Suchergebnisse

Na análise de conflitos socioambientais por mineração, vários trabalhos têm apontado as diversas causas que originam estes cenários de tensão sobretudo em comunidades locais. Contudo, um aspecto pouco abordado é a percepção dos riscos como causa de um conflito socioambiental. A partir dessa premissa, este trabalho discute teorias que abordam os riscos e o princípio da precaução com a teoria da justiça ambiental a fim de identificar os elementos comuns entre estas e suas implicações em conflitos que envolvem coletividades. A conexão analítica entre o princípio da precaução e a teoria da justiça ambiental permite advertir que, em alguns conflitos por mineração, além da rejeição aos riscos por possíveis efeitos poluentes, existem outras questões inter-relacionadas de conteúdo epistemológico, social, cultural, econômico e político que influenciam nos cenários de conflito. O trabalho mostra que estas inter-relações se expressam principalmente nas limitações intrínsecas do conhecimento científico para a avaliação de riscos e incertezas em projetos de mineração complexos e na disputa política que envolve avaliação e decisão sobre riscos que poderiam afetar bens incomensuráveis como o ambiente, a saúde humana e as formas de organização de diversas comunidades. ; In the analysis of socioenvironmental conflicts by mining, several studies have pointed out the various causes that give rise to these tension scenarios, especially in local communities. However, one aspect that is not addressed is the perception of risks as a socio-environmental conflict cause. Based on this premise, this work discuss the theories that approach the risks and precautionary principle with the theory of environmental justice in order to identify the common elements between both and their implications in the context of conflicts that involve collectivities. We argue that the analytical link between the precautionary principle and the environmental justice theory allows us to note that in some conflicts regarding mining, in addition to the rejection of risks due to possible polluting effects, there are other interrelated issues of epistemological, social, cultural, economic and political content that influence in conflict scenarios. The work shows that these interrelations are expressed mainly in the intrinsic limitations of scientific knowledge for the evaluation of risks and uncertainties in complex mining projects, and in the political dispute surrounding the evaluation and decision on risks that could affect incommensurable goods such as the environment, human health and the forms of organization of various communities.

Geçmişten günümüze insan yaşamını etkileyen en önemli parçalardan biri de siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan gündelik hayata fazlası ile nüfuz eden yerel yönetimler olgusudur. Dünyada ve ülkemizde gün geçtikçe artan nüfusla ve küreselleşmenin etkisi ile yere yönetimlerin önemini arttırmıştır. Bu sebeple Avrupa Birliği tarafından hazırlanan Avrupa Yerel Yönetim Özerklik Şartı yerel yönetim birimleri açısından hayati önem arz etmektedir. Bu şart sonrasında ülkemizde merkezin taşraya bakış açısında yönetim açısından olumlu gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. 1984 yılında İstanbul'da ve Ankara'da Büyükşehir Belediyesi kurulması ile birlikte şehirlere ve taşradaki yaşayan vatandaşlara verilen hizmetin türü, kalitesi, hızı, niteliği gibi özellikleri değişmiştir. Günümüzde ise sayısı otuz olan Büyükşehir Belediyeleri bir şehrin ve özellikle kırsal kesimin ihtiyaçlarında her türlü desteği veren en önemli birim olmuştur. Faydaları olduğu kadar eleştirilere de neden olan Büyükşehir Belediyeleri her yerde hizmette aynı kaliteyi verememekte olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu tez çalışmamda 2012 yılı sonrası yeni büyükşehir düzenlemelerinin Şanlıurfa kırsalındaki mahalleye çevrilmiş olan köylerine sosyal ve ekonomik açıdan yansımaları araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara ilişkin çözüm önerileri sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. ; One of the most vital parts affecting human life from the past to the present is the phenomenon of local governments that have permeated with daily, political, social, cultural and economic aspects. With the increasing population and the impact of globalization in the world and in our country, it has increased the importance of local governments. For this reason, the European Charter of Local Self-Government prepared by the European Union supply vital importance for local government units. Following this condition, positive developments have been experienced at center's viewpoint to the province in terms of management in our country. With the establishment of the Metropolitan Municipality in 1984 in Istanbul and Ankara, the characteristics, quality, speed and quality of the services provided to the cities and the citizens living in the provinces changed. Nowadays, thirty Metropolitan Municipalities have been the most important unit providing all kinds of support for the needs of a city and especially rural areas. It is known that metropolitan municipalities, which cause criticism as well as benefits, cannot provide the same quality in service everywhere.In this thesis, the social and economic reflections of the new metropolitan regulations after 2012 on the villages converted to the neighborhood in Şanlıurfa were investigated. It was tried to present solutions for the findings

