The thesis provides a complex analysis of the activity of NGOs of Poland in the context of its European integration. It was proven that the civil society activation was happening in conditions of transformation processes and democracy transit. The peculiarities of the work of non-governmental organizations during the change of the foreign policy vector were determined. The study systemizes the theoretical and methodological foundations of studying this field for they have an interdisciplinary foundation and are based on the theory of democracy, transitology, system approach, namely, the networks theory, and have the features of neoinstitutionalism. The political and legal basis for civil society organizations' functioning were analyzed and the system of documents which reflect the conditions and fundamental foundations of NGO functioning was determined.The paper looks at the long-term program of Polish legislation harmonization with the acquis communautaire, which includes the regulatory acts of the EU (regulations, directives, decisions, resolutions etc.), general principles of the EU law (rulings of the European Court, common strategies, actions and positions within the framework of the common foreign and security policy etc.). It was determined that Polish legislation reacted to the needs of the NGO sector and regulated their activity during 1989–2004. The political and legal component of NGO activities at the current stage depends on the governmental policy and is characterized by a number of laws, which contradict the independence of NGOs.The initial conditions of the European integration were studied. In historical retrospective, Poland had a long history of state building as well as the experience of functioning in a unity of states. These factors became the historical preconditions of accessing the European Union. Political preconditions reach to the times of activity of the "Solidarity" Independent Trade Union. The economic transformations at the end of the 1980-s led to the civil society activation and in 1990–1997 – to the change of public attitude to the EU and caused the increase of the social position of Poland.The stages of NGO formation, including the present-day stage, were generalized. The key classification types have been determined, the typology by the activity fields with the consideration of the Euro-integration vector of Poland have been actualized. The emphasis was made on the territorial and quantitative components of NGO functioning, the functioning peculiarities of the NGO development models (continental, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, corporate) and the characteristic model for Poland has been determined, the Eastern European model, for it has principal differences from the general European models.The thesis defined key pro-European organizations, which functioned in the context of European integration of Poland and facilitated the civil society formation in Poland as well as popularization of European ideas through the attraction of international funding. It was proved that the major financial support from the outside came from the following international organization: Polish-American-Ukrainian Cooperation, National Democracy Foundation, the Embassy of the United States of America and the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherland, the Bosch Foundation, Polish-American Freedom Foundation, the European Union, UKIE, MOTTA Foundation.The paper determines the peculiarities of the NGO functioning during the period of European integration that included the cooperation of the organizations with the governmental and the business structures, which was reflected in the development of the awareness-raising programs, development of the strategy and the program of implementation of the policy aimed at the civil society development.The analysis of the development of the public sector of Poland has been carried out with the help of such indexes as the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Index (CSO) and the Civil Society Index (CSI).It has been determined that during the period of Poland's full membership in the European Union, NGOs continue to develop within the European vector. At the current stage of their development, the NGOs in Poland are not only the receivers of resources from the EU funds, but also provide assistance in the issues of European integration. The greatest influence of Poland in the international cooperation is carried out through the Visegrad Fund, which was established in 2000 by the governments of the countries of the Visegrad group.It was found out that after Poland became a member of the European Union in 2004, its cooperation with the European funds has only strengthened and was aimed at the implementation of not only European, but also social projects in accordance with the adopted Programs of the European Union for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, which are characterized by a considerable increase of the financial inflow into the public sector of Poland. However, the current period of NGO activity is characterized by the decrease of the level of their independence and the establishment of state control over the organizations' activities. This was caused by the decrease of the external influence after Poland gained full membership. This tendency led to the decrease of democracy indexes, where one of the indicators is the state of civil society. The evidence of the negative processes in the civil society functioning structure are reflected in the Civil Society Organizations Sustainability Indexes (CSO) in Poland in 2008–2017. ; Przeprowadzono kompleksową analizę działalności organizacji pozarządowych Polski w kontekście jej integracji europejskie. Udowodniono że aktywizacja społeczeństwa obywatelskiego się odbyła w warunkach procesów transformacyjnych oraz tranzytu demokracji pod wpływem czynników zewnętrznych. Określono specyfikę działalności organizacji pozarządowych pod czas zmiany wektora polityki zewnętrznej. Systematyzowano teoretyko-metodologiczne podstawy tego kierunku. Podsumowano okresy tworzenia organizacji pozarządowych i określono kierunki działalności ze względu na eurointegracyjny sukces Polski. Wyjaśniono osobliwości funkcjonowania modeli rozwoju organizacji pozarządowych i wskazano na osobliwości modeli dla Polski, mającej zasadnicze różnice od ogólnoeuropejskich. Zrobione wnioski o zwrotnych procesach stanu demokracji w Polsce we współczesnych warunkach. ; Здійснено комплексний аналіз діяльності громадських організацій Польщі у контексті її європейської інтеграції. Доведено, що активізація громадянського суспільства відбувалась в умовах трансформаційних процесів та транзиту демократії під впливом зовнішніх чинників. Визначено специфіку діяльності громадських організацій під час зміни вектору зовнішньої політики. Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні основи дослідження цього напрямку. Узагальнено періоди формування громадських організацій та визначено основні сфери їх діяльності з урахуванням євроінтеграційного поступу Польщі. З'ясовано особливості функціонування моделей розвитку громадських організацій та визначено характерну модель для Польщі, що має принципові відмінності від загальноєвропейських. Зроблено висновок про реверсні процеси стану демократії Польщі за сучасних умов.
У статті з'ясовано місце та значення концепту СІМ'Я в поетичному світі Віктора Бойка, зроблено спробу дослідити сімейні цінності крізь призму фразеології української мови й проаналізувати принципи, на яких базується родина. Визначено значення концепту СІМ'Я як одного з пріоритетних аспектів аксіологічної науки, а також досліджено мікроконтексти поетичних текстів митця, у яких цей ціннісно-лінгвістичний аспект набуває найяскравіших ознак. Проаналізовано складники концепту СІМ'Я, виокремлено напрямки розвитку цього поняття. А також зосереджено увагу на характеристиці духовних цінностей особистості, подано найпереконливіші класифікації вчених щодо їхнього існування. Запропоновано мікроконтексти, у яких найглибше можна виокремити основні риси концепту СІМ'Я, обґрунтовано ідіостильову й філософську картини світу В.С. Бойка, відповідні риси його мовної картини світу. Сімейні цінності – це визначені суспільством норми й постулати, на яких базується, а також принципи, яких дотримується, родина. Формування поняття духовні цінності разом із сімейними відбувалося протягом багатьох століть не лише в соціумі, але й в українській лінгвокультурі. Окрім того, родина належить до базових духовних цінностей людини. Родинні мотиви наявні в народній творчості: піснях, легендах, казках, прислів'ях тощо, а також є актуальними для літературної діяльності. Відповідно цей концепт є універсальним і регулярно вербалізується низкою лексем. Використання автором художніх засобів робить мову його творів виразною й точною. Влучні метафори або цікаві порівняння виокремлюють лірику Віктора Бойка з-поміж творів інших митців. Макроконцепт СІМ'Я є важливим складником будь-якої лінгвокультури, адже протягом багатьох століть чи навіть тисячоліть родинні зв'язки були найменшою державною ланкою. Родина посідала чи не найперше місце серед усіх ціннісних орієнтирів індивіда. Серед багатьох інтенцій, у яких вербалізується концепт СІМ'Я, виділяємо такі художньо-семантичні смисли, у яких він реалізується: родина – близькі родичі, родина – пам'ять, родина – війна, родина – захист від негараздів, родина – думки, родина – щастя, любов, родина – кохання, родина – рідний край. ; The article clarifies the place and significance of the concept of FAMILY in the poetic world of Viktor Boyko, as well as attempts to explore family values through the prism of the Ukrainian language and analyze the principles on which the family as such is based. Identify the importance of the concept of FAMILY as one of the priority aspects of axiological science, as well as explore the micro-contexts of poetic texts of the artist, in which this valuelinguistic aspect acquires the brightest features. In Ukrainian linguistics, the concept of moral values in the minds of native speakers was formed over many centuries and influenced by the Christian faith, the teachings of prominent educators, teachers, philosophers, public figures who promoted humanistic ideals, proclaiming the importance of human existence. In modern linguistic space, the concept of FAMILY has attracted the attention of such scholars as A. A. Ryzhkina, who directed the vectors of her research on the etymological analysis of the concept of FAMILY in Chinese; K. V. Korotych with the study of changes in the concept of FAMILY that took place in Soviet times. The work of V.B. Yakovleva, who in her dissertation analyzed the linguistic expression of the representatives of the concept in the Ukrainian language picture of the world, defined the composition of the lexical-semantic group of families as the main exponent of the concept of the same name, tracing changes in synchronic and diachronic aspects. In modern scientific studies, there is no consensus among scholars on the classification of moral values, although all are convinced that they belong to the phenomena of human consciousness and find expression in the most important landmarks: norms, ideals, feelings, etc. that determine the development of an individual or ethnic community. humanity as a whole. Despite the seeming simplicity of the concept of moral values, to determine what are such values for a particular linguistic personality seems not so easy. Moral values are contrasted with material values, and the epithet moral indicates the connection of values with the inner world of man. National values are those parameters that are important for each individual nation. This group includes ethnic concepts, those realities that are marked for a particular people. For example, for Ukrainians such concepts are KALУNA, TRУZUB, KOZAK, UKRAINE, VYSHYVANKA, etc.; for a Russian, the concepts representing national values will be BIRCH, BEAR, RUSSIA, etc.; Japanese national values will be reflected in the concepts of HOKKU, KIMONO, TYADO, etc. Family values are the principles on which the family is based. These include the concepts of LOVE, CHILDREN, HUSBAND, WIFE, FATHER, MOTHER, SISTER, HOME, DОBROBUT, FAITHFULNESS and many other realities, one way or another related to family life. The FAMILY macroconcept is an important component of any linguistic culture, as for many centuries or even millennia, family ties have been the smallest part of government. As a product of a particular social system, the family reflects the state of development of this system, affects the life and work of each individual member of the community, and can acquire symbolic significance, reflecting the moral heritage of the people, its worldview. In addition, the family belongs to the basic moral values of man. Family motives often appear in folk art: songs, legends, fairy tales, proverbs, etc., and are also relevant to literary activity. Accordingly, this concept is universal and is regularly verbalized by a number of tokens.
