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Social capital has been conceptualized both as a contextual property of communities & as a property of individuals. Two of the building blocks of the notion of social capital are social participation & trust. High levels of social participation & trust are reciprocally reinforcing with two-way causality, according to the literature. However, this mutual relationship is highly dependant on the quality of the social participation. During the last decades, membership & activity levels have decreased in traditional political parties, unions, & other organizations, while social participation in the form of Internet chats, single-issue movements, etc. probably has increased. At the same time the number of persons with a high level of generalized trust has sharply decreased in many Western countries, even though the trend is not apparent in Sweden. A high level of social participation in programmatically smaller networks & organizations with low trust has been called "miniaturization of community" by Fukuyama. The miniaturization of community & its implications for political science research are discussed, as well as the institutionalism perspective as an approach to study the causes of the miniaturization of community. Tables, Figures, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

The author reviews Bo Rothstein's book from 2003, "Social traps & the problem of Trust." Compared to Robert Putnam, Rothstein gives more importance to political processes & institutional arrangements. Studying the Swedish welfare state, Rothstein concludes that social trust is greater in Sweden than in other states, due to these institutional arrangements. The author on the other hand argues that institutions can both be a central factor to attain a new form of legitimacy & social integration, & be part of a deeper informal cultural structure. However, they can never be independent from the historical and cultural context. As generated by & themselves generating norms, they form part of "culture", but can never be treated as independent variables. References. A. Barral

La adquisición de competencias investigativas a nivel de educación superior permite el desarrollo académico y social, ya que es la universidad la encargada de formar capital humano. Al respecto, se realizó una revisión sistemática para identificar investigaciones vinculadas a la implementación de estrategias para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de competencias investigativas en educación superior, desde el año 2009 al 2019. Teniendo en cuenta el protocolo PRISMA se hizo la búsqueda en ERIC y ScienceDirect. Los criterios de inclusión para la búsqueda fueron: artículos originales en inglés, portugués y español, con fecha de publicación hasta diciembre de 2019, universitarios de pregrado/posgrado como participantes y la descripción de estrategias para el desarrollo y/o fortalecimiento de competencias en investigación. Se seleccionaron 11 estudios; en los que se aplicaron estrategias a nivel de pregrado, entre ellas: la mentoría en investigación, unidades, cursos y clases de laboratorio de investigación aplicadas al plan de estudio, la tutoría y el aprendizaje colaborativo para el desarrollo de un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinario. Se concluyó que, las estrategias empleadas son un referente para la implementación de nuevos métodos que desarrollen y fortalezcan las competencias profesionales requeridas en las diferentes carreras dadas en el ámbito universitario.