La restauración ecológica es uno de los principales mecanismos de conservación que busca afrontar la degradación ambiental y mitigar los efectos del cambio climático, por lo cual se constituye como una de las herramientas más importantes para el manejo y recuperación de las áreas protegidas. No obstante, la presencia comunidades humanas dentro de los parques naturales ha originado diversos conflictos ambientales que dificultan las labores de restauración bajo los lineamientos normativos actuales. Por tal motivo el presente estudio aborda la definición de escenarios de restauración ecológica a partir de la integración de lo ecosistémico y lo cultural por medio de la caracterización, tipificación y análisis de los aspectos biofísicos, sociales, económicos y políticos involucrados en un área protegida, en este caso el Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque (Boyacá, Colombia). Lo anterior a partir de la integración del riesgo a incendios de la cobertura vegetal, la tenencia de la tierra, la relación con los cuerpos de agua, la presencia de actividades agropecuarias y la localización respecto al área protegida. Como resultado se definieron 20 escenarios socioecológicos para la restauración ecológica del Santuario, los cuales se relacionan con posibles estrategias generales de restauración ecológica. ; Abstract: Ecological restoration is one of the main conservation mechanisms that seeks to confront environmental degradation and mitigate the effects of climate change, as it refers to the most important tools for the management and recovery of protected areas. However, the presence of people within the natural parks has originated environmental conflicts that hinder restoration work under current legal regulations. Therefore, the present study addresses the definition of the ecological restoration scenarios based on the integration of the ecosystem and the cultural through the characterization, typification and analysis of the biophysical, social, economic and political aspects involved in a protected area, in this case the Flora and Fauna Iguaque Sanctuary (Boyacá, Colombia). Above mentioned from the integration of the risk to fires of vegetation cover, land tenure, the relationship with water bodies, the presence of agricultural activities and the location in the protected area. As a result, 20 socio-ecological scenarios were defined for the ecological restoration of the Sanctuary, which are related to possible general restoration strategies. ; Maestría

Abstract This study aims to identify and reconstruct various issues of national law as the basic framework for national legal reform. The results of the study obtained conclusions: a) the establishment of a modern legal system in Indonesia that is multi-cultural is a challenge for the unification and renewal of national law; b) renewal of national law is a political process whose success depends on the balance of power between the actors involved and the available momentum, so that legal reform requires space and place for the dialectical process involving all components and elements that represent all citizens of a pluralistic society. Recommendations for consideration of renewal of national law are: b) Social, cultural, cultural and Indonesian diversity are the main social capital and capital for national legal reforms that adopt values that become the life and soul views of the nation; b) Establishment of national law must be based on values of diversity and not a form of uniformity based on a political process that considers various aspects of deliberation and consensus for the unity and unity of the Indonesian nation. Keywords: Renewal of National Law, Pluralism, Unification, Government Authority Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan merekonstruksi ulang berbagai permasalahan hukum nasional sebagaimkerangka dasar pembaruan hukum nasional. Hasil kajian diperoleh simpulan: a) pembentukan satu sistem hukum modern di Indonesia yang multi kultural adalah suatu tantangan bagi unifikasi dan pembaruan hukum nasional; b) pembaruan hukum nasional adalah proses politik yang keberhasilannya tergantung pada perimbangan kekuatan antar aktor yang terlibat di dalamnya serta mementum yang tersedia, sehingga pembaruan hukum memerlukan ruang dan tempat bagi proses dialektika yang melibatkan seluruh komponen dan unsur yang merepresentasikan seluruh warga masyarakat yang majemuk. Rekomendasi untuk pertimbangan bagi pembaruan hukum nasional adalah: b) Keberagaman sosial, budaya, adat-istiadat, dan tradisi masyarakat Indonesia merupakan modal sosial dan modal kapital utama untuk reformasi hukum nasional yang mengadopsi nilai-nilai yang menjadi pandangan hidup dan jiwa bangsa; b) Pembentukan hukum nasional harus dilandasi nilai-nilai keberagaman dan bukan merupakan bentuk penyeragaman berdasarkan proses politik yang mempertimbangkan berbagai aspek musyawarah da mufakat untuk persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa Indonesia. Kata Kunci:Pembaruan Hukum Nasional, Pluralisme, Unifikasi, Pemerintah

