The continuous search for responsible and sustainable practices in the tourism industry paves the way for alternative approaches to tourism development. Tourists need a quality product, local communities need jobs, and business needs profit. To achieve these goals, as well as preserve the results for future generations, it is necessary to consider economic, social, environmental and ethical factors in a tourism planning. All these tasks can be met within the sustainable tourism development concept. The purpose of this study is to address a gap in knowledge by conceptualizing sustainable tourism development as a more holistic economic strategy. Using social capital as a theoretical lens, this paper explores the ways which facilitate sustainable tourism planning. The basic research approaches of social capital in tourism are described with respect to their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the specifics of use for the Russian tourism industry. The future research directions were suggested at the conclusion.
The article examines the impact of social capital and institutional trust on attitudes towards innovation. On a sample of 6077 respondents representing 10 Russian regions, it was found that social capital and institutional trust positively influence the attitude towards technologies in general. The analysis of a specific technology (automated judicial systems) showed that the relationship can also be reversed: the lower the social capital, the more positively the respondents refer to the introduction of new technology. These results may indicate that in conditions of poor institutional environment and in spheres that require high interpersonal and institutional trust, technologies allowing people to go to depersonalized relationships may be accepted, despite the negative attitude towards technologies in general. The findings allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects of introducing breakthrough technologies depending on the socio-cultural and institutional environment and contribute to the development of research on the impact of socio-cultural factors on the economy.
The purpose. The article explores the features of the development of social capital in the Nalchik district of the Terek region in 1905–1917. The author aims to disclose the features of the development of the public capital system of the Nalchik district by the example of the activities of public loan offices and credit partnerships, the analysis of these types of institutions is carried out taking into account the economic, territorial and ethnopolitical features of the district.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, which involves the consideration of social capital as a structure consisting of two main systems (institutions), the identification of their characteristics and differences, as well as an analysis of the mechanism of their interaction with the financial system of the district. Each institution is considered as a separate socio-financial association, the totality of the funds of which were used to implement the economic functions of the district.For a more detailed study of the system of social capital, the method of economic analysis is used, based on the analysis of the constituent elements of financial and statistical data on the Kabardian public sum and credit partnerships. With the help of financial data analysis, a comparison is made with the overall balance indicators, which provides information on the entire state of social capital and the movement of funds within it for the period under review.The use of the above method underlies the systematic approach, which is first used in the study of research topics, which allows focusing on the concrete historical aspect of the problem under consideration.Article is prepared on the basis of materials from the Central State Archive of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (f. I-6 "Management of the Nalchik District" and f. I-26 "Treasurer of the Kabardino Public Amount").Results. During the research it was established that public lending institutions were created to satisfy the loan needs of the rural (peasant) population. The amounts that made up their capital are differentiated into: 1) owned by peasants, 2) issued by the government, 3) deposited. Particular attention is paid to the Kabardian public sum, as this was the first public capital institution in the district. The scope and status of credit partnerships in the Nalchik district are considered. The assumption is made that on the basis of the Kabardian public sum the first large national bank in the district could be created. It is shown that the transformation of the public sum into a bank was hindered by the incompleteness of the process of preparing the charter and the development of regulations for its activities. It is concluded that the most productive activity was the credit partnerships of the district, the reason for the growth of income and deposits in which was the need of rural producers for loans, as well as the support of the population, who actively invested their savings there.Scope of results – Results of this research can be used in educational process and research activities related to the study of the history of the economy and the cooperative movement in the North Caucasus region. ; Цель. В статье исследуются особенности развития общественного капитала в Нальчикском округе Терской области в 1905–1917 гг. Автор ставит целью раскрыть особенности развития системы общественного капитала Нальчикского округа на примере деятельности общественных ссудных касс и кредитных товариществ, анализ данных типов учреждений проводится при учете экономических, территориальных и этнополитических особенностей округа.Методы. Методологической основой исследования выступает системный подход, предполагающий рассмотрение общественного капитала как структуры, состоящей из двух основных систем (учреждений), выявление их особенностей и различий, а также анализ механизма их взаимодействия с финансовой системой округа. Каждое учреждение рассматривается в качестве отдельного общественно-финансового объединения, совокупность средств которых использовались по осуществлению экономических функций округа.