У даній статті на основі опрацювання теорії й практики партійного будівництва в Україні досліджується роль партійного лідера у здійсненні політичного процесу й партієтворення, реалізації політичної влади, розвитку політичної свідомості та формуванні сучасної політичної еліти нашої держави. Стверджується, що партійний лідер – це авторитетна, визнана в своєму політичному середовищі особа, обрана керувати партією, і здатна консолідувати громадян навколо спільної мети, найефективніше репрезентувати інтереси конкретної соціальної групи. Вказується, що визначальною рисою явища партійного лідерства є те, що за умов сталого політичного розвитку та незворотності демократичних перетворень в Україні склад лідерів політичних партій фактично виступає потужним кадровим резервом для вищих державних органів, структур місцевого самоврядування та інших управлінських інститутів. Процес партієтворення як невід'ємна складова політичного процесу характеризує певну сторону, механізм дії системи свідомості, культури у сфері суспільного життя, яка стосується діяльності політичних партій. Закономірною складовою сучасної політичної еліти є партійна еліта – керівне коло осіб у політичній партії на чолі з її лідером, які безпосередньо причетні до прийняття стратегічних рішень, визначення політичного курсу цієї сили, а також її участі в політичному процесі. Досліджуються класифікаційні моделі вітчизняних партій та інститутів партійного лідерства. Пропонується оцінка рівня співвіднесення розвитку партійних лідерів та загальної динаміки громадянського суспільства в Україні. Вказується, що на даний час кардинальної зміни української партійної еліти ще не відбулося. Водночас має місце тривала еволюція інституту партійного лідерства – досить важкий процес внутрішніх і зовнішніх, об'єктивних та суб'єктивних, економічних, політичних ы соціальнопсихологічних чинників розвитку. Для цієї еволюції загалом присутні всі сприятливі умови, адже наразі жодна політична сила країни не заперечує базових демократичних засад її розвитку. ; У даній статті на основі опрацювання теорії й практики партійного будівництва в Україні досліджується роль партійного лідера у здійсненні політичного процесу й партієтворення, реалізації політичної влади, розвитку політичної свідомості та формуванні сучасної політичної еліти нашої держави. Стверджується, що партійний лідер – це авторитетна, визнана в своєму політичному середовищі особа, обрана керувати партією, і здатна консолідувати громадян навколо спільної мети, найефективніше репрезентувати інтереси конкретної соціальної групи. Вказується, що визначальною рисою явища партійного лідерства є те, що за умов сталого політичного розвитку та незворотності демократичних перетворень в Україні склад лідерів політичних партій фактично виступає потужним кадровим резервом для вищих державних органів, структур місцевого самоврядування та інших управлінських інститутів. Процес партієтворення як невід'ємна складова політичного процесу характеризує певну сторону, механізм дії системи свідомості, культури у сфері суспільного життя, яка стосується діяльності політичних партій. Закономірною складовою сучасної політичної еліти є партійна еліта – керівне коло осіб у політичній партії на чолі з її лідером, які безпосередньо причетні до прийняття стратегічних рішень, визначення політичного курсу цієї сили, а також її участі в політичному процесі. Досліджуються класифікаційні моделі вітчизняних партій та інститутів партійного лідерства. Пропонується оцінка рівня співвіднесення розвитку партійних лідерів та загальної динаміки громадянського суспільства в Україні. Вказується, що на даний час кардинальної зміни української партійної еліти ще не відбулося. Водночас має місце тривала еволюція інституту партійного лідерства – досить важкий процес внутрішніх і зовнішніх, об'єктивних та суб'єктивних, економічних, політичних ы соціальнопсихологічних чинників розвитку. Для цієї еволюції загалом присутні всі сприятливі умови, адже наразі жодна політична сила країни не заперечує базових демократичних засад її розвитку. ; This article based on the study of the theory and practice of partybuilding in Ukraine examines the role of party leader in the political process and the establishment of parties, implementation of the political power, the development of political consciousness and the formation of modern political elite of our country. It is alleged that party leader – a reputable, recognized in its political environment, the person chosen to lead the party and the ability of citizens to consolidate around a common goal, most effectively represent the interests of a particular social group. It is stated that the defining feature of the phenomenon of party leadership is that under conditions of constant political development and irreversibility of democratic transformations in Ukraine part of leaders of political parties in fact is a powerful talent pool for senior government officials, local government agencies and other administrative institutions. The process of creating games as an integral part of the political process is characterized by a certain way, the mechanism of action of consciousness and culture in the public sphere, which deals with political parties. Regularities component of modern political elite of the party elite acts governing the range of persons in the political party headed by its leader that are directly involved in strategic decisionmaking, policy formulation of this power, as well as its participation in the political process. We study the classification model of national political parties and the institutions of the party leadership. It is proposed to assess the level of correlation of the party leaders and the general dynamics of the civil society in Ukraine. It is stated that at this time a fundamental change in Ukrainian Party elite has not happened yet. However, there is a long evolution of the institute of the party leadership – a rather difficult process of internal and external, objective and subjective, economic, political and sociopsychological factors of development. For this evolution as a whole has all the favorable conditions, because now there is no political force in the country was not opposed to the basic democratic principles of its development.
У даній статті на основі опрацювання теорії й практики партійного будівництва в Україні досліджується роль партійного лідера у здійсненні політичного процесу й партієтворення, реалізації політичної влади, розвитку політичної свідомості та формуванні сучасної політичної еліти нашої держави. Ствер-джується, що партійний лідер – це авторитетна, визнана в своєму політичному середовищі особа, обрана керувати партією, і здатна консолідувати громадян навколо спільної мети, найефективніше репрезентувати інтереси конкретної соціальної групи. Вказується, що визначальною рисою явища партійного лідерства є те, що за умов сталого політичного розвитку та незворотності демократичних перетворень в Україні склад лідерів політичних партій фактично виступає потужним кадровим резервом для вищих державних органів, структур місцевого самоврядування та інших управлінських інститутів. Процес партієтворення як невід'ємна складова політичного процесу характеризує певну сторону, механізм дії системи свідомості, культури у сфері суспільного життя, яка стосується діяльності політичних партій. Закономірною складовою сучасної політичної еліти є партійна еліта – керівне коло осіб у політичній партії на чолі з її лідером, які безпосередньо причетні до прийняття стратегічних рішень, визначення політичного курсу цієї сили, а також її участі в політичному процесі. Досліджуються класифікаційні моделі вітчизняних партій та інститутів партійного лідерства. Пропонується оцінка рівня співвіднесення розвитку партійних лідерів та загальної динаміки громадянського суспільства в Україні. Вказується, що на даний час кардинальної зміни української партійної еліти ще не відбулося. Водночас має місце тривала еволюція інституту партійного лідерства – досить важкий процес внутрішніх і зовнішніх, об'єктивних та суб'єктивних, економічних, політичних ы соціально-психологічних чинників розвитку. Для цієї еволюції загалом присутні всі сприятливі умови, адже наразі жодна політична сила країни не заперечує базових демократичних засад її розвитку. ; У даній статті на основі опрацювання теорії й практики партійного будівництва в Україні досліджується роль партійного лідера у здійсненні політичного процесу й партієтворення, реалізації політичної влади, розвитку політичної свідомості та формуванні сучасної політичної еліти нашої держави. Ствер-джується, що партійний лідер – це авторитетна, визнана в своєму політичному середовищі особа, обрана керувати партією, і здатна консолідувати громадян навколо спільної мети, найефективніше репрезентувати інтереси конкретної соціальної групи. Вказується, що визначальною рисою явища партійного лідерства є те, що за умов сталого політичного розвитку та незворотності демократичних перетворень в Україні склад лідерів політичних партій фактично виступає потужним кадровим резервом для вищих державних органів, структур місцевого самоврядування та інших управлінських інститутів. Процес партієтворення як невід'ємна складова політичного процесу характеризує певну сторону, механізм дії системи свідомості, культури у сфері суспільного життя, яка стосується діяльності політичних партій. Закономірною складовою сучасної політичної еліти є партійна еліта – керівне коло осіб у політичній партії на чолі з її лідером, які безпосередньо причетні до прийняття стратегічних рішень, визначення політичного курсу цієї сили, а також її участі в політичному процесі. Досліджуються класифікаційні моделі вітчизняних партій та інститутів партійного лідерства. Пропонується оцінка рівня співвіднесення розвитку партійних лідерів та загальної динаміки громадянського суспільства в Україні. Вказується, що на даний час кардинальної зміни української партійної еліти ще не відбулося. Водночас має місце тривала еволюція інституту партійного лідерства – досить важкий процес внутрішніх і зовнішніх, об'єктивних та суб'єктивних, економічних, політичних ы соціально-психологічних чинників розвитку. Для цієї еволюції загалом присутні всі сприятливі умови, адже наразі жодна політична сила країни не заперечує базових демократичних засад її розвитку. ; This article based on the study of the theory and practice of partybuilding in Ukraine examines the role of party leader in the political process and the establishment of parties, implementation of the political power, the development of political consciousness and the formation of modern political elite of our country. It is alleged that party leader – a reputable, recognized in its political environment, the person chosen to lead the party and the ability of citizens to consolidate around a common goal, most effectively represent the interests of a particular social group. It is stated that the defining feature of the phenomenon of party leadership is that under conditions of constant political development and irreversibility of democratic transformations in Ukraine part of leaders of political parties in fact is a powerful talent pool for senior government officials, local government agencies and other administrative institutions. The process of creating games as an integral part of the political process is characterized by a certain way, the mechanism of action of consciousness and culture in the public sphere, which deals with political parties. Regularities component of modern political elite of the party elite acts governing the range of persons in the political party headed by its leader that are directly involved in strategic decisionmaking, policy formulation of this power, as well as its participation in the political process. We study the classification model of national political parties and the institutions of the party leadership. It is proposed to assess the level of correlation of the party leaders and the general dynamics of the civil society in Ukraine. It is stated that at this time a fundamental change in Ukrainian Party elite has not happened yet. However, there is a long evolution of the institute of the party leadership – a rather difficult process of internal and external, objective and subjective, economic, political and sociopsychological factors of development. For this evolution as a whole has all the favorable conditions, because now there is no political force in the country was not opposed to the basic democratic principles of its development.
Purpose of Research. The purpose of the article is to define the description of factors and criteria offorming offashion tendencies and project images in fashion industry, based on assimilation of different forms of official and street fashion, provided to the development and transformation of the social and cultural standards in the society of mass consumption. Methodology. The basis of the research methodology is formed by the method of design of the systems, which determines efficiency of application of system approach to the process of planning of costumes. The principles of the system approach are highlighted in the classification of typical and projective facilities ofform- ing the assortment and planning of modern clothes of mass consumption in fashion industry. Scientific Novelty. In the article, the author proves that in 1970th the forming of fashion trends was under the influence of the widespread teenagers ' subcultures and the street fashion as the reflections of necessities of a mass consumer. It is defined that the fashion tendencies, created by designers and couturier, did not have the character of dogmas. They functioned as recommendations, absorbing necessities, interests and desires of clients. It is also grounded, that at the same time there was the active development of national and regional markets offashion clothes, designers and designer brands. The local cultural tendencies and consumers ' wishes and tastes were represented properly. Conclusions. Thus, the 1970s gave a powerful impetus to the development of fashion industry. A new aesthetics in society, propagandized by the mass production of fashionable clothes for the public, formed under the influence of the democratization of «haute couture» fashion and active youth movements of the socio-cultural nature (including various subcultures of different sense). The fashion pret-a-porter clothes, offered by all leading fashion houses and designer brands, was represented by the models for a wide range of daily use and was oriented to the clients with an active lifestyle and social position. Anyway, in 1970th fashion industry went outside France as a unique fashion legislator. The active formation and development of industry, particularly textile and sewing, that had replaced the world economic crisis, promoted the creation of new brands and trademarks in Italy, the USA and France. Those brands and trademarks determined the progressive trends of silhouette, assortment, colour and other descriptions of fashion clothes of mass demand in modern fashion industry. Thus, the unique fashion does not exist anymore. It is divided into separate directions, styles, related to the necessities of different groups of consumers and possibilities of separate spheres of activity of textile and sewing industry. ; Цель работы - характеристика факторов и критериев формирования модных тенденций и проектных образов в индустрии моды, основанных на ассимиляции различных проявлений официальной и уличной моды, с учетом развития и трансформации во времени социально-культурных стандартов общества массового потребления. Методология данного исследования определяется применением системного подхода к процессу проектирования костюма, что проявляется в классификации проектно-типологических средств формирования ассортимента и проектирования современной одежды массового потребления в индустрии моды. Научная новизна. В работе обосновано, что в 1970-е годы на формирование модных тенденций активное влияние оказывали не только в значительной мере распространенные молодежные субкультуры, но и уличная мода как отражение потребностей и пожеланий массового потребителя. Определено, что модные тенденции, создаваемые модельерами и кутюрье, больше не были догматичным диктатом, а выполняли функцию рекомендаций, впитав в себя потребности, интересы и желания клиентов. Обосновано, что в то же время активно развивались национальные и региональные рынки модной одежды, модельеры и дизайнерские бренды в которых эффективнее отображали местные культурные тенденции и потребительские пожелания и вкусы. Выводы. Таким образом, начало 70-х годов ХХ ст. дало могучий толчок развитию индустрии модной одежды. Под воздействием демократизации моды «hautecouture» и активного развития молодежных движений социально-культурного характера (в том числе и субкультур различного толка), сформировалась новая эстетика в обществе, пропагандируемая массовым производством модной одежды для широких слоев потребителей. Модная одежда pret-a-porter, которую предлагали все ведущие Дома моды и дизайнерские бренды, представляла модели широкого повседневного назначения, ориентированные на клиентов с активной жизненной и социальной позицией. Как бы то ни было, именно в 70-ые годы ХХ ст. индустрия моды выходит за пределы Франции как единственного законодателя моды. Активное становление и развитие промышленности, в частности текстильной и швейной, что пришло на смену всемирному экономическому кризису, способствует тому, что и в Италии, и в США, и, безусловно, в самой Франции появляются новые бренды и торговые марки модной одежды, которые определяют тенденции развития силуэта, ассортимента, колорита и других характеристик модной одежды массового спроса. В результате становится очевидным, что единой моды больше не существует - она делится на отдельные направления, стили, привязывается к потребностям разных групп потребителей и возможностей отдельных сфер деятельности текстильной и швейной промышленности. ; Метою статті є визначення факторів та критеріїв формування модних тенденцій та проектних образів в індустрії моди, заснованих на асиміляції різних проявів офіційної та вуличної моди, з урахуванням розвитку та трансформації в часі соціально-культурних стандартів суспільства масового вжитку. Методологія дослідження передбачає застосування системного підходу до процесу проектування костюма, що проявляється у класифікації проектно-типологічних засобів формування асортименту та проектування сучасного одягу масового вжитку в індустрії моди. Наукова новизна. У роботі обґрунтовано, що в 70-і роки XX ст. на формування модних тенденцій активний вплив справляли не тільки значною мірою поширені молодіжні субкультури, а і вулична мода як віддзеркалення потреб і побажань масового споживача. Визначено, що модні тенденції, створювані модельєрами та кутюр 'є, більше не були догматичним диктатом, а виконували функцію рекомендацій, увібравши в себе потреби, інтереси та побажання клієнтів. Обґрунтовано, що в той же час активно розвивалися національні і регіональні ринки модного одягу, модельєри і дизайнерські бренди, в яких ефективніше відображалися місцеві культурні тенденції і споживацькі побажання та смаки. Висновки. Початок 70-х років XX ст. дав могутній поштовх розвитку індустрії модного одягу. Під впливом демократизації моди «haute couture» й активного розвитку молодіжних рухів соціально-культурного характеру (у тому числі і субкультур), сформувалася нова естетика в суспільстві, пропагована масовим виробництвом модного одягу для широких верств споживачів. Модний одяг prêt-a-porter, який пропонували всі провідні Будинки моди та дизайнерські бренди, представляв моделі широкого повсякденного вжитку, орієнтовані на клієнтів з активною життєвою та соціальною позицією. Саме в 70-і роки XX ст. індустрія моди виходить за межі Франції, як єдиного законодавця моди. Активне становлення і розвиток промисловості, зокрема текстильної і швейної, що прийшов на зміну всесвітній економічній кризі, сприяє тому, що і в Італії, і в США, і, безумовно, у самій Франції з 'являються нові бренди і торгові марки модного одягу, які визначають тенденціїрозви- тку силуету, асортименту, колориту та інших характеристик модного одягу масового вжитку. У результаті стає очевидним, що єдиної моди більше не існує - вона поділяється на окремі напрями, стилі, прив 'язується до потреб різних груп споживачів і можливостей окремих сфер діяльності текстильної і швейної промисловості.
