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Agricultural growth in Pakistan over the past 3 decades has
been very impressive, averaging 3.3 percent annually over the period
1965-80, and accelerating to 4.3 percent per year over the period
1980-90. But as impressive as these numbers are, questions arise
regarding the success of the agricultural sector in terms of meeting
food and employment needs, the potential for continuing or increasing
growth rates in the future, the likely sources of future agricultural
growth, and the technologies, policies, and institutional arrangements
necessary to achieve that growth. The truth is that agriculture in
general, and food production in particular, have been working hard to
just to keep pace with other sectors and with the food needs of the
domestic population. Agriculture was the slowest growing sector in
Pakistan over the past 30 years, with general economic expansion moving
along at an average of 5.2 percent annually over the 1965-80 period, and
of 6.3 percent per year over the decade of the 1980s. In addition, in
spite of very . substantial production and productivity gains for most
major crops, the average index of food production per capita remained
constant over the 1980-90 period, while the total volume of cereal
imports nearly doubled to over 2,048,000 metric tons [World Development
Report (1992)].

The livestock subsector (LSS) has always been an important component of the Nigerian economy. Despite the importance of the sector, growth in livestock output has been slow. In the face of constraints posed by disease and ecological problems, government policies have not been totally successful in introducing or encouraging the development of basic technological and institutional changes necessary to exploit the potential that exists for an efficient growth of the LSS. The anatomy of these policies is the subject of this paper. It begins with a summary description of the LSS, including an analysis of trends in livestock distribution, production, trade and consumption. Throughout the paper attempts are made to examine the political economy of policy decisions in order to explain why certain policies are chosen when other alternatives appear to be available. A discussion of the lessons and suggestions for feasible policy changes in the futre concludes the paper.

The 1980s were noted for the escalation of the war on drugs. The dominant public perception was that drug use is a hideous evil that must be stopped, even at a great cost of public resources and personal liberties. Parents, politicians, and law enforcement officials rallied to battle drug use.2 Tremendous expenses and limited victories did not slow the war on drugs.'It cannot be disputed that drug abuse is widespread. More than seventy million Americans have experimented with illegal drugs, and twenty-three million currently use an illegal drug.4 The costs to society include drug-related crimes, accidents, lost productivity, increased health costs, and personal suffering.' Drug users' employers bear a large portion of the costs resulting from lost productivity, accidents, illnesses,and related expenses." Some employers have responded by requiring employees to be tested for drug use. The federal government, the Nation's largest employer, is leading the way in drug testing.8 Serious fourth amendment issues arise, however, when the government forces employees to submit to drug testing as a condition of employment. The typical urinalysis of a government employee constitutes a search without a warrant, probable cause, or individualized suspicion that a particular employee violated a law or even a workplace rule. Nevertheless, the United States Supreme Court in 1989 upheld government drug testing programs in National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab and Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association.' These cases were among a flood of recent federal and state court decisions allowing mandatory testing of federal, state, and municipal employees and private employees in pervasively regulated industries. These rulings have led several commentators to note that a "drug exception" to the fourth amendment may be emerging.' Part II of this Note details the executive branch's efforts to per-form drug tests on its employees and on private employees in pervasively regulated industries. Part III traces the Supreme Court's ...

IN THE ABSENCE OF A DETAILED NATIONAL POLICY TOWARD THE ARAB POPULATION IN ISRAEL, LOCAL CIVILIAN AND MILITARY ADMINISTRATORS WERE ABLE TO EXERCISE CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE OVER THE POLICIES CARRIED OUT IN THE VARIOUS LOCALITIES AND REGIONS. THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE POLICIES CARRIED OUT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL, IN THE ABSENCE OF AN OVERALL DETAILED NATIONAL POLICY. THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES THE SITUATION OF THE ARAB POPULATIONS OF HAIFA AND OF NAZARETH, AND THEN DISCUSSES SOME OF THE MAIN AREAS OF DAILY LIFE WHICH WERE OF CENTRAL IMPORTANCE TO THE ARABS IN ISRAEL DURING THIS PERIOD: FOOD SUPPLY; EMPLOYMENT; RESTRICTION OF MOVEMENT; RADIO AND THE PRESS; AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ARABS. CONSIDERATION OF LOCAL POLICY TOWARD ARABS IN THE MONTHS FOLLOWING THE WAR IS PROVIDED TO SLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABS IN ISRAEL IN LATER YEARS.