Для более подробного изучения системы общественного капитала, используется метод экономического анализа, основанного в разборе составных элементов финансовых и статистических данных о Кабардинской общественной сумме и кредитных товариществах.С помощью анализа финансовых данных происходит сопоставление с общими показателями сальдо, что представляет информацию всего состояния общественного капитала и движения внутри него средств за рассмотренный период.Использование указанного выше метода лежит в основе системного подхода, который впервые применяется при изучении тематики исследования, что позволяет акцентировать внимание на конкретно-историческом аспекте рассматриваемой проблемы.Статья подготовлена на основе материалов Центрального государственного архива Кабардино-Балкарской Республики (ф. И-6 «Управление Нальчикского округа» и ф.И-26 «Казначей Кабардинской общественной суммы»).Результаты. Установлено, что общественные ссудные учреждения, создавались для удовлетворения потребностей в кредите сельского (крестьянского) населения. Суммы, составлявшие их капиталы, дифференцированы на: 1) принадлежавшие крестьянам, 2) выдаваемые правительством, 3) вносимые на вклады. Особое внимание уделено Кабардинской общественной суммы, так как это было первое учреждение общественного капитала в округе. Рассмотрена сфера деятельности и статус кредитных товариществ в Нальчикском округе. Сделано предположение, что на базе Кабардинской общественной суммы мог быть создан первый крупный народный банк на территории округа. Показано, что преобразованию общественной суммы в банк препятствовали не завершенность процесса подготовки устава и разработки регламента его деятельности. Сделан вывод, что наиболее результативной была деятельность кредитных товариществ округа, причина роста доходов и вкладов в которых заключалась в нужде сельских производителей в кредите, а также – поддержке населения, активно вкладывавшего туда свои сбережения.Область применения результатов. Результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы в образовательном процессе и научно-исследовательской деятельности, касающейся вопросов изучения истории экономики и кооперативного движения в северокавказском регионе.
This article is devoted to analysis of the values determining features of social relations in modern Belarus. The article considers the basic values of modern Belarusian society: family, communication, tolerance, politics. The article presents the results of a national survey conducted by the Center of Sociological and Political Studies of the Belarusian State University (Belarus, Minsk). The author pays attention to especial place of the values in social capital context. For this reason the role of sociophilosophical expertise of possible models and priorities of modern sociodynamics is increased. = Статья посвящена анализу ценностей, определяющих специфику социальных отношений в современной Беларуси. В статье рассматриваются базовые ценности современного белорусского общества: семья, коммуникация, толерантность, политика. Приводятся результаты национального опроса, проведенного Центром социологических и политических исследований Белорусского государственного университета (Республика Беларусь, г. Минск). Автор обращает внимание на включенность ценностей в контекст социального капитала. Ввиду этого возрастает роль социально-философской экспертизы возможных моделей и приоритетов современной социодинамики.
The scientific significance ofstudying security problems inregional societies is determined by the need to reveal its actual components. Such complex indicator as social capital includes basic indicators ofthe functioning ofcivil society: social responsibility, activity, civic initiative, etc. The social capital formed insociety induces generalized trust. At the same time, institutional trust contributes to the legitimization oflegal and political institutions. The purpose ofthis article is to describe the social mechanism ofinterdependence ofcomponents ofsocial capital and generalized trust that form a sense ofsecurity inthe region. The article summarizes expert assessments that indicate heterogeneity ofinstitutional systems, which are indicators oflow coherence ofthe social order and form a low level oftrust and, consequently, security inthe Altai territory. It is concluded that for modern Russian society, as well as for its regions, the problem ofregenerating generalized trust as a social background for optimizing post-industrial transformations is extremely significant. Stability ofthe active role ofsocial institutions, the reproduction ofspiritual values, such as the common good, inter-ethnic tolerance, social justice are among most important factors restoring social trust. ; Научная значимость исследования проблем безопасности в региональных социумах, обусловлена необходимостью изучения ее актуальных компонентов. Такой комплексный показатель, как социальный капитал включает базовые индикаторы функционирования гражданского общества: социальную ответственность, активность, гражданскую инициативность и пр.Сформированный в обществе социальный капитал индуцирует генерализированное, то есть обобщенное доверие. При этом институциональное доверие, способствует легитимации правовых и политических институтов.Целью представленной статьи является описание социального механизма взаимного индуцирования компонентов социального капитала и обобщенного доверия, формирующих ощущение безопасности проживания в регионе. В статье обобщены экспертные оценки, свидетельствующие о гетерогенности институциональных систем, являющиеся индикаторами низкой согласованности социального порядка и формирующие низкий уровень доверия и соответственно безопасности в Алтайском крае.Сделаны выводы о том, что для современного российского общества, как и для его регионов, крайне значима проблема регенерации генерализированного доверия, как социального фона для оптимизации постиндустриальных трансформаций. Среди факторов восстановления социального доверия, необходимо отметить, повышение стабильности активной роли социальных институтов, воспроизводство духовных ценностей, таких как общее благо, межэтническая толерантность, социальная справедливость и пр.