Problem setting. There is a fairly extensive network of museums in Ukraine. These cultural institutions have different forms of ownership and subordination: public, communal, private. Study, preservation and popularization of the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine; development of cultural, educational and research museum activities related to the acquisition of museum collections, exhibition, fund, publishing, restoration, monument protection work, aesthetic, intellectual, civic, national and patriotic education; the solution of problematic issues of the museum affairs requires an effective public policy in this area. Bringing all components of such a policy in line with the challenges of the time, focusing on state-building guidelines, developing identity, satisfying the public interest is an extremely important task today. Recent research and publications analysis. The research topics of Ukrainian and foreign scholars relate to various areas of the museum sphere: the connection of economic processes and museum activities; local communities and the development of museums in a pandemic; transformation of museum institutions; balanced development, sustainability, etc. The following scientists studied the essence and content of these processes: I. Panteleychuk, R. Mankovskaya, N. Filipchuk, Y. Klyuchko, L. Pleshakova, T. Shlyapakova, B. Boniface, S. Cooper, R. Mencarelli, C. Alcaraz, I. Pop, A. Borza, T. Komarac and others. The paper objective – analysis of indicators illustrating the problems and trends of public policy in the field of museum affairs in Ukraine, the functioning of museums in crises, in particular, which are a consequence of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The paper main body. The Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine is the main body in the system of central executive bodies, which ensures the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of museum affairs. There is no complete list of existing museums of various forms of ownership. The last update of the list, as stated on the website of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, took place on May 10, 2018. The most common type of museum in Ukraine is local lore. There are 567 such museums of various forms of ownership: state (regional, district, city) and non-state. The number of historical museums is 235 units. 196 museums have national status. There are 89 registered art museums in the database, including 52 art museums and 37 art galleries. Given the military actions in eastern Ukraine caused by the occupation of part of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, museums related to military affairs and memory are popular: troops - 63, military glory - 51, war - 6. Minimizing the negative impact of the political factor on the development of museums would help to improve the performance of museum institutions of their social functions, regardless of which model (elite, democratic or mixed) is a museum. Indicators of museum activity, which are summarized by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine by regions and the country as a whole are: number of museums, museum branches, distribution of museums by status, by profile, number of main and auxiliary funds, classification of funds by regions and museum profile , movement of funds, area of the museum territory, research, exposition and exhibition work, number of visitors, main characteristics of museum staff, etc. The study of trends in museum activities is carried out in comparison with the development of tourism. The relative growth rates of the number of museum visitors and the growth rates of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents for the corresponding period are calculated. The analysis shows that a significant decrease in indicators occurred in 2014, when the Russian Federation annexed Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war began. The growth rate of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents in almost all years exceeds the growth rate of the number of museum visitors for the period 2011-2019. The growth rate is calculated relative to the previous year. The biggest difference in the growth rate is 2018: 62% increase in the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents against 4.88% increase in the number of museum visitors. The leaders in the number of museums per 1 million population in Ukraine are Dnipropetrovsk, Zhytomyr and Odessa regions. Conclusions of the research. It is determined that the legal basis of museum affairs in Ukraine is prescribed in the legislation, in particular, in the Law of Ukraine «On Museums and Museum Affairs». The basic indicators illustrating problems and tendencies of realization of the public policy in the field of museum affairs in Ukraine are considered. Analysis of the performance of the museum affairs in the crisis, which is a consequence of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the annexation of the autonomous Republic of Crimea, proves a significant decrease in all indicators in 2014-2015 and a gradual increase in subsequent years. Relative indicators have been calculated that indicate the impact of armed aggression on museum activities, such as: the growth rate of the number of museum visitors and the growth rate of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents for the relevant period. The analysis shows that a significant decline occurred in 2014, when Russia occupied Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war began. It is noted that for Ukraine the negative factor influencing the development of museums is still political, which is illustrated by the example of the Odessa Art Museum, the Ivan Honchar Museum and «Mystetskyi Arsenal» National Culture, Arts and Museum Complex. Emphasis is placed on the need for the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine to develop a state strategy for the development of the museum industry. ; Розглянуто базові показники, що ілюструють проблеми та тенденції реалізації державної політики у сфері музейної справи в Україні. Досліджено вплив політичного чинника на діяльність музеїв. Визначено взаємозв'язок між показниками туристичної та музейної діяльності. Обґрунтовано потребу у виробленні державної стратегії розвитку музейної галузі в Україні. Ключові слова: державна політика; музеї; туризм; показники; розвиток; стратегія.
Problem setting. There is a fairly extensive network of museums in Ukraine. These cultural institutions have different forms of ownership and subordination: public, communal, private. Study, preservation and popularization of the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine; development of cultural, educational and research museum activities related to the acquisition of museum collections, exhibition, fund, publishing, restoration, monument protection work, aesthetic, intellectual, civic, national and patriotic education; the solution of problematic issues of the museum affairs requires an effective public policy in this area. Bringing all components of such a policy in line with the challenges of the time, focusing on state-building guidelines, developing identity, satisfying the public interest is an extremely important task today. Recent research and publications analysis. The research topics of Ukrainian and foreign scholars relate to various areas of the museum sphere: the connection of economic processes and museum activities; local communities and the development of museums in a pandemic; transformation of museum institutions; balanced development, sustainability, etc. The following scientists studied the essence and content of these processes: I. Panteleychuk, R. Mankovskaya, N. Filipchuk, Y. Klyuchko, L. Pleshakova, T. Shlyapakova, B. Boniface, S. Cooper, R. Mencarelli, C. Alcaraz, I. Pop, A. Borza, T. Komarac and others. The paper objective – analysis of indicators illustrating the problems and trends of public policy in the field of museum affairs in Ukraine, the functioning of museums in crises, in particular, which are a consequence of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The paper main body. The Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine is the main body in the system of central executive bodies, which ensures the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of museum affairs. There is no complete list of existing museums of various forms of ownership. The last update of the list, as stated on the website of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, took place on May 10, 2018. The most common type of museum in Ukraine is local lore. There are 567 such museums of various forms of ownership: state (regional, district, city) and non-state. The number of historical museums is 235 units. 196 museums have national status. There are 89 registered art museums in the database, including 52 art museums and 37 art galleries. Given the military actions in eastern Ukraine caused by the occupation of part of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, museums related to military affairs and memory are popular: troops - 63, military glory - 51, war - 6. Minimizing the negative impact of the political factor on the development of museums would help to improve the performance of museum institutions of their social functions, regardless of which model (elite, democratic or mixed) is a museum. Indicators of museum activity, which are summarized by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine by regions and the country as a whole are: number of museums, museum branches, distribution of museums by status, by profile, number of main and auxiliary funds, classification of funds by regions and museum profile , movement of funds, area of the museum territory, research, exposition and exhibition work, number of visitors, main characteristics of museum staff, etc. The study of trends in museum activities is carried out in comparison with the development of tourism. The relative growth rates of the number of museum visitors and the growth rates of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents for the corresponding period are calculated. The analysis shows that a significant decrease in indicators occurred in 2014, when the Russian Federation annexed Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war began. The growth rate of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents in almost all years exceeds the growth rate of the number of museum visitors for the period 2011-2019. The growth rate is calculated relative to the previous year. The biggest difference in the growth rate is 2018: 62% increase in the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents against 4.88% increase in the number of museum visitors. The leaders in the number of museums per 1 million population in Ukraine are Dnipropetrovsk, Zhytomyr and Odessa regions. Conclusions of the research. It is determined that the legal basis of museum affairs in Ukraine is prescribed in the legislation, in particular, in the Law of Ukraine «On Museums and Museum Affairs». The basic indicators illustrating problems and tendencies of realization of the public policy in the field of museum affairs in Ukraine are considered. Analysis of the performance of the museum affairs in the crisis, which is a consequence of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the annexation of the autonomous Republic of Crimea, proves a significant decrease in all indicators in 2014-2015 and a gradual increase in subsequent years. Relative indicators have been calculated that indicate the impact of armed aggression on museum activities, such as: the growth rate of the number of museum visitors and the growth rate of the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents for the relevant period. The analysis shows that a significant decline occurred in 2014, when Russia occupied Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war began. It is noted that for Ukraine the negative factor influencing the development of museums is still political, which is illustrated by the example of the Odessa Art Museum, the Ivan Honchar Museum and «Mystetskyi Arsenal» National Culture, Arts and Museum Complex. Emphasis is placed on the need for the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine to develop a state strategy for the development of the museum industry. ; Розглянуто базові показники, що ілюструють проблеми та тенденції реалізації державної політики у сфері музейної справи в Україні. Досліджено вплив політичного чинника на діяльність музеїв. Визначено взаємозв'язок між показниками туристичної та музейної діяльності. Обґрунтовано потребу у виробленні державної стратегії розвитку музейної галузі в Україні. Ключові слова: державна політика; музеї; туризм; показники; розвиток; стратегія.
