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Rural migrants in Chinese cities are often stigmatized as 'low-suzhi' population and marginalized in urban social hierarchy. Existing scholarship has demonstrated how urbanities used suzhi discourse to justify their exploitation of migrants while maintaining class distinctions, and how migrants embraced urban lifestyles to improve their suzhi. Yet, this literature rarely addresses resistance of the 'inferior'. By looking at the social interactions between migrant entrepreneurs and local residents in a city of southeastern China, this study shows that the emerging e-commerce economy has enabled many rural migrants to acquire financial, social, and cultural capital, which empower them to speak for themselves. Their rising wealth and self-representation as 'high-suzhi' entrepreneurs has reshaped their identity in the urban business world. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

Shaping Nations and Markets employs a mixed methods approach to contend that economic ideas, organization of domestic interests and their economic power, asymmetries of information, and political institutions do not sufficiently explain the formation of national interests in processes of trade liberalization

In a cross-section of countries, government regulation is strongly negatively correlated with social capital. We document this correlation, and present a model explaining it. In the model, distrust creates public demand for regulation, while regulation in turn discourages social capital accumulation, leading to multiple equilibria. A key implication of the model is that individuals in low trust countries want more government intervention even though the government is corrupt. We test this and other implications of the model using country- and individual-level data on social capital and beliefs about government's role, as well as on changes in beliefs and in trust during the transition from socialism.

In a cross-section of countries, government regulation is strongly negatively correlated with social capital. We document this correlation, and present a model explaining it. In the model, distrust creates public demand for regulation, while regulation in turn discourages social capital accumulation, leading to multiple equilibria. A key implication of the model is that individuals in low trust countries want more government intervention even though the government is corrupt. We test this and other implications of the model using country- and individual-level data on social capital and beliefs about government's role, as well as on changes in beliefs and in trust during the transition from socialism.

In a cross-section of countries, government regulation is strongly negatively correlated with social capital. We document this correlation, and present a model explaining it. In the model, distrust creates public demand for regulation, while regulation in turn discourages social capital accumulation, leading to multiple equilibria. A key implication of the model is that individuals in low trust countries want more government intervention even though the government is corrupt. We test this and other implications of the model using country- and individual-level data on social capital and beliefs about government's role, as well as on changes in beliefs and in trust during the transition from socialism.

Within a continuous‐time overlapping generations model, featuring endogenous intensive margin of the labour supply and retirement decision, we analyse the issue of passing the burden of payroll revenues onto consumption or capital. We find that large long‐run welfare gains occur when pension benefits are refinanced by consumption taxes. However, the transition to the new steady state is very painful for a large fraction of existing cohorts. On the other hand, the capital base is too small to sustain pension benefits but could be made larger if capital taxes are raised. Yet that would entail significant welfare losses.

Wild animals were once thought not to age, as their deaths were viewed as the consequences of constant exposure to the perennial risks of nature. Studies of non-human aging were largely confined to biological investigations, focusing upon short-lived species such as fruit flies, mice and nematodes. Over recent decades, this has changed, and studies of non-human aging have begun to investigate aging taking place in social contexts. The present paper reviews such work on social aging in non-human primate societies. Four themes were evident in seeking potential parallels between human and non-human social aging. These were social disengagement, social bonds or social capital, status rank and dominance, and kinship ties. No studies were found that had explored parent caregiving. The lack of clear evidence that agedness is perceived and recognised within non-human primate groups suggests that most age-associated behavioral changes are at best demi-regularities that map quite imprecisely upon social aging in human societies. However as non-human primate societies are becoming gradually confined to areas and environments established through human agency and human institutions, it is possible to speculate that non-human primate old age will become more common if less natural and as a result, perhaps more akin to social aging in human societies.

Social network sites (SNSs) such as MySpace, Facebook, and Youtube have attracted millions of users, many of whom have integrated these sites into their daily practices. There are hundreds of SNSs, with various technological affordances, supporting a wide range of interests and practices. However, the impact of SNSs is increasingly pervasive, with activities ranging from economic and marketing to social and educational. Among the wide impacts of social network sites, they are, anecdotally, becoming increasingly important in today's businesses. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present a literature review of and classification scheme for research works in business impacts of SNSs, with the aim of clarifying the ways SNSs impact businesses. The review covers 28 journal articles published from 2000 to 2011 and a few months of 2012. The 28 articles classified SNS applications in businesses into six distinct categories: the "marketing and advertising," "knowledge management," "social capital," "relationship management," "e-commerce," and "economic model." The findings reveal that "marketing and advertising" were the most frequently category has been considered in the literature. This review provides a source for discovering business impacts of social network sites and will help to simulate further interest in the area.