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is an example of a medical technology that has been widely accepted since its introduction in the mid-1960s. However, review of the literature does not provide convincing evidence of EFM efficacy, and four recent, controlled, clinical trails show little if any benefit in terms of preventing death or long-term disability of the baby. Public and private policies have largely acted to encourage use of EFM, and none have acted to slow or prevent its spread. This need for mechanisms to assure the timely evaluation of new medical technologies before they are accepted as a medical practice has led to a new medical devices program in the Food and Drug Administration, consensus development groups at the National Institutes of Health, and congressional legislation to establish a new National Center for Health Care Technology.

Technological change in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is necessary in any effort to obtain sustainable increases in food production. Yet, the diffusion of these technologies has not been rapid. A central question is why farmers are slow to adopt production-increasing technologies. This paper argues that technology adoption, rather than being an event, is best seen as a process shaped by a multitude of changing factors. The paper offers insight into this process by determining those socioeconomic factors associated with farm-level changes in the rates of adoption of selected technologies over time. Factors investigated include farm size, farm labour, input and output prices, capital availability, education, risk and uncertainty, and draft animal ownership. The study employs data gathered in 1985, 1988 and 1991 through three separate surveys of 85 households to examine maize technology adoption in Swaziland between 1985 and 1991. (Documentatieblad/ASC Leiden)

El trabajo presenta el desarrollo agrario francés durante el siglo XX, poniendo el énfasis en la postguerra, como ejemplo de una experiencia exitosa de desarrollo capitalista que contribuirá a ampliar los horizontes de la investigación agraria en el Perú. La naturaleza parcelaria de la propiedad, en ambos casos, surgió de procesos políticos redistributivos. Tres son los ejes de la exposición: la contradicción existente entre el lento crecimiento de la demanda alimenticia francesa y el veloz incremento de la productividad y la producción; el mantenimiento de las formas parcelarias -pequeñas y medianas- como formas predominantes de la propiedad y la desaparición de las rentas agrarias; y la subordinación creciente del sector agrícola a las necesidades y determinaciones tecnológicas de las industrias agrícola y alimenticia. ; The work follows French agricultural developments in 20Th century, emphasising the post-war period as an example of successful capitalist development to be emulated in order to expand the frontiers of agrarian research in Peru. Land divisions into parcels, in both cases, was a product of political land redistribution reforms. The study has three focuses: The contradiction between the slow rise in food demand in France and the rapid rise in productivity and production; the continued existence of land parcels -small and medium- as the predominant forms of ownership and the disappearance of land leases; the growing subordination of the farming sector to the needs and determinations of the farm and food industries.

The work follows French agricultural developments in 20Th century, emphasising the post-war period as an example of successful capitalist development to be emulated in order to expand the frontiers of agrarian research in Peru. Land divisions into parcels, in both cases, was a product of political land redistribution reforms. The study has three focuses: The contradiction between the slow rise in food demand in France and the rapid rise in productivity and production; the continued existence of land parcels -small and medium- as the predominant forms of ownership and the disappearance of land leases; the growing subordination of the farming sector to the needs and determinations of the farm and food industries ; El trabajo presenta el desarrollo agrario francés durante el siglo XX, poniendo el énfasis en la postguerra, como ejemplo de una experiencia exitosa de desarrollo capitalista que contribuirá a ampliar los horizontes de la investigación agraria en el Perú. La naturaleza parcelaria de la propiedad, en ambos casos, surgió de procesos políticos redistributivos. Tres son los ejes de la exposición: la contradicción existente entre el lento crecimiento de la demanda alimenticia francesa y el veloz incremento de la productividad y la producción; el mantenimiento de las formas parcelarias -pequeñas y medianas- como formas predominantes de la propiedad y la desaparición de las rentas agrarias; y la subordinación creciente del sector agrícola a las necesidades y determinaciones tecnológicas de las industrias agrícola y alimenticia.