Problem setting. New complex challenges of the present, including transformation and complication of heterogeneity and entropy of the Internet space, intensive development of robotics, technologies of artificial intelligence, can not but affect the state and development of the entire legal system of the state and legislation in various spheres of public relations. It is necessary to formulate criteria for a typology of legal problems that can be solved by digital formalization, and which require the use of the potential of "personal knowledge" to which intuition and practical experience are involved, etc.Recent research and publications analysis. The results of studies of these problems make it possible to point out that, as a whole, a systematic scientific understanding of the complex, voluminous and multidimensional problem of clarifying the perspectives and limits of the technological approach in professional legal practice, legal expert activity, influence on the transformation of legal norms, jurisprudence and legal education and the like need further careful study. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system - perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law and institutions of law, even the branches and branches of law.Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is to consideration of certain aspects of digitization of law and the limits of possible and admissible in the technological approach to legal knowledge on the basis of the results of understanding of this problem by different representatives of the humanities and interdisciplinary researchers.Paper main body. The article substantiates the importance and methodology of the technological approach in law, the limits of the use of this approach. It is shown that since the intensive development of innovative technologies, their widespread adoption in various spheres of public life is a significant factor in the development of modern society, this gradually leads to the formation of a new "digital" reality. It is disclosed that innovative technologies are not only potentially applicable, but have long been effectively used in the legal sphere, due to which, in particular, the correct and quick solution of various tasks is ensured, which contributes to more efficient provision of legal services, ensuring professional legal practice, etc. It is revealed that in the new reality, law becomes not only a means, a tool that provides digitalization of the economy, management and other segments of society, but also the object of digitalization, as a result of which it experiences changes in its form, content, system, structure, mechanism of action and demonstrates tendencies to strengthen these transformations.Conclusions of the research. In the face of new reality, law becomes not only a means, a tool that ensures the digitization of the economy, governance and other segments of social life, but also the object of digitalization, in which it changes its form, content, system, structure, mechanism of action and demonstrates a tendency to enhance these transformations. The following are legally and in fact possible and relevant directions and forms of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in legal practice, in particular in the judiciary: information and documentary support of legal practice, which includes automated intellectual classification of legal documents, formation and documentation of cases, elaboration through the use of artificial intelligence technologies of projects of solutions to various legal problems by means of using and analyzing databases; intellectual expert-analytical support of legal practice by comparison of technologies of artificial intelligence of norms of law, comparison of normative legal acts in order to determine their hierarchy, establishment of norms and acts of higher legal force from among those that are compared; generating and issuing expert assessments within the framework of forensic expertise or specialist opinion (use of knowledge bases (expert systems), automated systems for supporting legal decisions based on artificial intelligence); facilitating decision-making on large volumes of heterogeneous tasks in difficult uncertainty conditions, based on inaccurate, insufficient or poorly structured information. ; В статье обосновываются значение и методология технологического подхода в праве, пределы использования данного подхода. Показано, что поскольку интенсивное развитие инновационных технологий, их широкое внедрение в разные сферы общественной жизни является значимым фактором развития современного общества, то это постепенно приводит к формированию новой «цифровой» реальности. Раскрыто, что инновационные технологии являются не только потенциально применимыми, а уже давно эффективно используются в юридической сфере, благодаря чему, в частности, обеспечивается корректное и быстрое решение разнообразных заданий, которое способствует более эффективному предоставлению юридических услуг, обеспечению профессиональной юридической практики и т. п. Выявлено, что в условиях новой реальности право становится не только средством, инструментом, которое обеспечивает цифровизацию экономики, управления и других сегментов существования социума, но и объектом влияния цифровизации, в результате которого оно испытывает изменения своей формы, содержания, системы, структуры, механизма действия и демонстрирует тенденции к усилению данных трансформаций. ; В статті обґрунтовується значення й межі застосування технологічного підходу до правового знання, його вплив на трансформацію права. Показано, що оскільки інтенсивний розвиток інноваційних технологій, їх широке впровадження в різні сфери суспільного життя є значущим фактором розвинення сучасного суспільства, то це поступово призводить до формування нової, «цифрової» реальності. Розкрито, що інноваційні технології є не лише потенційно прийнятними, а вже давно ефективно використовуються в юридичній сфері, завдяки чому, зокрема, забезпечується коректне і швидке рішення різноманітних завдань, що сприяє більш ефективному наданню юридичних послуг, забезпеченню професійної юридичної практики тощо. Виявлено, що в умовах нової реальності право стає не тільки засобом, інструментом, який забезпечує цифровізацію економіки, управління та інших сегментів соціального буття, але і об'єктом впливу цифровізації, в результаті якого воно зазнає змін своєї форми, змісту, системи, структури, механізму дії і демонструє тенденцію до посилення даних трансформацій.
Problem setting. New complex challenges of the present, including transformation and complication of heterogeneity and entropy of the Internet space, intensive development of robotics, technologies of artificial intelligence, can not but affect the state and development of the entire legal system of the state and legislation in various spheres of public relations. It is necessary to formulate criteria for a typology of legal problems that can be solved by digital formalization, and which require the use of the potential of "personal knowledge" to which intuition and practical experience are involved, etc.Recent research and publications analysis. The results of studies of these problems make it possible to point out that, as a whole, a systematic scientific understanding of the complex, voluminous and multidimensional problem of clarifying the perspectives and limits of the technological approach in professional legal practice, legal expert activity, influence on the transformation of legal norms, jurisprudence and legal education and the like need further careful study. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system - perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law and institutions of law, even the branches and branches of law.Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is to consideration of certain aspects of digitization of law and the limits of possible and admissible in the technological approach to legal knowledge on the basis of the results of understanding of this problem by different representatives of the humanities and interdisciplinary researchers.Paper main body. The article substantiates the importance and methodology of the technological approach in law, the limits of the use of this approach. It is shown that since the intensive development of innovative technologies, their widespread adoption in various spheres of public life is a significant factor in the development of modern society, this gradually leads to the formation of a new "digital" reality. It is disclosed that innovative technologies are not only potentially applicable, but have long been effectively used in the legal sphere, due to which, in particular, the correct and quick solution of various tasks is ensured, which contributes to more efficient provision of legal services, ensuring professional legal practice, etc. It is revealed that in the new reality, law becomes not only a means, a tool that provides digitalization of the economy, management and other segments of society, but also the object of digitalization, as a result of which it experiences changes in its form, content, system, structure, mechanism of action and demonstrates tendencies to strengthen these transformations.Conclusions of the research. In the face of new reality, law becomes not only a means, a tool that ensures the digitization of the economy, governance and other segments of social life, but also the object of digitalization, in which it changes its form, content, system, structure, mechanism of action and demonstrates a tendency to enhance these transformations. The following are legally and in fact possible and relevant directions and forms of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in legal practice, in particular in the judiciary: information and documentary support of legal practice, which includes automated intellectual classification of legal documents, formation and documentation of cases, elaboration through the use of artificial intelligence technologies of projects of solutions to various legal problems by means of using and analyzing databases; intellectual expert-analytical support of legal practice by comparison of technologies of artificial intelligence of norms of law, comparison of normative legal acts in order to determine their hierarchy, establishment of norms and acts of higher legal force from among those that are compared; generating and issuing expert assessments within the framework of forensic expertise or specialist opinion (use of knowledge bases (expert systems), automated systems for supporting legal decisions based on artificial intelligence); facilitating decision-making on large volumes of heterogeneous tasks in difficult uncertainty conditions, based on inaccurate, insufficient or poorly structured information. ; В статье обосновываются значение и методология технологического подхода в праве, пределы использования данного подхода. Показано, что поскольку интенсивное развитие инновационных технологий, их широкое внедрение в разные сферы общественной жизни является значимым фактором развития современного общества, то это постепенно приводит к формированию новой «цифровой» реальности. Раскрыто, что инновационные технологии являются не только потенциально применимыми, а уже давно эффективно используются в юридической сфере, благодаря чему, в частности, обеспечивается корректное и быстрое решение разнообразных заданий, которое способствует более эффективному предоставлению юридических услуг, обеспечению профессиональной юридической практики и т. п. Выявлено, что в условиях новой реальности право становится не только средством, инструментом, которое обеспечивает цифровизацию экономики, управления и других сегментов существования социума, но и объектом влияния цифровизации, в результате которого оно испытывает изменения своей формы, содержания, системы, структуры, механизма действия и демонстрирует тенденции к усилению данных трансформаций. ; В статті обґрунтовується значення й межі застосування технологічного підходу до правового знання, його вплив на трансформацію права. Показано, що оскільки інтенсивний розвиток інноваційних технологій, їх широке впровадження в різні сфери суспільного життя є значущим фактором розвинення сучасного суспільства, то це поступово призводить до формування нової, «цифрової» реальності. Розкрито, що інноваційні технології є не лише потенційно прийнятними, а вже давно ефективно використовуються в юридичній сфері, завдяки чому, зокрема, забезпечується коректне і швидке рішення різноманітних завдань, що сприяє більш ефективному наданню юридичних послуг, забезпеченню професійної юридичної практики тощо. Виявлено, що в умовах нової реальності право стає не тільки засобом, інструментом, який забезпечує цифровізацію економіки, управління та інших сегментів соціального буття, але і об'єктом впливу цифровізації, в результаті якого воно зазнає змін своєї форми, змісту, системи, структури, механізму дії і демонструє тенденцію до посилення даних трансформацій.