Radical roots and twenty-first century realities: rediscovering the egalitarian aspirations of Land Grant University Extension -- Palatable disruption: the politics of plant milk -- To the market and back? A study of the interplay between public policy and market-driven initiatives to improve farm animal welfare in the Danish pork sector -- How farmers "repair" the industrial agricultural system -- Agencing an innovative territorial trade scheme between crop and livestock farming: the contributions of the sociology of market agencements to alternative agri-food network analysis -- Competing food sovereignties: GMO-free activism, democracy and state preemptive laws in Southern Oregon -- Feeding the melting pot: inclusive strategies for the multi-ethnic city -- Acting like an algorithm: digital farming platforms and the trajectories they (need not) lock-in -- Sustainability transitions in agri-food systems: insights from South Korea's universal free, eco-friendly school lunch program -- The real meal deal: assessing student preferences for "real food" at Fort Lewis College -- From texts to enacting practices: defining fair and equitable research principles for plant genetic resources in West Africa -- A carrot isn't a carrot isn't a carrot: tracing value in alternative practices of food exchange -- From left behind to leader: gender, agency, and food sovereignty in China -- Effects of institutional pressures on the governance of food safety in emerging food supply chains: a case of Lebanese food processors -- Farmer field schools and the co-creation of knowledge and innovation: the mediating role of social capital -- Virtualizing the 'good life': reworking narratives of agrarianism and the rural idyll in a computer game -- When farmers are pulled in too many directions: comparing institutional drivers of food safety and environmental sustainability in California agriculture -- Political economy challenges for climate smart agriculture in Africa -- Sustainability transitions in the context of pandemic: an introduction to the focused issue on social innovation and systemic impact -- Social entrepreneurship and impact investment in rural–urban transformation: An orientation to systemic social innovation and symposium findings -- 'Workable utopias' for social change through inclusion and empowerment? Community supported agriculture (CSA) in Wales as social innovation.-Bridging the rural–urban divide in social innovation transfer: the role of values -- Blended finance for agriculture: exploring the constraints and possibilities of combining financial instruments for sustainable transitions -- Priming the pump of impact entrepreneurship and social finance in China -- Laura-Anne Minkoff-Zern: The new American farmer: immigration, race, and the struggle for sustainability -- Carol Off: Bitter chocolate: anatomy of an industry -- Harvey S. James, Jr. (ed.): Ethical tensions from new technology: the case of agricultural biotechnology -- Gina Rae La Cerva: Feasting wild: in search of the last untamed food -- Stan cox: the green new deal and beyond: ending the climate emergency while we still can -- Books received.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how human capital affects the racial wage gap of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals, controlling for labor market characteristics and argue that human capital of minority STEM professionals is valued less than their White counterparts, even when minorities have similar levels of human capital.Design/methodology/approachData for this study were obtained from the American Chemical Society (ACS) 2005 census of its membership and consisted of 13,855 male chemists working full‐time in industry – there were too few minority women to make comparisons. The racial wage gap was decomposed by modeling earnings as an exponential function of race, education, marital status, children, experience, employment disruption, work specialty, work function, industry, size of employer, and region of work.FindingsThis research shows that there is racial discrimination in STEM professions. Although there is variation among racial groups, minority chemists receive lower wages than White chemists. For Asian and Black chemists, the wage differential is largely due to discrimination. The case may be different for Hispanic chemists. Most of the difference in wages between Hispanics and Whites was explained by the lower educational attainment and experience of Hispanic chemists.Practical implicationsBecause the racial wage gap is largely due to racial differences in the return on human capital, public and private efforts to increase human capital of potential minority scientists have a limited impact on the racial wage gap. Eliminating the differential returns to human capital would drastically reduce the racial wage gap – except for Hispanics. Achieving racial pay equity is one important step towards eliminating racial discrimination in the STEM workforce.Originality/valueThis paper shows the role of human capital in explaining the racial wage gap in STEM professions.