In his 1911 film What Shall We Do with Our Old? D.W. Griffith dramatized the belief that urban, industrial America had no place for the elderly. Fired for being too slow at his work, an impoverished old man cannot buy food or medicine for his wife, who languishes in their drab, one-room apartment. Justice Benjamin Cardozo told a similar tale in upholding the constitutionality of the Social Security Act (Helvering v. Davis, 301 U.S. 619 [1937]): "The number of [aged] unable to take care of themselves is growing at a threatening pace. More and more our population is becoming urban and industrial instead of rural and agricultural." Cardozo relied on studies by the U.S. Social Security Board (1937: 3), which found that "the major part of the industrial population . . . earns scarcely enough to provide for its existence. Savings are small and generally cover little more than the cost of burial insurance." As a result, "industrial workers in [urban] areas . . . reach old age with few resources" (ibid.: 33).

Juvenile New Holland honeyeaters that hatched in autumn commenced a moult in the following spring
when about 6 months old. This moult was complete, and the sequence of feather replacement was the
same as that of adults; all the primary coverts were replaced. Juveniles that hatched in spring commenced
a moult in the summer when 2-6 months old. This moult was usually incomplete; many birds
commenced on the second, third or fourth primary, and moult of primaries then proceeded regularly
outwards to the tenth primary. Moult of secondaries and rectrices was often incomplete and irregular,
and tertiaries were usually all replaced. The primary coverts were rarely replaced. A few spring-hatched
juveniles replaced no flight feathers. The later the moult began in spring-hatched juveniles, the more likely
it was to start on a more distal primary, and to be less complete in other tracts. Differences in the timing
and extent of the moult in different populations and years appeared to be related to food levels. When
carbohydrate sources were scarce, the frequency of arrested moult, fault bars and short feathers was
higher. Juveniles replaced primaries at a slower rate than adults.

While the Korean Economy has experienced a high growth rate over the last two decades, agricultural sector has developed at a comparatively slower pace than other sectors. In the course of urbanization and industrialization, the agricultural sector faces numerous obstacles, including the labor shortage due to the migration from the rural to the urban area. It is widely recognized that without balanced development between the agricultural sector and the rest of the sectors, harmonized social and economic development may face serious limitation. To create the rural area as a "pleasant living community" for farmers and non-farmers, emphasis should be placed on rural development to improve rural people's welfare. while introduction convenient facilities into rural area. Special attention should also be paid to the continuous supply of major food crops on a national security basis and to the reasonable supply of agricultural machinery to alleviate the labor shortage as well as to develop agricultural infrastructures. In line with these objectives, this study concentrates on analyzing existing obstacles in rural society and suggests Policies for introducing integrated rural development through increasing farm income including non-agricultural income and improving the rural welfare for the 2000's.

If the study of the foreign policies of underdeveloped countries is underdeveloped, the systematic analysis of their foreign policy decisions is not. It is simply nonexistent. – Bahgat Korany, 19841The first half of the 1980s has posed new challenges for African foreign policy in practice and analysis, symbolised by the Ethiopian drought and the conflict in Southern Africa, but generalised in the continental crisis of negative growth. The halcyon days of the 1960s – the innocence and optimism of early African nationalism – have long since disappeared, obliterated by the global and regional shocks of the 1970s. The first independence decade coincided with a period of gradual economic expansion – as it turned out, the continent's last. The years since the mid-1970s – the end of the post-war Bretton Woods era – have been characterised by slow growth at best, for a minority of states, and by none for the majority of countries and peoples. Thus the African agenda has shifted dramatically from nation-building to -salvaging, and from import-substitution to de-industrialisation. Somewhat fanciful notions of regional and continental integration have been replaced by pragmatic imperatives of food aid and debt relief.