Problem setting. problems of the principles of taxation, as a means of implementing fiscal functions of tax for a long time did not go beyond scientific publications and was not even trying to solve them in tax legislation of Ukraine. Reform legislation, including in taxation, conducted before, even in terms of staging did not address the question of the principles of taxation. This approach did not promote cohesion of financial system, for a certain time did not allow to systematize financial legislation, part of which is tax legislation. The need for more detailed and comprehensive definition of common fundamental principles of development of financial systems and legal forms of action and ways to ensure the unity of the financial system relevant institutions and associations finance and financial law on these principles can be established only through comprehensive research system of taxation principles as a means of implementing fiscal function of the tax.Recent research and publications analysis. until today, the analysis of legal principles of taxation fixing occurred only in individual scientific articles and books devoted to the study of common problems of tax law. In this area next scientists showed their interests: A. V. Bryzgalin, L. K. Voronov, A. N.Gorbunov, N. V.Karasev, A. M. Kozyrina, M. P.Kucheryavenko, P. S.Patsurkivskoho, S. G.Pepeliaev, M. I.Piskotina, G. P.Tolstopyatenko, N. I. Himichevoyi, D. G.Chernika and others, which considered very general questions of legal regulation of taxes and fees, certain aspects of the content and classification principles of tax law. In the study of major problems dissertation widely used for foreign scientists E. Bradley, R. Dernberha, M. Janis, R. Kay, J. Stiglitz.Paper objective. The goal is to deepen scientific knowledge of the legal nature of the principles of taxation as a means of implementing fiscal functions of tax by developing a holistic and comprehensive scientific understanding of the mechanisms of their creation and operation; determine whether the taxation principles for the reform of the tax system of Ukraine; forecasting the development of the industry in the areas of finance, which determine its integrity, consistency, effectiveness, stability, interconnectedness its legal institutions.The object of study is social relations that emerge and operate under the influence of legal regulation of taxation principles, as a means of implementing fiscal function of tax.Purpose of the study constitutes legal norms that reinforce the principles of taxation and provide their detailed formation mechanism of implementation through the special tax instruments (taxes, duties and other compulsory payments).Paper main body. description of the features of the tax should be based on the effect of the significant leverage in tax regulation. Still another sustained a lively discussion about the number and nature of these functions. According to the author, the most balanced view of the tax system functions can provide three of them: adjusting, fiscal and control. Last one, in the opinion of the author expresses the main purpose of the tax - the formation of public funds needs funding for state and local communities.It is clear that the function of the tax system affecting the corresponding homogeneous kind of public relations should provide for a holistic effect on the ordering process receipts from taxes and duties (mandatory payments). As a particular manifestation of the sense of these features can be found at every level of the tax regulation. It is, as on general regulations affecting the behavior of tax administration and then refined and detailed rules all tax laws and regulations more narrow focus concerning certain specific elements of the tax or fee.Legislative detailing how all functions of taxes, and each of them separately, systematically done by defining principles - in the current Tax Code of Ukraine, this century 4 «Basic principles of tax legislation Ukraine». It is difficult to unconditionally accept the title of this article. Analyzing in detail the principles set out in the Tax Code of Ukraine, it is easy to conclude that they concern not only the principles of tax law is as following, most general tax regulation principles, the legal nature of tax administration.Dynamic analysis of principles of taxation, which is a particular sense associated with fiscal functions of tax involves comparing the principles embodied today by the current Tax Code of Ukraine and have been regulated by the law of Ukraine "On taxation system". Conventionally, we can distribute them into three blocks: a) the principles enshrined in the Tax Code of Ukraine for the first time; b) Principles of Tax Code of Ukraine, identified in tax legislation Ukraine to its adoption; c) the principles that disappeared with the tax laws of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It is clear that it is only the principles that we can associate with providing fiscal function of the tax.Conclusions. Proposed distribution and comparison of taxation principles, in one way or another related to the fiscal functions of tax into three blocks: a) the principles contained in the Tax Code of Ukraine for the first time; b) the principles of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which were identified in the tax legislation of Ukraine and to the adoption; c) the principles that have disappeared from the tax legislation with the adoption of the Tax Code of Ukraine.Describing the features of the tax should be based on the effect of the significant leverage in tax regulation. Still another sustained a lively discussion about the number and nature of these functions. According to the author, the most balanced view of the tax system functions can provide three of them, adjusting, and fiscal control. The latter expresses the main purpose of the tax - the formation of public funds of funds to finance the needs of the state and local communities. ; Автор исследует принципы налогообложения как средства реализации фискальной функции налога. Предлагается распределение и сравнение принципов налогообложения так, или иначе, связанных с фискальной функцией налога, на три блока: а) принципы, которые закреплены в Налоговом кодексе Украины впервые; б) принципы Налогового кодекса Украины, которые были определены в налоговом законодательстве Украины и до его принятия; в) принципы которые исчезли с налогового законодательства с принятием Налогового кодекса Украины. ; У статті досліджуються принципи оподаткування як засоби реалізації фіскальної функції податку і пропонується розподіл принципів оподаткування, які в тому чи іншому сенсі пов'язані із фіскальною функцією податку, на три блоки: а) принципи, які закріплені в Податковому кодексі України вперше; б) принципи Податкового кодексу України, які були визначені в податковому законодавстві України і до його прийняття; в) принципи, які зникли із податкового законодавства з прийняттям Податкового кодексу України.
Problem setting. problems of the principles of taxation, as a means of implementing fiscal functions of tax for a long time did not go beyond scientific publications and was not even trying to solve them in tax legislation of Ukraine. Reform legislation, including in taxation, conducted before, even in terms of staging did not address the question of the principles of taxation. This approach did not promote cohesion of financial system, for a certain time did not allow to systematize financial legislation, part of which is tax legislation. The need for more detailed and comprehensive definition of common fundamental principles of development of financial systems and legal forms of action and ways to ensure the unity of the financial system relevant institutions and associations finance and financial law on these principles can be established only through comprehensive research system of taxation principles as a means of implementing fiscal function of the tax.Recent research and publications analysis. until today, the analysis of legal principles of taxation fixing occurred only in individual scientific articles and books devoted to the study of common problems of tax law. In this area next scientists showed their interests: A. V. Bryzgalin, L. K. Voronov, A. N.Gorbunov, N. V.Karasev, A. M. Kozyrina, M. P.Kucheryavenko, P. S.Patsurkivskoho, S. G.Pepeliaev, M. I.Piskotina, G. P.Tolstopyatenko, N. I. Himichevoyi, D. G.Chernika and others, which considered very general questions of legal regulation of taxes and fees, certain aspects of the content and classification principles of tax law. In the study of major problems dissertation widely used for foreign scientists E. Bradley, R. Dernberha, M. Janis, R. Kay, J. Stiglitz.Paper objective. The goal is to deepen scientific knowledge of the legal nature of the principles of taxation as a means of implementing fiscal functions of tax by developing a holistic and comprehensive scientific understanding of the mechanisms of their creation and operation; determine whether the taxation principles for the reform of the tax system of Ukraine; forecasting the development of the industry in the areas of finance, which determine its integrity, consistency, effectiveness, stability, interconnectedness its legal institutions.The object of study is social relations that emerge and operate under the influence of legal regulation of taxation principles, as a means of implementing fiscal function of tax.Purpose of the study constitutes legal norms that reinforce the principles of taxation and provide their detailed formation mechanism of implementation through the special tax instruments (taxes, duties and other compulsory payments).Paper main body. description of the features of the tax should be based on the effect of the significant leverage in tax regulation. Still another sustained a lively discussion about the number and nature of these functions. According to the author, the most balanced view of the tax system functions can provide three of them: adjusting, fiscal and control. Last one, in the opinion of the author expresses the main purpose of the tax - the formation of public funds needs funding for state and local communities.It is clear that the function of the tax system affecting the corresponding homogeneous kind of public relations should provide for a holistic effect on the ordering process receipts from taxes and duties (mandatory payments). As a particular manifestation of the sense of these features can be found at every level of the tax regulation. It is, as on general regulations affecting the behavior of tax administration and then refined and detailed rules all tax laws and regulations more narrow focus concerning certain specific elements of the tax or fee.Legislative detailing how all functions of taxes, and each of them separately, systematically done by defining principles - in the current Tax Code of Ukraine, this century 4 «Basic principles of tax legislation Ukraine». It is difficult to unconditionally accept the title of this article. Analyzing in detail the principles set out in the Tax Code of Ukraine, it is easy to conclude that they concern not only the principles of tax law is as following, most general tax regulation principles, the legal nature of tax administration.Dynamic analysis of principles of taxation, which is a particular sense associated with fiscal functions of tax involves comparing the principles embodied today by the current Tax Code of Ukraine and have been regulated by the law of Ukraine "On taxation system". Conventionally, we can distribute them into three blocks: a) the principles enshrined in the Tax Code of Ukraine for the first time; b) Principles of Tax Code of Ukraine, identified in tax legislation Ukraine to its adoption; c) the principles that disappeared with the tax laws of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It is clear that it is only the principles that we can associate with providing fiscal function of the tax.Conclusions. Proposed distribution and comparison of taxation principles, in one way or another related to the fiscal functions of tax into three blocks: a) the principles contained in the Tax Code of Ukraine for the first time; b) the principles of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which were identified in the tax legislation of Ukraine and to the adoption; c) the principles that have disappeared from the tax legislation with the adoption of the Tax Code of Ukraine.Describing the features of the tax should be based on the effect of the significant leverage in tax regulation. Still another sustained a lively discussion about the number and nature of these functions. According to the author, the most balanced view of the tax system functions can provide three of them, adjusting, and fiscal control. The latter expresses the main purpose of the tax - the formation of public funds of funds to finance the needs of the state and local communities. ; Автор исследует принципы налогообложения как средства реализации фискальной функции налога. Предлагается распределение и сравнение принципов налогообложения так, или иначе, связанных с фискальной функцией налога, на три блока: а) принципы, которые закреплены в Налоговом кодексе Украины впервые; б) принципы Налогового кодекса Украины, которые были определены в налоговом законодательстве Украины и до его принятия; в) принципы которые исчезли с налогового законодательства с принятием Налогового кодекса Украины. ; У статті досліджуються принципи оподаткування як засоби реалізації фіскальної функції податку і пропонується розподіл принципів оподаткування, які в тому чи іншому сенсі пов'язані із фіскальною функцією податку, на три блоки: а) принципи, які закріплені в Податковому кодексі України вперше; б) принципи Податкового кодексу України, які були визначені в податковому законодавстві України і до його прийняття; в) принципи, які зникли із податкового законодавства з прийняттям Податкового кодексу України.