The development of inclusive education in the Ukrainian society is both directly and indirectlyrelated to the introduction of the «New Ukrainian School» concept. If democratically minded statessince the late twentieth century intensively introduced ideas of inclusion into the educational field –since its inception in 1994 by UNESCO – then inclusive education for domestic realities has become arelatively new phenomenon. Instead, both academics, educational practitioners, and society, havegenerally taken inclusive ideas positively. Now it is scientifically proved the fact that the personal andprofessional readiness of teachers to practice-oriented implementation of the principles of inclusivepedagogy is an important prerequisite for the effectiveness of social and pedagogical efforts in thespecified direction. At the same time, there remains a problematic field that actualizes researchers'attention to higher education – the main and specific stage of becoming a successful specialist; it is noexception also its effective preparation to the implementation of socio-professional tasks in the field ofmore tangible positive dynamics of inclusive education development in the aspect of developingstrategies for building a competitive social partnership. We have tried to substantiate the importancein this regard of focusing on the subsystem «children's community – teachers – parents of children ofinclusive environment».The defined view details the fruitful experience of foreign countries. As the scientific position onthe criteria by which it is expedient to evaluate the innovativeness of the relevant pedagogicaltechnologies of inclusive education has not yet been elaborated, the leading factors in this context arejustified (awareness of future specialists in the latest scientific achievements in the field of inclusion;formation of «soft skills» at students who form a professional ability to «learn from the experience ofcreative educators»), the author's position regarding the scientific status of the concepts of«innovation», «updating», «changes» was stated and the corresponding generalizations were made. ; Інклюзія – порівняно нове явище як у вітчизняній освітній сфері, так і в українськомусоціумі. Якісна особистісно-професійна підготовленість студентів, які набувають у вищійшколі педагогічні спеціальності, є запорукою успішної інклюзивної освіти. Осмисленняпрофесійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців до реалізації ідей інклюзії в контекстісистемного підходу, інтерактивні форми засвоєння студентами базової навчальноїдисципліни «Інклюзивна освіта», творче запозичення ідей, що містить вітчизняний іконструктивний зарубіжний досвід розробки стратегій професійної діяльності фахівців вумовах інклюзивного середовища – площина ресурсів вітчизняної вищої школи, задіяністьяких сприятиме розв'язанню новопосталих проблем інклюзивної освіти.

It is well-recognised that to achieve long-term sustainable and resilient land management we need to understand the coupled dynamics of social and ecological systems. Land use change scenarios will often aim to understand (i) the behaviours of land management, influenced by direct and indirect drivers, (ii) the resulting changes in land use and (iii) the environmental implications of these changes. While the literature in this field is extensive, approaches to parameterise coupled systems through integration of empirical social science based models and ecology based models still need further development. We propose an approach to land use dynamics modelling based on the integration of behavioural models derived from choice experiments and spatially explicit systems dynamics modelling. This involves the specification of a choice model to parameterise land use behaviour and the integration with a spatial habitat succession model. We test this approach in an upland socio-ecological system in the United Kingdom. We conduct a choice experiment with land managers in the Peak District National Park. The elicited preferences form the basis for a behavioural model, which is integrated with a habitat succession model to predict the landscape level vegetation impacts. The integrated model allows us to create projections of how land use may change in the future under different environmental and policy scenarios, and the impact this may have on landscape vegetation patterns. We illustrate this by showing future projection of landscape changes related to hypothetical changes to EU level agricultural management incentives. The advantages of this approach are (i) the approach takes into account potential environmental and management feedbacks, an aspect often ignored in choice modelling, (ii) the behavioural rules are revealed from actual and hypothetical choice data, which allow the research to test the empirical evidence for various determinants of choice, (iii) the behavioural choice models generate probabilities of alternative behaviours which make them ideally suited for integration with simulation models. The paper concludes that the modelling approach offers a promising route for linking socio-economic and ecological features of socio-ecological systems. Furthermore, our proposed approach allows testing of the underlying socio-economic and environmental drivers and their interaction in real environmental systems.