Currently, society lives in the conditions of continuous expansion of the communication space. This is manifested in the transformation of old and the emergence of new types of interaction of individuals in the economic, political, social, spiritual spheres of society. The study of social networks is an actively developing area in theoretical sociology, and the concept of social networks is the most natural in the description and construction of a social structure. In a broad sense, a social network is understood as many points (members of a social system), to a greater or lesser extent, related to each other. In this article we will illustrate the main stages of the evolution of the concept of "social network" in the works of foreign researchers. Let's take a closer look at foreign theoretic approaches to the study of social networks as a structural element of social capital. In the conclusion of our analysis, we will list the main characteristic features of a social network, on the basis of which we will formulate a generalized definition of this phenomenon. ; В настоящее время общество живет в условиях постоянного расширения коммуникационного пространства. Это проявляется в трансформации старых и появлении новых типов взаимодействия индивидов в экономической, политической, социальной, духовной сферах жизнедеятельности общества. Исследование социальных сетей является активно развивающимся направлением в теоретической социологии. Это связано с тем, что концепция социальных сетей является наиболее естественной в описании и построении социальной структуры. В широком смысле под социальной сетью понимается множество точек (членов социальной системы) в той или иной степени связанных друг другом. В данной статье мы проиллюстрируем основные этапы эволюция понятии «социальная сеть» в работах зарубежных исследователей. Более подробно остановимся на анализе зарубежных теоретических подходов к изучению социальных сетей как структурному элемента социального капитала. В заключение проведенного нами анализа будут перечислены основные характерные признаки социальной сети, на основе которых мы сформулируем обобщающее определение данного феномена.
The first part of the dissertation presents an analysis of theoretical aspects of the influence of social capital and civil society on the effectiveness of the regional government. This part analyses a conception of the effectiveness in public administration; formulates a notion of the effectiveness of the regional government and identifies the criteria of the effectiveness of the regional government in implementing the regional policy. This part analyses the conceptions of social capital and civil society; evaluates the influence of social capital and civil society on the effectiveness of the regional government. The second part of the dissertation presents an analysis of the political, legal, institutional, functional aspects of the regional government and evaluation of the prerequisites for the formation of social capital and participation of civil society in the national and the EU context. The third part of the dissertation presents the description of the methodology of the research, an analysis of the results of the empirical research of the influence of social capital and civil society on the effectiveness of the regional government in implementing the regional policy in Lithuania. Dissertation closes with conclusions and proposals, a bibliography, a list of publications published by the author and annexes.
The first part of the dissertation presents an analysis of theoretical aspects of the influence of social capital and civil society on the effectiveness of the regional government. This part analyses a conception of the effectiveness in public administration; formulates a notion of the effectiveness of the regional government and identifies the criteria of the effectiveness of the regional government in implementing the regional policy. This part analyses the conceptions of social capital and civil society; evaluates the influence of social capital and civil society on the effectiveness of the regional government. The second part of the dissertation presents an analysis of the political, legal, institutional, functional aspects of the regional government and evaluation of the prerequisites for the formation of social capital and participation of civil society in the national and the EU context. The third part of the dissertation presents the description of the methodology of the research, an analysis of the results of the empirical research of the influence of social capital and civil society on the effectiveness of the regional government in implementing the regional policy in Lithuania. Dissertation closes with conclusions and proposals, a bibliography, a list of publications published by the author and annexes.
The article analyzes the «active» approach to the description of human potential and the system of readiness of individuals and communities to perform social roles and functions, such as needs and abilities. While human potential is based on» abilities «and abilities are based on» needs», the category of capital is embodied as» choice», that is, the mechanism that manages needs and abilities. Also, when interpreting the socio-economic aspects of human and collective characteristics, the «purchase» function (material wealth, knowledge, social relations, influence) is currently used, which is the basis of their capital needs, and since economic resources, i.e. real estate, stocks, business aspects, etc., have been studied using sociological classifications that embody current trends. The potential unity and integrity of the chosen society or state is formed primarily by its ethnic and national-cultural composition, and the meaning of life is provided. Another important component — the need to maintain professionalism and contributing to the demographic jump, is the «labor» factor. Work is an activity in which individuals and communities create products and services of individual, social significance. In sociology, the sectoral component of human capital is provided by the norms, rules, trust relationships, mutual obligations, responsibility, and solidarity that govern social relations between people. These centers can be called collective unifying forces of human potential and capabilities. In the context of Uzbekistan, this is done by the mahalla system, which is recognized as a self-governing body. The main objectives of the development of the network component of human capital are to maintain and strengthen direct links with the social environment on a positive basis, reduce or eliminate negative aspects, and achieve systematic development of the potential of individuals and communities. Socio-cultural and economic-political changes in society have a unique impact on each person and are reflected in public opinion. Needs and interests lead to the formation of a paternalistic attitude of the state to public opinion, and it largely justifies itself for the implementation of social capital.