The dissertation is devoted to the substantiation of theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of the market of migration services and development of practical recommendations for its development through effective migration policy and increase of social protection of Ukrainian labour migrants.The dissertation deals with the theoretical and methodological aspects of the research for the market of migration services in Ukraine. The content of the terms 'market of migration services' and 'migration service' is clarified, the basic conceptual bases of market formation are substantiated. The basic functions of the market of migration services are systematized, among which are provided providing, informative, mediating, stimulating, balancing and protective. The author's approach to the classification of migration services is presented. The structure of the market of migration services is generalized by the subject-object approach and spatial attribute. The features of functioning and development of the cross-border market of migration services are determined. Three groups of actors (participants) in the market relations of the cross-border migration market are identified and substantiated: migrant customers, directly actual and potential migrants, and intermediaries (migration service providers).The factors of formation and development of the market of migration services are generalized. Depending on the possibilities of regulating their influence on the market, there are four groups: "permanent", "long-term", "variables" and "factors of rapid formation and development" of the migration services market. Factors are classified into general and specific factors. The specific is divided into formal and shadow sections by such groups - political, legal and administrative, geopolitical, institutional-informational, economic, social-protective, cultural-historical and ethnicdemographic. The peculiarities of the influence of these factors on the market of migration services in Ukraine with specifying features in other countries are revealed.The basic provisions of the theories that form the methodology of research for the market of migration services are studied. The algorithm of the research's the market of migration services is formulated, which includes: analysis of the volume (capacity) of the market within a specific territory; research of market structure; estimation of market demand and supply; analysis of migration services; assessment of the level of competition in the market. The structural and logical scheme of the stage of research for the market of migration services is generalized.Migration trends and environmental conditions of the market of migration services in Ukraine are analysed. Particular attention is focused on the problem of scientific-methodological and information support for the analysis of the market of migration services. Differences in expert estimates of external labour migration have led to their calculations of the number of Ukrainian labour migrants abroad. Based on the author's estimates, the minimum environment for the formation of the domestic market for migration services is about 5 million Ukrainian migrant workers each year.The results of the author's expert survey of Ukrainian labour migrants are presented, based on which the hypothesis about the existence of a dynamic market of migration services in Ukraine was confirmed. It is proved that labour migrants most often use the services of intermediaries to organize the migration process, which is dominated by the predominance of unlicensed entities-providers of migration services, as well as the low level of respondents' satisfaction with the services of intermediaries.The state bodies (main actors in the market) creating an institutional environment for the functioning of the market of migration services in Ukraine are defined. The activities of the State Migration Service, State Enterprise "Document", Administrative Service Centres, consulates and visa centres are analysed. In particular, a continuous monitoring of the situation has shown that there are significant differences in the functioning of these entities. An important feature of the quality of migration services provided by these institutions concerns different standards for direct services for the public. A comprehensive assessment of the problem has led to conclusion that the current rates of improvement in the functioning of the mentioned state entities do not meet the latest requirements of the market of migration services.The author's conceptual approach to regulation of the market of migration services in Ukraine with the regional specificity of its implementation is elaborated. The main priorities of the concept address four goals: 1) legalization of the market of migration services; 2) quality assurance of migration services; 3) development of a civil society's quality-control system for migration services; 4) decentralization and deregulation of the market in terms of achieving stability. It is stressed that the concept must correspond with other conceptual and strategic standards for a state's development.Practical recommendations for improving the functioning and regulation of the market of migration services in Ukraine are substantiated. The implementation of some of them implies the creation and provision (within the nearest time) of the information and material base for qualitative research of the processes in the market of migration services. Other proposals relate to improving the quality of the state migration services. Possible solution to legalization and licensing of existing unofficial intermediaries in the market of migration services is proposed. It is noted that it is extremely important for Ukraine to increase the attention of state authorities to the practice of concluding intergovernmental bilateral labor agreements. This aspect is particularly relevant in terms of enhancing the role of the state in protecting the rights of Ukrainian migrants.The introduction of the state migration bonds as a regulatory instrument aiming at effective attraction and use of migration capital for the national economy development is proposed. The conditions for successful launch of the tool are clarified. In addition to migration bonds, the government may offer a supplementary list of government investment projects. This envisages a greater involvement of the state into migration processes allowing organizing a better system of interaction between the state and its citizens, which are currently set up for transboundary movements. ; Дисертаційну роботу присвячено обґрунтуванню теоретикометодологічних засад дослідження РМП та розробці практичних рекомендацій щодо його розвитку шляхом проведення ефективної міграційної політики та підвищення соціальної захищеності українських трудових мігрантів.У дисертації розглянуто теоретико-методологічні аспекти дослідження ринку міграційних послуг в Україні. Уточнено зміст понять «ринок міграційних послуг» та «міграційна послуга», обґрунтовано основні концептуальні засади формування ринку. Систематизовано основні функції РМП, серед яких виділено забезпечуючу, інформаційну, посередницьку, стимулюючу, врівноважуючу та захисну. Представлено авторський підхід до класифікації міграційних послуг. Узагальнено структуру РМП за суб'єктно-об'єктним підходом та просторовою ознакою. Визначено особливості функціонування та розвитку транскордонного РМП. Виділено та обґрунтовано три групи суб'єктів (учасників) ринкових відносин транскордонного РМП: «замовники мігрантів», безпосередньо фактичні та потенційні мігранти, та посередники (надавачі міграційних послуг).Узагальнено чинники формування та розвитку РМП. Залежно від можливостей регламентації їх впливу на ринок виділено чотири групи: «постійно діючі», «довготривалі», «перемінні» та «чинники стрімкого формування та розвитку» РМП. Здійснено класифікацію чинників на загальні і специфічні. Специфічні поділено на формальні і тіньові у розрізі таких груп – політико-правових та адміністративних, геополітичних, інституційноінформаційних, економічних, соціально-захисних, культурно-історичних та етнодемографічних. Розкрито особливості впливу зазначених чинників на РМП в Україні з зазначенням особливостей в інших країнах.Вивчено основні положення теорій, що формують методологію дослідження РМП. Сформульовано алгоритм дослідження РМП, який включає: аналіз обсягу (місткості) ринку в межах конкретної території; дослідження структури ринку; оцінку попиту та пропозиції на ринку; аналіз міграційної послуги; оцінка рівня конкуренції на ринку. Узагальнено структурно-логічну схему етапності дослідження РМП.Проаналізовано міграційні тенденції та середовищні умови розвитку РМП в Україні. Особливу увагу зосереджено на проблемі науково-методологічного та інформаційного забезпечення аналізу РМП. Розходження в експертних оцінках зовнішньої трудової міграції зумовили проведення власних розрахунків кількості українських трудових мігрантів за кордоном. На основі авторських підрахунків мінімальним середовищем формування вітчизняного РМП є близько 5 млн українських трудових мігрантів щороку.Представлено результати авторського експертного опитування українських трудових мігрантів, на основі якого підтверджено гіпотезу про існування динамічного РМП в Україні. Відзначено поширену практику наших співвітчизників користування послугами посередників для організації міграційного процесу. При цьому домінує переважання неліцензованих суб'єктів-надавачів міграційних послуг, а також низький рівень задоволеності респондентів послугами посередників.Визначено категорію державних інститутів-суб'єктів, які формують інституційне середовище функціонування РМП в Україні. При цьому проаналізовано діяльність Державної міграційної служби, ДП «Документ», ЦНАПів, консульств та візових центрів. Зокрема, тривалий моніторинг ситуації засвідчив наявність значних розбіжностей функціонування цих структур. Суттєвою відмінністю в якості надання міграційних послуг зазначеними структурами є різні стандарти безпосереднього обслуговування громадян. Зрештою, всебічна оцінка проблеми дала підстави стверджувати, що сьогочасні темпи покращення функціонування відповідних державних структур не відповідають сучасним вимогам РМП.Запропоновано авторський концептуальний підхід до регулювання РМП України із врахуванням регіональної специфіки його реалізації. Головними пріоритетами ідейного документу «концепції» визначено чотири цілі: 1) легалізація РМП; 2) забезпечення якості міграційних послуг; 3) розвиток системи контролю якості міграційних послуг з боку громадянського суспільства; 4) децентралізація та дерегулювання ринку в умовах досягнення стабільності. Наголошено, що концепція має кореспондуватись з іншими концептуальними і стратегічними нормативами розвитку держави.Обґрунтовано практичні рекомендації щодо удосконалення функціонування і регулювання РМП в Україні. Виконання окремих з них передбачає створення та забезпечення впродовж найближчого часу інформаційно-матеріальної бази для якісного дослідження процесів на РМП. Інші пропозиції стосуються підвищення якості надання державних міграційних послуг.Запропоновано варіант легалізації та ліцензування існуючих неофіційних посередників на РМП. Відзначається, що в Україні вкрай важливо посилити увагу державних органів влади до практики укладання міжурядових двосторонніх трудових угод. Даний аспект особливо актуальний в контексті активізації позиції ролі держави в захисті прав українських мігрантів. Запропоновано впровадження регуляторного інструменту «державна міграційна облігація» з метою ефективізації залучення і використання міграційного капіталу на розвиток національної економіки. Сформульовані умови успішного запуску інструменту. Поруч з міграційними облігаціями уряд може запропонувати додатковий перелік державних інвестиційних проектів. Таким чином передбачається глибша інклюзія держави у міграційні процеси, що дозволить організувати кращу систему взаєморозуміння держави та її громадян, які наразі налаштовані на здійснення транскордонних переміщень.
At the present stage of development of the world community, accompanied by processes of globalization, when the world is «united», on the one hand, there is a natural strengthening of ties between the countries and peoples of the world, which is manifested in a certain degree of standardization of some cultural norms and principles perceived and used in the different countries, nations, ethnic groups etc. Instead, on the other hand, there is some increasing of the cultural differentiation and disintegration in various areas of public life, which were generated by the phenomenon of «ethnic and religious revival». This phenomenon is associated with an increase of the interest of traditional, sectional, heritable forms of identity (ethnic, religious, racial) and, accordingly, the traditional social practices.These phenomena cause frequent conflicts between different ethnic and national groups in multi-ethnic states. In the early XXI century such conflicts began to cover not only the countries and societies with the unfinished national unity, but also nation-states in Europe and America, where seemingly ethnic majority and minority groups are combined into a single nation-state «body» based on shared values, ideals and goals, but which have an inherent desire to preserve its cultural diversity.Therefore, there is so important to find and explore the new concepts and theoretical models that would allow to ensure peaceful, conflict-free co-existence of ethnic minorities within a common political space on the basis of mutual respect, respect each other's rights and cultural exchanges.Given the urgency and the need for further study of the problem, the author put a goal: 1) to identify and analyze the key concepts of co-existence of minorities in today's globalizing world; 2) to find out the advantages and disadvantages of each of the concepts, identifying the best option co-existence of minorities within a common political space.The object of the study is the national and ethnic minorities as a subject of political processes, and the subject is the modern concept of minorities' co-existence in the common political space.According to the Art. 1 of UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, it is reflected in the uniqueness and diversity of features that are inherent in groups and communities, of which humanity is created. This phenomenon is considered to be a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, thus it is defined not less need for human existence than biodiversity for the functioning of the world of nature as a whole.However, this variety generates now some problems of co-existence of different cultures. Along with the long-standing controversies of intercultural interaction in the multi-ethnic states, which are formed on this basis, a number of new problems continues to arise. It leads to the need to seek such theoretical concepts and form a practical policies based on these concepts, that would effectively solve the existing ethno-national disputes and prevent the emergence of the some new, based on consideration of the interests of both titular nations and national minorities living within these countries.The beginning of the 70s of the XX century was a time of the emergence of fundamentally new concept of co-existence between nations and cultures within a common political space, which are known as «multiculturalism». The basis of multiculturalism was the rejection of the idea of continuous civic integration in such semantic content, in which it remained dominant until that time. Instead, the key role is assigned to the promotion and maintenance of cultural diversity, «neighborhood» of communities within a single state.In one version, the term of «multiculturalism» began to be used in academic circles from 1957 in order to determine the official policy of Switzerland, which was based on the idea of uniting the various ethnic and cultural communities into one nation. According to statements by other researchers, «multiculturalism» as a scientific concept originated in Canada in the 1960s to refer the state of Anglo-French bi-culture in terms of the threat of Quebec separatism. Multiculturalism gained the official political recognition in 1971, when it was included as one of the basic principles of the Constitution of Canada to outline the new governmental course of this country has finally admitted the defeat of assimilation policy. Among the states, which are recognized officially multiculturalism, are the USA, Australia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland and others.Thus, by the beginning of 80's of the XX century the key tenets of the concept of multiculturalism reached the level of the fundamental principles of political practice of most Western countries and international organizations.There are Western scholars Ch. Taylor, W. Kymlicka, Ch. Kukatas, A. Perotti etc. among the most prominent theorists of multiculturalism. There are many critics of multiculturalism, such as representative of the British egalitarian liberalism B. Berry, A. Schlesinger-Jr., A. Bloom.As one of the founders of the concept of multiculturalism Ch. Taylor said, hat this phenomenon is a form of self-assertion. Multiculturalism is not only in the struggle for the recognition of individuals, but also the requirement to recognize their originality, identity of groups, slides to the other. According to Ch. Taylor, some cultures are independent nature; any individual can exist only as part of the culture.Addressing to the problem of political equality between the minority and majority of the multi-national society, another theorist of multiculturalism W. Kymlicka focuses on the problem of the significance and status of minorities. He said that national minorities have the right to consider themselves as