This paper re-turns to a workshop we co-organised in London in 2018 as part of a series called 'how to do sociology with.' (Methods Lab, Sociology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London). The series aims to consider what happens when the materials, media, objects, devices and atmospheres of social research central to our practices are brought into focus. The specific material that we worked with and thought through in this workshop was glitter – a thing that is ubiquitous in early childhood and in wider feminine, gay and queer cultures. We draw on new materialist theories, methods and practice research, to consider how preparing and dismantling this workshop might be understood as a means of enacting feminist new materialism. We do this not to propose a blueprint for how new materialisms should be done so much as to offer a series of questions, reflections and diffractions on what unfolded and the affective and embodied traces that were left. In this sense, the paper understands arts-based practice to hold unanticipated pedagogical capacities which we attend to throughout the paper in terms of ethics, politics and care. We dwell upon ethics and politics by drawing on long-standing feminist arguments regarding what is often neglected in written accounts of doing research, and through focusing on the affective work involved in designing, choreographing and managing a workshop that asked participants to seriousplay (Haraway, 2016) with glitter and explore its material and affective properties. We discuss our own discomfort with, and uncertainty about, organising such a workshop and go on to outline what we see as the productive aspects and implications of orchestrating a glitter workshop for how we might conceive and do new materialist work. This includes a discussion about the response-ability of seriousplay with plastic in the contemporary climate, and more broadly about what new materialist methods and practice research might contribute to an understanding of educational and social research, and pedagogical and political practice. Throughout, photographs taken by us before, during and after the workshop (as jpeg images) are included, to not only illustrate the points we make and give readers/viewers a different sense of the workshop, but also extend what might count as academic knowledge production and circulation.

It is well-recognised that to achieve long-term sustainable and resilient land management we need to understand the coupled dynamics of social and ecological systems. Land use change scenarios will often aim to understand (i) the behaviours of land management, influenced by direct and indirect drivers, (ii) the resulting changes in land use and (iii) the environmental implications of these changes. While the literature in this field is extensive, approaches to parameterise coupled systems through integration of empirical social science based models and ecology based models still need further development. We propose an approach to land use dynamics modelling based on the integration of behavioural models derived from choice experiments and spatially explicit systems dynamics modelling. This involves the specification of a choice model to parameterise land use behaviour and the integration with a spatial habitat succession model. We test this approach in an upland socio-ecological system in the United Kingdom. We conduct a choice experiment with land managers in the Peak District National Park. The elicited preferences form the basis for a behavioural model, which is integrated with a habitat succession model to predict the landscape level vegetation impacts. The integrated model allows us to create projections of how land use may change in the future under different environmental and policy scenarios, and the impact this may have on landscape vegetation patterns. We illustrate this by showing future projection of landscape changes related to hypothetical changes to EU level agricultural management incentives. The advantages of this approach are (i) the approach takes into account potential environmental and management feedbacks, an aspect often ignored in choice modelling, (ii) the behavioural rules are revealed from actual and hypothetical choice data, which allow the research to test the empirical evidence for various determinants of choice, (iii) the behavioural choice models generate probabilities of alternative behaviours which make them ideally suited for integration with simulation models. The paper concludes that the modelling approach offers a promising route for linking socio-economic and ecological features of socio-ecological systems. Furthermore, our proposed approach allows testing of the underlying socio-economic and environmental drivers and their interaction in real environmental systems.

Las elecciones presidenciales son un espacio de amplio debate público, desfogue de pasiones ideológicas, confrontación de ideas; entre otros aspectos que podemos encontrar gracias al papel difusor de la prensa, responsable en describir los acontecimientos acaecidos. Es importante señalar que los diarios jugaron un rol central, especialmente durante los contextos pre-electorales o en los propios comicios, ya sea para forjar la imagen a favor o en contra de algún candidato. En ese sentido, el contraste de información proveniente de diversos periódicos e incluso de las memorias de prefectos, testigos de la época entre otro tipo de fuentes nos permite acercarnos objetivamente a la realidad y de esta forma desmitificar a la llamada República Aristocrática (1899-1919) tildada por algunos historiadores como un espacio de estabilidad social y política. Por el contrario, lo expuesto en la prensa nos muestra un tiempo de mucha tensión y confrontación en los albores del siglo xx. Un ejemplo son las elecciones presidenciales de 1899 el cual estudiaremos a continuación a partir de la descripción realizada por los principales diarios de la capital como El Comercio, El Germinal, entre otros. ; Presidential elections are a space of broad public debate, a vent of ideological passions, confrontation of ideas, among other aspects that we can find thanks to the press diffusing role, responsible for describing occurred events. It is important to point out that newspapers played a central role, especially during pre-electoral contexts or in actual elections, either to forge the image for or against a candidate. On this matter, information contrast from various newspapers and even the memories of prefects, witnesses of the time among other sources, allowed us to approach reality objectively and thus demystify the so-called Aristocratic Republic (1899-1919) labeled by some historians as a space of social and political stability. On the contrary, what is exposed in the press shows us a time of great tension and confrontation at the dawn of the 20th century. An example is 1899 presidential elections, which we study from descriptions made by the main newspapers of the capital city as El Comercio, El Germinal, among others.