Bio/Technology/Diversity Week Volume 3, Number 5 February 9, 1994 Code: NL94007 Size of Files: Text: 40K Graphics: No associated graphics files CONTENTS HEADLINES: * BGH NEWS OF NOTE The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently released a set of guidelines intended to assist dairy processors who would like to take advantage of the agency's allowance for voluntary labeling of products derived from cows treated with synthetic bovine growth hormone (rBGH). * FLAVR SAVR SLOWDOWN PUTS FINANCIAL PRESSURE ON CALGENE The Calgene company, developer of the Flavr Savr tomato which is genetically engineered to slow the ripening process, reports that the lack of government action on its application for approval is putting them under financial strain. * EMBRYO CLONING REMOVES SPOTLIGHT FROM GENETIC TESTING A recent article in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN reports that the recent debate over the cloning of human embryos has clouded new developments in in vitro fertilization (IVF) and testing for genetic disorders. * EUROPEANS ADOPT PATENT RIGHTS HARMONIZATION POLICY The General Affairs Council of the European Union (EU) last week adopted a common position with regard to biotechnology patent rights. * GATHERING IN MEXICO WILL ADDRESS POTATO BLIGHT At the end of this month, a meeting will take place in Toluca, Mexico to coordinate efforts to combat the resurgence of the potato late blight . * STUDY SAYS EFFORTS NEEDED TO SAVE SEEDS A recent study by the National Research Council (NRC) concluded that some of the world's seeds are in danger . * UNIVERSITY OF MN SCIENTISTS' STUDY SUPPORTS PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY * INDIA TO INTRODUCE BIODIVERSITY LEGISLATION * NEWS SUMMARIES * BIOTECHNOLOGY

SUMMARYThe development of the cultivation of rice in Hokkaido is characterised by a slow initial phase, a period of rapid increase between the end of the nineteenth century and the 1930's, followed by fluctuations of varying degrees in the subsequent years. This development has been the subject of research which sees it as one aspect of a complex of factors in which especially climate, technical methods, agricultural policy, prices, social relations, settlement structures, demands for food‐stuff, and intellectual trends have played a part. None of the above mentioned factors taken for themselves can explain this development. Essentially it is rather a result of the complex development of all factors.RésuméL'évolution des rizières de Hokkaidô se caractérise par un retard initial, un essor rapide de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1930, puis des fluctuations d'ampleur variée. Cette évolution est ici examinée en tant qu'aspect d'un complexe où entrent en jeu, notamment, le climat, les techniques, la politique agricole, les prix, les rapports sociaux, la disposition du peuplement, les goûts alimentaires et les mécanismes mentaux. Pris séparément, aucun des facteurs ci‐dessus ne paraît déterminer suffisamment cette évolution. Celle‐ci est due, fondamentalement, à l'évolution du complexe lui‐même.ZusamaienfassungDie Entwicklung des Reisanbaus in Hokkaidô ist durch einc langsame Anlaufphasc, einen schnellen Aufschwung vom Endc des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts bis zu den dreißiger Jahren und danach durch Schwan‐kungen verschiedener Größenordnung charakterisiert. Diese Entwicklung wird hier als Aspekt eines Komplexes von Faktoren untersucht, bei dem insbesondere Klima, technische Verfahren, Landwirt‐schaftspolitik, Preise, soziale Beziehungen, Siedlungsstruktur, Nah‐rungsmittelnachfrage und geistige Stromungen eine Rolle spielen. Keiner dieser oben erwähnten Faktoren fur sich allein genommen, vermag diese Entwicklung zu erklaren. Sie ist vielmehr im wesentlichen Ergebnis der komplexen Entwicklung aller Faktoren.

The modernization of private agriculture in a socialized economy : the Polish policy turn
After forty years of consolidation and functioning of a soviet-type economy in Poland, individual farming remains its key source of agricultural and food products. However, a lasting discriminatory policy towards it, and multiform attempts of socializing it, have delayed and hindered its modernization and seemed so far to show its structural incompatibility with this system, then the necessary liquidation, or substantial reduction, of this phenomenon, atypical in the east european economies. Moreover the west european scenario of agricultural modernization, where the money-market self- regulation has played the crucial role (even though it was complicated by the interference of a considerable state-corporate apparatus), has proved, for this reason, to be inassimilable by Poland.
Yet the recent developments suggest another view of this long and difficult coexistence, namely a slow learning process by trial and error, of a specific and historically unprecedented way of selective modernization of individual farms, and of their integration into the global economy and society, quite consistent with the « distributive » logic of the latters.
The new Polish farm policy in the 80s, that the national economic depression seems to have freed from the previous inhibiting commitment to the « necessary » agricultural socialization, and its first productive and economic results, tend to confirm the reality and pertinence of a turning point in this direction. But simultaneously they show the need for its strenthening, towards a true structural mutation of the modernized farms, especially their specialisation, and the difficulty of such a mutation in the present state of their relations with the agricultural administration.