the cultural-distinctive communities only if they are guided by liberal principles, recognizing the rights of other communities.W. Kymlicka believes that the state cannot be separated from the problems of ethnic and ethnicity in general. He recognizes that the demands of ethnic and religious groups about financial support of some cultural activities are fair, implying those stocks that support the wealth and diversity of cultural resources. It increases the stability of society and eliminates the disparities between ethnic and religious groups. Without some financial support from the state a significant amount of national minorities may simply disappear and lose their cultural identity. The researcher supports the cultural market. However, W. Kymlicka puts on the agenda such questions: 1) the reasons why society should support cultural diversity or originality; 2) the need of researching of immigrants' and national languages; 3) the issue of citizenship, which is connected directly to the problem of tolerance.The American political scientist Ch. Kukatas, exploring multiculturalism, offers five options of the community response to cultural diversity: isolation, assimilation, soft multiculturalism, hard multiculturalism, apartheid.According to the scientist, soft multiculturalism appears as the rejection of attempts to prevent the emergence of cultural diversity through isolation. On the other hand, it is the rejection of its strengthening using a policy of assimilation of ethnic minorities. The freedom to choose the degree of assimilation according to the desires of the individual should be guaranteed in society.A common characteristic of hard multiculturalism is that society should take active steps to ensure that minorities are not only full participators in society, but also provide maximum opportunities to maintain their identity and traditions. By diversity should be treated not just tolerated, it should be consolidated, promoted and supported, not only financially, but also through the provision for cultural minorities some special rights.For Russian scientist E. Pain, who researches ethnic and cultural diversity in society, multiculturalism is a «very fresh» concept, which appeared in the scientific use until the end of 1980 and in connection with his youth has not yet severe theoretical background. But the researcher said that despite this, the popularity of multiculturalism lies in its key postulate that recognizes the value of cultural diversity of the country (region, world) and the impossibility of ranking of crops (including ethnic) on a «lower – higher», «primary – secondary» etc.The Ukrainian researcher A. Kolodiy, focusing on the study of issues of ethnicity and ethnic policy, defines multiculturalism as a principle of national ethnic, educational, cultural policy that recognizes and supports the right of citizens to preserve, promote and protect by all lawful means the (ethno)cultural features, and commitments the state to support such citizens' efforts.Given the complexity of the term of «multiculturalism» and the presence of a number of different interpretations in modern political science, the Ukrainian researcher N. Vysotska identifies five scientific approaches to understanding of multiculturalism:- demographic and descriptive: multiculturalism is as a characteristic of the state or society with cultural, ethnic, racial diversity etc.;- political program: multiculturalism is defined as a set of political programs and activities aimed at providing practical co-existence of different minorities, based on consideration of their differences and respective needs and rights with maintaining of the national unity;- ideological and normative: multiculturalism is a collection of all sorts of ideological currents, which are based on the idea of cultural diversity;- social and transformative: multiculturalism is the specific activity of governmental institutions in the country to ensure elimination of any discrimination or restriction of the rights of minorities;- historical: multiculturalism appears as a need to study the causes and conditions for the emergence of cultural diversity within a single socio-political space.Analyzing the diversity of approaches to the definition of multiculturalism, we can add to the classification of N. Vysotska some another interpretation of the term as a separate principle, which can be the basis of ethnic policy that supports diversity in society.Thus, we can define the concept of multiculturalism as an ideology and political practices of cultural inhomogeneous society to official recognition and real security of minorities' rights at the public-state level and to support the restoration and development of different cultural systems.The descriptive characteristics of multiculturalism is to recognize the possibility of co-existence in the same political space of several different cultural, ethnic or other groups that are willing and able to reproduce its identity.However, this descriptive diversity does not give the rise to characterize the society that really delivers its existence and development. It creates a need of existence of some regulatory side of multiculturalism. It lies in the use of state of specific measures to ensure the rights, dignity and welfare of its citizens regardless of their ethnicity, race, religion, language etc.However, we must admit, that in practice the policy of multiculturalism, solving some problems in the functioning of multi-ethnic states, may cause the new problems. In particular, multiculturalism, which was offered by its theorists (Ch. Taylor, W. Kymlicka, Ch. Kukatas), causes the revival of group forms of cultural identity through the inhibition of individual cultural diversity. For example, Western countries, which were actively implementing in practice the policy of multiculturalism, witnessed the fact that citizens who because of certain objective or subjective circumstances have lost their group (ethnic, religious, racial etc.) identity, returned to it influenced by multiculturalism. It was due to the fact that the privileges granted by governments to support and develop of cultural and ethnic uniqueness concerned the groups rather than individuals. In similar cases found the expression such defect of multiculturalism as a tendency to increase the isolation of ethnic communities and the creation of artificial boundaries between them.A. Schlesinger-Jr. defines multiculturalism on this occasion as an ideological concept that leads by its nature to the replacement of social ideals: «from assimilation to fragmentary, from integration to separatism». The same view is held by A. Bloom, who insists that fragmentation and separatism are alarming in multiculturalism, and the concept of multiculturalism leads to neglect of personal rights of the individuals.The Russian scientist A. Borisov understands multiculturalism as a phenomenon of ethnic and cultural fragmentation of society that opposes culture as a national movement.Therefore, we can agree with E. Pain, who identifies the following defects of the political practices of multiculturalism:- multiculturalism as an official policy actually addresses the state support to the specific groups representing the national and ethno-cultural minority in the state. In this regard, using the benefits these groups wrongly assume the role of representing the interests of their ethnic group or all religions;- stimulating the state support of groups and communities, multiculturalism promotes the community identity by suppressing of the individual identity. A similar policy deprives a person of the possibility to choose, consolidating the power of the group to which it belongs over this person;- multiculturalism creates obstacles for individual integration of different minorities to civil society;- the policy of multiculturalism creates an artificial segregation of groups, forming «a kind of voluntarily ghetto».Not only the majority of scientists and experts in the field of national and ethno-cultural policy are agree with this claim, but also the broad political circles. For example, the evidence of this fact is that in 2009 the Council of Europe issued «The White Book of Intercultural Dialogue» in which critically assessed the concept of cultural assimilation and the theory and practice of multiculturalism.As a result, in the early ХХІ century even those states, where multiculturalism was enshrined at the constitutional level, began to refuse from its use. Therefore it was necessary to find a fundamentally new concept and a political practice that takes into account the defects of previous concepts and would allow solving the problem of co-existence of different cultural and ethnic communities in the political space. One such attempt was the strategy of division of the sphere of culture. It says that in public sphere the maintenance of cultural homogeneity of representatives of all ethnic, religious, racial and other groups is encouraged. It based on the recognition and observance of formal rules that are common for all citizens of the state, and the principles of implementation, controlled by civil society. In the private sector, on the contrary, this concept gives the preference to cultural diversity. The ideological inspirers of the strategy of division of the sphere of culture emphasize that this model can be considered a compromise, because it creates the opportunities for the rights and freedoms of the individual regardless of cultural, ethnic, national, racial identity, on the one hand, and will provide unity and integrity of contemporary multicultural, multi-ethnic society, on the other hand.However, we must admit that this model of co-existence generates a question: is it possible and how to draw a line in real social life between the public and private sectors? In practice we see that the distinction between these spheres of human life and society is quite thin, because they are intertwined with each other. For example, if members of certain ethnic groups will to dress up in traditional clothing, it is an expression of his individual rights, freedom of choice with regard to the private sector. It generates a question: do they have the right to appear in this form in the streets within the state of their residence, where the titular nation is different from other by traditions in dress? It can apply to using of the language of community: does the model of division of the sphere of culture mean that minorities have the right to use their own language only at home, but in public places they must use only official language of the state in which they live? Or, for example, members of religion groups have a personal, «private» right to practice their faith and religious worship. But do they have the right to build their own churches in their places of residence, where they constitute an ethnic or religious minority? In this case, their freedom to practice their religion will go from the private sphere into the public sector, where the different doctrine can be declared as the official religion.Thus, the continuity of the public and private spheres of life points to the most obvious defect of the model of division of the sphere of culture. This defect is embedded in the title of concept. It generates the impossibility of its realization in practice and the need to find the new strategies of ethno-national cultural policy.One such model is the concept of individual freedom and cultural choice proposed by the famous philosopher and scientist, Nobel Prize in Economics A. Sen. Its main idea is the gradual weakening of group forms of identification and moving to individual choice. «Cultural liberty» is giving to individuals the right to live and exist according to their own choice, with a real opportunity to evaluate other options. A. Sen emphasizes that «the large number of existing injustices in the world remains and thrives because they turn their victims into allies, depriving them of the possibility to choose a different life and preventing their learning about the existence of another life». That's ethnic, religious and other cultural traditions of groups are not willingly, they are prescribed from birth. Therefore, the main objective of the policy of promoting cultural liberty is the weakening of traditions. The concept considers the cultural diversity as a tool for implementing of cultural freedom when «due to it the cultural range of social life and possibility of choosing are expanding». But the concept of cultural freedom hasn't become the norm in Western countries because there is a difficulty with the development of mechanisms for public policy which can break the power of traditions, customs, attitudes, mentality etc.The modern theorists and practitioners offer to combine all advantages of multiculturalism and the concept of individual freedom and cultural choice in the model of interkulturalism. Interkulturalism based on the idea of cultural diversity in the world and countries, but in contrast to multiculturalism, which offers the neighborliness between communities and cultures, it focused on the finding some ways of interaction of these different communities as members of different cultural systems. Interkulturalism requires a common interest of different nationalities and religions shared by a common sense of public responsibility for their country.Thus, we can admit multiculturalism, the concept of division of the sphere of culture, the model of individual freedom and cultural choices and interkulturalism are the key modern concepts of co-existence of ethnic and national minorities in the political space. These theories are based on the recognition and consideration of the fact of multiculturalism of globalizing world, separate states and societies. The differences between them lie mainly in the mechanisms proposed for use to assist the maintenance and development of different national, ethnic, religious, linguistic, racial and other minorities. Multiculturalism offers a policy of «neighborhood» of minorities on the principles of mutual recognition and tolerance. But it contributes to the strengthening of group and the suppression of individual identification of a person, leading sometimes to the increasing of segregation, intergroup hostility through the using of state measures to promote some individual communities. The model of division of the sphere of culture has a disadvantage: it proposes the distribution of culture to private and public sector, but doesn't include the fact that they are inseparable in real life. Hence its principles lose the ability to be realized in social and political life. The concept of individual freedom and cultural choice advocates the promoting to overcome the certainty of norms and values for members of communities, urging them to make independent choices, but does not offer some specific mechanisms to overcome the force of customs, traditions and mentality. Interkulturalism is the most optimal concept that favors to find some ways of interaction between different communities and different cultures. The common interests of citizens of different nationalities and religions are one of these ways. All citizens are united by common sense of public responsibility for their own state. ; Статья посвящена анализу современных концепций сосуществования национально-этнических меньшинств в пределах общего политического пространства. Сделана попытка определить преимущества и недостатки каждой из них, а также сделать вывод о наиболее оптимальной модели сосуществования меньшинств сегодня в глобализирующемся мире. ; Статтю присвячено аналізові сучасних концепцій співіснування національно-етнічних меншин у межах спільного політичного простору. Зроблено спробу окреслити переваги та недоліки кожної з них, а також зробити висновок про найбільш оптимальну модель співіснування меншин на сьогодні у світі, що глобалізується.