In this paper we reflect on the different modalities of intervention deployed in settlements upgrade policy by the Government in Buenos Aires city between 2015 and 2018. Specifically, it focuses on the experience of the Secretaría de Inclusión social y Urbana and the Instituto de la Vivienda de la Ciudad. The first of that bureaucracies are taking part of the upgrade process of Villa 31-31 bis, the second one of the Villa 20 process, which are the two experiences chosen in the analysis. Both agencies have differences regarding their origin, trajectory, capacities and intervention criteria of upgrade policies, aspects that are reflected in the forms of management that are deployed in the territory. Participation is a transverse axis that shows differences in process and product, within a context of neoliberal governance. The research is based in a qualitative methodology, which combines interview methods, documentary analysis and observations in the different dependencies and the territory. The analysis evidences the complexities that shows de settlements upgrade policy and contributes to the understanding of the new styles of neoliberal governance. ; Este trabajo reflexiona sobre las distintas modalidades de intervención desplegadas en la política de urbanización de villas por el Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires entre los años 2015 y 2018. Específicamente, retoma la experiencia de la Secretaría de Inclusión Social y Urbana (SISU) y del Instituto de la Vivienda de la Ciudad. La primera está abocada a la reurbanización de la villa 31-31bis, mientras que la segunda a la de Villa 20, que son las dos experiencias elegidas en el análisis. Ambas organizaciones presentan diferencias en cuanto a su origen, trayectoria, capacidades y criterios de intervención de las políticas de urbanización, aspectos que se encuentran reflejados en las formas de gestión que desplegaron en el territorio. La participación es un eje transversal que muestra diferencias de proceso y de producto, dentro de un contexto de gobernanza neoliberal. La investigación se sostiene en una metodología cualitativa, que combina métodos de entrevista, análisis documental y observaciones en las distintas dependencias y el territorio. El análisis evidencia las complejidades que presenta la política de villas en la actualidad y aporta a la comprensión de los nuevos estilos de gobernanza neoliberal.

Online misogyny has caused feminist activism in Spain to compete for discursive space on social media. The dispute over virtual space for the victims of gender-based violence entails a struggle for testifying against such violence, which is, in turn, polarized by the rhetoric of post-truth. Utilizing the operationalization of the ethical testimony, we propose an analytical mode to delve into the discursive construction of the hashtags #YoSiTeCreo (I believe you) and #YoNoTeCreo (I don't believe you) as a response to the trial and sentencing of the self-styled Manada (Wolfpack). We conclude that following the analytical mode of the ethical witnessing the political aspect of the act of giving testimony, and that of receiving it, is activated through the feminist digital practices. Through mediated feminist digital communities of hashtag feminism (Khoja-Moolji, 2015), the hashtag #YoSiTeCreo sparked a political response from the public. Onban the other hand the hashtag #YoNoTeCreo acts as an example of agentive victimhood (Banet-Weiser, in press) making, through visibility, affect and spectacularization, individual demands equal to collective struggles. ; La misoginia en red ha propiciado que el activismo feminista en España se haya visto obligado a competir por el espacio discursivo en redes sociales. La disputa por el lugar de la víctima de violencia de género en la Red conlleva la pugna por el testimonio de la violencia que, a su vez, se polariza a través del dispositivo discursivo de la posverdad. A partir de la operacionalización del testimonio ético (Oliver, 2001, 2004) proponemos un marco analítico que nos permita indagar en la construcción discursiva de los hashtags #YoSiTeCreo y #YoNoTeCreo que surgieron como respuesta al juicio y a la sentencia del caso considerado como abuso sexual por parte de La Manada. Considerando los dos espacios discursivos generados mediante los dos hashtags, a partir del marco analítico propuesto se podría sostener que el discurso que surge a partir de #YoSiTeCreo consigue activar una respuesta política creando comunidades afectivas feministas de resistencia mediadas digitalmente por el "hashtag feminism" (Khoja-Moolji, 2015). Mientras que #YoNoTeCreo actúa a modo de "victimización agenciadora" (Banet-Weiser, en prensa) que hace pasar por luchas colectivas las demandas individuales con el apoyo de la visibilidad, los afectos y la espectacularización.

