic statements of two theories – respectively constructivism and neorealism. According to the specific nature of the EU, as a global actor of international system, when both – normative and with hard power related – aspects can be distinguished in the actions of the Union, constructivism and neorealism are the theories most valuable to explain the current processes. The debate over determination of a security object and threats that occur to it seems different depending on which theory they employ. In neorealist point of view the main object of security is a state that seeks to meet its egoistic interests by improving its power (military or/and economic). From the perspective of constructivism, an object of security is what a securitizing actor refers to. Following this logic, various political, economic, social derivatives might become an object of security. [.].