The article analyzes the «active» approach to the description of human potential and the system of readiness of individuals and communities to perform social roles and functions, such as needs and abilities. While human potential is based on» abilities «and abilities are based on» needs», the category of capital is embodied as» choice», that is, the mechanism that manages needs and abilities. Also, when interpreting the socio-economic aspects of human and collective characteristics, the «purchase» function (material wealth, knowledge, social relations, infl uence) is currently used, which is the basis of their capital needs, and since economic resources, i.e. real estate, stocks, business aspects, etc., have been studied using sociological classifi cations that embody current trends. The potential unity and integrity of the chosen society or state is formed primarily by its ethnic and national-cultural composition, and the meaning of life is provided. Another important component — the need to maintain professionalism and contributing to the demographic jump, is the «labor» factor. Work is an activity in which individuals and communities create products and services of individual, social significance. In sociology, the sectoral component of human capital is provided by the norms, rules, trust relationships, mutual obligations, responsibility, and solidarity that govern social relations between people. These centers can be called collective unifying forces of human potential and capabilities. In the context of Uzbekistan, this is done by the mahalla system, which is recognized as a self-governing body. The main objectives of the development of the network component of human capital are to maintain and strengthen direct links with the social environment on a positive basis, reduce or eliminate negative aspects, and achieve systematic development of the potential of individuals and communities. Socio-cultural and economic-political changes in society have a unique impact on each person and are reflected in public opinion. Needs and interests lead to the formation of a paternalistic attitude of the state to public opinion, and it largely justifies itself for the implementation of social capital.
На основе исследования «Всемирный обзор ценностей» анализируется динамика различных форм социального капитала в странах Содружества Независимых Государств в 1991–2014 гг. Исследуется воздействие этого феномена на развитие переходных обществ, в частности на эволюцию экономической и политической систем, становление гражданского общества. Описаны основные теоретические подходы к определению понятия «социальный капитал» и его влияние на социальную, экономическую и политическую сферы. Характеризуются имеющиеся методологические подходы к измерению этой категории. Приводится анализ данных, а также результаты расчетов и выводы относительно динамики уровня социального капитала в переходных странах. = The World Values Survey results are used to analyze the dynamics of various forms of social capital in the CIS countries in 1991–2014. Analysis is given to the impact of the given phenomenon on the development of transitional societies, in particular on the economic and political systems' evolution, formation of civil society. Described are the main theoretic approaches to defining the concept «social capital» and its impact on the social, economic and political sphere. The existing methodological approaches to define the category are characterized. The data analysis, calculations and conclusions about the dynamics of the level of the social capital in transitional countries are cited.
This article focuses on problems with correlating a value system to human activity. The author approaches analyzing this issue in terms of cultural capital. Subject to examination is the key component of social order, which can be described as "developing relations of the highest and lowest order", as orientation towards oneself of one's community in a social group or network. This work attempts to define what social capital consists of in terms of privileged and legitimized cultural practices. Presumably a culture of common values bears self-worth if it can be materialized within the boundaries of various types of relations. This allows for predicting trends of change in interpersonal relationships, by means of generalizing the results and conducting comparative analysis. Highlighted is the fact that such analysis makes sense if it were to be conducted in terms of cultural capital. As such, a special role is assigned to cultural competence. The ability and/or skills in practically using cultural achievements under certain conditions, with the goal of converting them into other types of capital later down the line, are especially valuable. Also noted is the fact that an understanding of cultural capital, as well as its transformations, is vital for analyzing actual practices which reflect the processes of the "achievements, approval or rejection, reproduction or transformation" dynamic. The author confirms the conclusion which had already been drawn by foreign scientists who are well-known in this field of knowledge, namely that there exists a certain pattern: either society brings forth specific channels for the flow of class cultures with their impenetrable boundaries, their peculiar and somewhat autonomous standards of purpose (of taste), or a dilution of class distinctions occurs. This inevitably has an effect on the decline of the role of cultural capital, and therefore on belonging to the elite. A hypothesis is brought forth about the need to define a person's place within social networks, their affiliation with those who are typically considered to be members of "exclusive cultures". Otherwise a connection to such networks implies the "lowest level of cultural competence" and an unfavorable place in the social hierarchy.