Die Entwicklung von Kindern wird sehr stark davon beeinflusst, in welchen Lebenslagen sie aufwachsen. Es ist jedoch nicht klar, welche Faktoren dabei eine Rolle spielen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Beitrag ein breites Spektrum an Indikatoren zur Familienkonstellation und zur Zeit der Eltern mit ihren Kindern, zum sozioökonomischen Hintergrund sowie zur Freizeitgestaltung der Kinder in den Blick genommen. In multivariaten Analysen wird ihr Zusammenhang mit den Ergebnissen von Kompetenztests in Mathematik und Deutsch sowie den Lehrereinschätzungen zu sozialen Fertigkeiten und Konzentrationsfähigkeit ermittelt. Die Datenbasis bilden Angaben von und zu Viertklässlern im Rahmen des Nationalen Bildungspanels. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sportliche und musische Aktivitäten mit dem Leistungsstand der Kinder in Deutsch und Mathematik positiv einhergehen. Genauso steht ein maßvolles Mediennutzungsverhalten mit bis zu zwei Stunden Medienkonsum am Tag in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit den sozialen Fertigkeiten und der Konzentrationsfähigkeit. Insgesamt treten andere Bereiche wie die Familienform, die Erwerbskonstellation der Eltern oder ein Migrationshintergrund gegenüber der Freizeitgestaltung in den Hintergrund, wenn man verschiedene Aspekte der Lebenslagen der Kinder gleichzeitig in den Blick nimmt. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass die institutionelle Betreuung immer weiter ausgebaut wird, lässt sich für die Politik die Empfehlung ableiten, Ganztagsschulen so zu institutionalisieren und auszustatten, dass sie den Kindern eine möglichst entwick-lungsfördernde Freizeitgestaltung bieten. ; How children develop is strongly influenced by the circumstances in which they grow up. However, it is not clear which factors play a role in this process. To tackle this question, the present paper looks at a broad range of indicators on family structure and the time parents spend with their children, on children's socio-economic background and on their leisure activities. Multivariate analyses are used to determine how these factors correlate with the results of competence tests in mathematics and German and teachers' assessments of children's social skills and concentration. The data stem from responses by and on fourth-graders to the National Education Panel Study (NEPS). The results show that sporting and musical activities correlate positively with the children's level of performance in German and mathematics. Similarly, moderate media use with up to two hours of media consumption per day is positively related to social skills and the ability to concentrate. Taking all these different aspects of children's living conditions together, it is clear that compared with leisure activities the influence of other factors, such as family structure, parental employment and migrant background, is secondary. The message for policymakers is that they should work on providing all children with leisure activities which promote their competence development. This means, on the one hand, further expanding the services offered by childcare facilities and all-day schools and, on the other, establishing counselling services aimed specifically at parents.

The topicality of this issue is related to the fact that the EU is founded on a set of values, including equality. Nowadays the attitude towards women in the society is significantly different from that of men. Unfortunately, inequality does not decline over time. The basic idea of gender equality is to provide both women and men with the same rights, opportunities and conditions for full-fledged development. The article is devoted to the dimensions of the principle of gender equality in the European Union, which is important for Ukraine due to the conditions of European integration. The dimensions of gender equality cover the political, economic, civil, social and cultural spheres of our live activity, including achieving gender equality in employment, equal pay for equal work, gender balance in decision making, harmonization of professional and family life, education and «gender mainstreaming».

That is why research and analysis of gender equality's dimensions in the EU and defining the legal aspects of their regulation are relevant to the legal system of Ukraine. Over the past few decades, the EU has notably worked for equal treatment legislation, gender mainstreaming and specific measures for the advancement of women. Moreover, the EU has defined the following dimensions of gender equality: equal economic independence for women and men; equal pay for work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and ending gender-based violence; and promoting gender equality beyond the EU.