Thesis topic – "Social value created by non-governmental organizations in Utena District Municipality". Relevance of the topic. There is a lot of debate about NGOs as a phenomenon, a concept as well as benefits and value created for the state and the man in terms of public administration. One of the ways of determining the contribution of an NGO to an individual, a society and a country is to analyse social value created. As the concept of social value is not widely discussed in the scientific literature, an analysis of the activities of NGOs covering various aspects (cost efficiency, efficiency, social justice, quality of service, accessibility, distribution of responsibility, structure, publicity, administration, etc.) is needed. Therefore, it is important to reveal the phenomenon of social value in the most comprehensive and diverse aspects. Problem. What social value is created by non-governmental organizations in Utena District Municipality? Aim of the research is to investigate the social value created by non-governmental organizations in Utena District Municipality. Objectives: 1. To study theoretical assumptions of non-governmental organizations in developing social values analysing scientific literature; 2. To investigate the relationship between non-governmental organizations in developing social value and public governance in Utena District Municipality; 3. To carry out an empirical research to study the expression of social value created by non-governmental organizations in the Utena District Municipality. Research methods. The quantitative strategy is used for empirical research. The analysis of the research results was carried out using descriptive statistics and comparative methods. Research results and conclusions. The notion of social value created by non-governmental organizations is not unanimously and clearly regulated. The social value components are social entrepreneurship, social capital and social responsibility. There is no approved single and universal methodology for measuring social value. The social value created by each organization is unique and distinctive. Activities undertaken by a non-governmental organization create direct or indirect and short-term or long-term social value; Non-governmental organizations have an opportunity to participate in the decision-making and implementation process of the Utena District Municipality, receive partial funding to help them to function effectively and create social value, but they must realize themselves as an organization representing the public interest and being accountable to the public; Non-governmental organizations operating in Utena district participate sufficiently in the programs allocated to the strategic plan of the Utena District Municipality for 2017-2019. In this way, a close relationship with local self-government is established. Sharing of experiences and future perspectives for further cooperation is a precondition for the creation of high-quality and continuous social value. Structure of the thesis. Introduction, three chapters, eight subchapters, conclusions, recommendations, summaries in Lithuanian and English, 32 pictures, 3 tables, 83 references, 1 annex. Scope of the thesis is 61 pages. Keywords: non-governmental organization, social value, social entrepreneurship, social capital, social responsibility.
This article examines approaches towards studying generations. Millenials are highlighted as a specific object of research. Given their considerable inner diversity and non-uniformity, Russian millenials can be considered to be a holistic generation, which differs from elder generations in terms of social orientations and behavioral characteristics. The social self-identification of Russian millenials is examined, while identity criteria for various youth groups are defined. It is revealed that their self-assessment of status is considerably elevated when compared to elder generations, the former being based on somewhat different criteria. Despite the fact that material well-being, as is the case with elder generations, plays a key role in self-evaluation of status, millenials' self-identification is also based on education level and professional status, which might indicate their willingness to accept the values of a meritocratic society. Millenials' social capital is developed using sources provided by the new information-communication environment, with said sources being more diverse and attainable than ever before. Thanks to these new opportunities for developing social capital, the latter can be used much more efficiently in various environments. Millenials declare their high degree of solidarity with elder generations, while accepting a considerable amount of monetary and non-monetary assistance from the latter. Meanwhile they are extremely sympathetic to various forms of charity and volunteerism, while often participating in such activity themselves. In general, you can say that millenials are rather tightly linked to the system of social exchanges, while being prepared to assume the role of independent subjects of social activity. This article is based on data from a study titled "Differentiation of youth groups: economic activity, demographic behavior, social practices", conducted by the Institute for Social Analysis and Forecasting (Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) in 2019. The sample, which represents Russia's population from age 18 to 35, consisted of 3.5 thousand respondents.
The paper deals with the concept of culture and cultural capital in the economic theory. The concept of culture is analyzed through the points of criticism of social capital by R.Solow. The paper suggests a refined definition of culture and cultural capital. Several ways of productive use of cultural capital are described. Among them: through reduction of uncertainty and transaction costs, through use of competitive advantages, based on culture and harmonization of formal and informal rules. The effect of cultural capital on bilateral trade through reduction in uncertainty and transaction costs is tested in the empirical part of the paper. A suggested approach to cultural capital, based on transaction costs theory can be useful for institutional design, and policy-advice, aiming at the increase in competitiveness of society and the efficiency of formal institutions.