The dimension of gender equality is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, so that women and men benefit equally and the inequality is not perpetuated. Although the EU has achieved positive results in protecting human rights, the work is still continuing in this direction. The idea of gender equality is an integral part of equality as a general principle, development and peace in the world. Without this principle, it is impossible to establish

the basis for democracy, freedom, justice and tolerance. Recently, the principle of gender equality is getting paramount importance for Ukraine, as one of the conditions for successful European integration.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to document the racist undertones of Donald Trump's Presidential campaign rhetoric and draw implications regarding its impact on equality, diversity, and inclusion. Most contemporary individuals reject explicitly racist beliefs and strive to present themselves as having egalitarian attitudes toward other races and ethnicities. However, commonly held implicit biases toward historically marginalized racioethnic groups drive negative effect that is often unconscious and unacknowledged. Inconsistency between the conscious and unconscious aspects of contemporary racism generates a population of individuals who are uncomfortable with their attitudes, creating an opening for politicians willing to leverage racist rhetoric and gain support by resolving this inconsistency.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies social psychological theory and research to address the questions of what attracts otherwise non-racist individuals to racist-tinged rhetoric. The paper also provides theory-based interventions for reducing the attractiveness and impact of racist political campaigns.FindingsSupporters of racist politicians resolve the conflict between their negative feelings toward racioethnic minorities and their espoused anti-racist views by distancing themselves from racist rhetorical content in three ways: by denying that racist statements or actions occurred, denying that the statements or actions are racist, and/or by denying responsibility for racism and its effects. These techniques provide supporters with validation from an authority that they can express their negative affect toward out-groups and still consider themselves to be good people and not racists.Practical implicationsDistancing from racism has allowed contemporary American extremists to reframe themselves as victims of closed-minded progressives seeking to elevate undeserving and/or dangerous out-groups at the in-group's expense. Effective anti-racism techniques are needed to counter implicit biases in order to limit the attractiveness of extremist views. Implicit biases can be effectively reduced through training in counter-stereotypic imaging, stereotype replacement, and structured inter-group interaction. Effectively countering denial of the facts involves affirming the audience's belief system while building skepticism toward the sources of misinformation.Social implicationsWhile countering racist politicians requires commitment, these efforts are essential for protecting the identity of the USA as a society striving toward equality, diversity, and inclusion.Originality/valueBy articulating the social psychological principles underpinning racist-tinged populist rhetoric, this paper explains the attractiveness of racist statements by politicians, which tends to be under-estimated.

Until 2008, we saw in Spain an economic growth based on debt and the Real Estate bubble. This situation was caused by many factors, among which we can mention the outdated legislation in matters of mortgages, g anting those mortgages in a disproportionate way, with clauses declared abusive severa! times, and that created a scenario witb mu1tiple judicial controversies. In the following pages, we will analyze the current state of the mortgage sector, studying the current mortgage law in force, as well as its reform, still pending approval. We will study which are the main issues caused by the application of the mortgage law, its most controverted aspects and those matters that originated a large judicial and social debate both in the interna] order as welJ as the European one, also analyzing the most relevant resolutions in the matter. We will also study the main changes expected to be included in tbe reform of the law, and compare our internal situation with the regulation of sorne of tbe member states ofthe European Union. ; Hasta el año 2008, asistimos en España a un crecimiento económico basado en el endeudamiento y la burbuja del ladrillo. Esta situación fue causada por munerosos factores entre los que se encuentra, la desfasada legislación en materia hipotecaria y la concesión de préstamos hipotecarios de fonna desproporcionada y acompañados de varias cláusulas que han sido reiteradamente declaradas como abusivas y que han dado lugar a un panorama en el que se han suscitado numerosas controversias jurídicas. A lo largo del presente texto vamos a analizar el estado actual del sector hipotecario, estudiando la vigente ley hipotecaria, así como la reforma de ésta, que se encuentra pendiente de aprobación. Estudiaremos cuales son los principales problemas que ha ocasionado la aplicación de la ley hipotecaria, los aspectos más controvertidos y aquellos asuntos que han dado lugar a un gran debate jurídico y social tanto en el ordenamiento interno como europeo, analizando también las resoluciones más relevantes en la materia. Además, estudiaremos los principales cambios que se esperan incorporar en la reforma de la ley y compararemos nuestro panorama interno con la regulación en algunos de los Estados Miembros de la Unión Europea.