Purpose: studying of life quality indicators at elderly patients with osteoarthritis using international EuroQol questionnaire for evaluate of efficiency of sanatorium treatment.Materials and methods. 72 patients have been included in study at the age from 60 till 78 years, mean age was 67,6±8,7 years. Patients have been divided by method of randomization on two groups. Patients of one of groups in addition passed rehabilitation in sanatorium conditions for 18–21 days. Assessment of life quality related to health was conducted with use of international questionnaire EuroQol-5D-European Quality of Life instrument (EQ-5D).Results. At all patients with osteoarthritis health problems of varying degree have been revealed. In 12 months according to the questionnaire, reliable positive dynamics of life quality was observed at patients passing sanatorium treatment at the expense of improvement of ability to movement, reduce pain and discomfort and increase daily activity.Conclusions. Having of sanatorium stage of rehabilitation in complex treatment of osteoarthritis allows affect quality of life and keep remission for a longer period in comparison with outpatient treatment.KEY WORDS: quality of life, sanatorium treatments, osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common disorders of the muscle-skeletal system, especially in the elderly age group ( in every third elderly person, reaching 70% among those who have over 65 years). During the natural aging occurs involutional changes in the connective tissue, especially in the tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone tissue, in the walls of blood vessels, muscles [2]. Thus aging of body contributes to the accumulation of diseases. During the examination in elderly and senile patients were diagnosed from three to five different diseases. Modern elderly person is - a unique clinical phenomenon from the point of view on availability and the combination of its diverse in character and course of diseases that are competing for their prognostic significance and impact on quality of life. OA attributed to diseases with high comorbidity, and founded that patients with OA have a significantly higher risk of comorbid conditions than patients who do not suffering from OA [4].Clinical experience and numerous publications data suggest that OA is often associated with subsequent somatic disorders: hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and gastro- intestinal tract diseases. The greatest burden on society observed in cases of combination OA and osteodeficiency (osteopenia, osteoporosis (OP)), which significantly decreses the quality of life [5].Quality of life - integrated description of physical, psychological, emotional and social functioning of a person based on its subjective perception. Assessment of quality of life at modern stage have more increasing strong position in medicine, reflecting on the one hand, the presence of new medical technologies that do not affect the life expectancy, but significantly improve its quality, and from the other hand - expanding activity of the patient, increasing of its role in choice of methods of diagnostic and treatment [9].When selecting the questionnaires it is important to consider that to be used in a clinical studying suitable only those that give results of the evaluation quality of life in a form of a single summary score from 0 to 1.0. These includes a generic questionnaire EQ-5D (EuroQol) [8]. This general questionnaire is easy to fill , widely used in different countries and gives during the processing of collected data single score to measure the quality of life, represented by values between 0 and 1, which also provides the possibility of its using in clinical trials. This questionnaire is widely used in various clinical situations , including in assessing the quality of life patients with rheumatic diseases [7].The aging process is controversial, because on the background of regression processes - atrophy, degradation, etc., develops progressive trends of creating the new compensatory-adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in an aging body, which, however, does not fully offset the growing phenomena of degradation [2]. It should be noted that the adaptive capacity of the aging body is reduced, the possibility of development various diseases increases. In this context, particularly important in cases of illness in the elderly patient is the role of sanogenetic mechanisms, their stimulation and support. A special interest belongs to the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation, whose mission is the prevention of disease progression, stimulation of compensatory capacity of the muscle-skeletal system and the possible restoration of joint function.Spa treatment has a special place in the treatment and preventive care of elderly patients , as a stage in the system of rehabilitation of many chronic diseases. Multi-disciplinary nature of medical rehabilitation in spa conditions, a wide range of rehabilitation methods can embrace patients of all age groups with the most common diseases [1].Compared with medication treatment, natural and artificial physical factors, when they are properly used, characterized by the absence of allergies, lower incidence and severity of side effects, the ability of positively influencing on the number of pathological processes and the whole body, thus helping to improve the quality of life and are important in the prevention of premature aging [2]. In the resort conditions further rehabilitation is indicated for patients with initial stages of OA, disabled (groups I and II), patients with resistant synovitis and comorbidity with the possibility of self-servicing (including general contraindications for a spa treatment) [3].The aim of the study. To investigate the quality of life in elderly patients with osteoarthritis using international EuroQol questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of spa treatment.Materials and methods. In study were included 72 patients aged from 60 to 78 years, middle age was 67,6 ± 8,7 years. Among the patients predominates women - 88.4 %. I radiographic stage of osteoarthritis by J.H. Kellgren-Lawrence [ 6] was diagnosed in 23,3 % of patients , II stage - in 76,7 %. In the view of modern geriatric approaches applying of the physical factors in patients with OA who were in the spa rehabilitation stage in the appointment of balneotherapeutic procedures we gave preference to ultrasonic inhalation of mineral waters and baths , from physiotherapy usually prescribed magnetic-lazer therapy, interferential therapy, patients also performed massage and physical rehabilitation . In order to prevent climate-adaptational and reaclimate-adaptational reactions and optimization process of climate-adaptation were included into the treatment complex ( based on established risk factors) adaptogens and treatment procedures that have adaptogenic action ( phytoaeroionisation , singlet-oxygen therapy). In the process of rehabilitation treatment in sanatorium conditions , we have selected the most effective combination of different methods of rehabilitation , which caused the most significant treatment effectiveness : a combination of balneotherapy , physiotherapy and exercise therapy. To improve continuity during medical rehabilitation, at discharging from the sanatorium patients were given written (in the form of special attractions ) recommendatitons about further treatment, lifestyle, physical activity, diet etc.By the method of randomization, patients were divided into two groups. A marked difference for the main source of clinical and functional parameters between the groups were not observed. The control group consisted of 14 patients of the same age without joint pathology. Treatment regimens differed between the studying groups the presence in one of the groups sanatorium stage of rehabilitation. In the first group (n=34) patients received Structum 500 mg 2 times a day ( within 6 months of the year ) and courses of NSAID, including mainly patients treated with meloxicam ( at a dose of 7,5 mg/d) or nimesulide (in dose of 100-200 mg/d) for 7-10 days during worcening. The patients of the second group (n=38) during the 18-21 day were on spa treatment ( once a year ), in the scheme of rehabilitation were: sitting hydrogen sulfide baths, a concentration of 80 mg/L for 10 minutes at a temperature of 360C , the course of 8 procedures every other day or ultrasonic inhalation by hydrogen sulfide water, period of 5 minutes; blue clay applications every other day at 260C temperature; interferential therapy and magnet-lazer therapy on the affected joints to 8 treatments alternately every other day ; pneumomassage ; classes of physical rehabilitation therapy, aromatherapy , singlet -oxygen therapy . After the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation patients are taking drugs containing chondroitin sulfate (within 6 months of the year), at worcening of NSAIDs.Assessment quality of life related to health , was conducted using an international EuroQol-5D-European Quality of Life instrument (EQ-5D), which consists of two parts. At first part the patient self- assessed his condition by 5 parameters: mobility, self-care , usual activities, pain and discomfort , anxiety and depression. In each variant patients could give three possible answers : No problem - 1 , there is some problem - 2, much of the problem - 3. In the second part of the questionnaire , patients assessed their health on a scale from 0 to 100 on the VAS, the so-called thermometer , where 0 means the worst condition , 100 - the best state of health of the patient. This part of the questionnaire is a quantitative assessment of general health.Statistical analysis of the results was done in the department of statistical system research at SHEE "Ternopil State Medical University by I. Y. Gorbachevsky Ministry of Health of Ukraine" in the software package Statsoft STATISTIC. To determine the reliability of the differences in the change of certain indicators were used parametric and non-parametric methods: criterion Wilkoksona, two-sided Fisher's criterion. A significant differences were considered when the degree of probability of error-free prognosis is (p) 95% (p <0.05). Results and discussion. General description of the health status of patients studied with OA according to EQ-5D questionnaire is given in the table.In all patients with osteoarthritis were found health problems of different severity degrees. Mostly suffers ability to travel and daily activity . This data confirms that the OA in the elderly age reduces quality of life. After 12 months, according to questionnaire, health status was different in two groups . Reliable positive trend was in patients from the second group 57,9 % (p < 0,05), as a result of improving the ability to travel in space , reducing pain and discomfort and increasing of daily activity.According to the second part of the questionnaire EQ-5D, at baseline, most patients had reduced general health assessment : the first group to 51,91 ± 1,07 ( median for «thermometer» EQ 52 points ) in the second group to 50,65 ± 1,17 ( median 48,5 points) in comparison with the best state of possible health. 12 months after the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation of patients with repeated testing were produced the following results : The average index quality of life on the " thermometer " EQ-5D questionnaire in the first group of patients was 54,76 ± 1,23 ( median - 56 points), the second group was 69,28 ± 0,89 ( median - 70 points), reliability differences is high : p < 0,001.In the category quality of life most of all patients reacted on the presence of sanatorium stage of rehabilitation in the category " movement in space " ( GPA retesting 1,60 ± 0,08, p < 0,001), " daily activity " ( GPA retesting 1 68 ± 0,07, p < 0,001), " pain / discomfort " ( GPA retesting 1,92 ± 0,08, p < 0,001), " anxiety / depression ( GPA retesting 1 52 ± 0,08, p < 0,05).Thus, the data suggested that in elderly patients with OA who were once a year on a spa treatment and took over 6 months structure-modification drugs significantly upgraded quality of life during 12 months.Conclusions1. Based on the analysis were founded that elderly patients with OA who underwent rehabilitation treatment in sanatorium- health resorts have continued improving quality of life in comparison with patients who were treated only in outpatient conditions.2. Availability sanatorium stage of rehabilitation in the treatment of elderly patients with OA contributes more complex influence on the human organism.3. Multi-disciplinary nature of medical rehabilitation in spa conditions , a wide range of used restorative treatment methods can affect the quality of life and maintain remission for more longer period in comparison with outpatient treatment.4. Monitoring the quality of life can not only control the functional state of the organism in the elderly aged people at various stages of treatment , but also to properly evaluate the effectiveness of treatment , and, if necessary, to carry out the correction of rehabilitation activities .Perspectives for future research. Aimed at studying the impact of rehabilitative and preventive measures on the quality of life in elderly patients with osteoarthritis at other stages of rehabilitation. Further work in this direction is reasonable and economically justified.REFERENCES1. Golyachenko A.O., Martynyuk V.I., Bakalyuk T.G. Medical rehabilitation in the spa conditions // Journal of research. - 2007 . - № 4. - P. 8-9.2. Kazymyrko V.K., KovalenkoV.N., Flehontova V.V. Involutional osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. - Donetsk: Publisher Zaslavsky A.J., 2011. - 724 p.3. Kovalenko V.N., Bortkiewicz A.P. Osteoarthritis . Practical guidance . - K.: Moryon , 2005. - 592 p.4. Mendel O.I., Naumov A.V., Alekseeva L.I. et al Osteoarthritis as a factor of risk in cardio-vascular catastrophes // Ukrainian Journal of Rheumatology . - 2010 . - № 3. - P. 68-73.5. Povoroznyuk V.V. Osteoarthritis // Art of treatments. - 2004 . - № 3. - P.16 -23.6 . Altman R., Asch E., Bloch D. et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the knee // Arthritis Rheum. - 1986 . - № 29. - P. 1039-1049 .7 . Harrison M.J., Davies L.M., Bansback N.J. et al. The comparative responsiveness of the EQ-5D and SF-6D to change in patients with inflammatory arthritis // Qual Life Res. - 2009 . - № 18. - P. 1195-1205.8 . Herdman M., Gudex C., Lloyd A., et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) // Qual Life Res. - 2011 . - № 20 . - P. 1727-1736.9 . Langley P., Muller-Schwefe G., Nicolaou A., Liedgens H., Pergolizzi J., Varrassi G. The societal impact of pain in the European Union: health-related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization // J. Med Econ. - 2010 . - № 1. - P. 571-581. ; Мета: вивчення показників якості життя у хворих похилого віку на остеоартроз з використанням міжнародного запитальника EuroQol для оцінки ефективності санаторно-курортного лікування.Матеріали і методи. У дослідження було включено 72 пацієнти віком від 60 до 78 років, середній вік склав 67,6±8,7 року. Методом рандомізації пацієнтів було розподілено на дві групи. Пацієнти однієї з груп додатково проходили реабілітацію в умовах санаторію протягом 18-21 дня. Оцінка якості життя, пов'язаного зі здоров'ям, проводилась з використанням міжнародного запитальника EuroQol-5D-European Quality of Life instrument (EQ-5D).Результати. У всіх хворих на остеоартроз виявлено проблеми зі здоров'ям різного ступеня. Через 12 місяців за даними запитальника достовірна позитивна динаміка якості життя спостерігалася у пацієнтів, що проходили санаторно-куротне лікування, за рахунок покращення здатності до пересування, зменшення болю і дискомфорту та збільшення повсякденної активності.Висновки. Наявність санаторно-курортного етапу реабілітації у комплексному лікуванні остеоартрозу дозволяє вплинути на якість життя та зберегти ремісію на більш тривалий термін порівняно з амбулаторним лікуванням.КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: якість життя, санаторно-курортне лікування, остеоартроз.
Purpose: studying of life quality indicators at elderly patients with osteoarthritis using international EuroQol questionnaire for evaluate of efficiency of sanatorium treatment.Materials and methods. 72 patients have been included in study at the age from 60 till 78 years, mean age was 67,6±8,7 years. Patients have been divided by method of randomization on two groups. Patients of one of groups in addition passed rehabilitation in sanatorium conditions for 18–21 days. Assessment of life quality related to health was conducted with use of international questionnaire EuroQol-5D-European Quality of Life instrument (EQ-5D).Results. At all patients with osteoarthritis health problems of varying degree have been revealed. In 12 months according to the questionnaire, reliable positive dynamics of life quality was observed at patients passing sanatorium treatment at the expense of improvement of ability to movement, reduce pain and discomfort and increase daily activity.Conclusions. Having of sanatorium stage of rehabilitation in complex treatment of osteoarthritis allows affect quality of life and keep remission for a longer period in comparison with outpatient treatment.KEY WORDS: quality of life, sanatorium treatments, osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common disorders of the muscle-skeletal system, especially in the elderly age group ( in every third elderly person, reaching 70% among those who have over 65 years). During the natural aging occurs involutional changes in the connective tissue, especially in the tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone tissue, in the walls of blood vessels, muscles [2]. Thus aging of body contributes to the accumulation of diseases. During the examination in elderly and senile patients were diagnosed from three to five different diseases. Modern elderly person is - a unique clinical phenomenon from the point of view on availability and the combination of its diverse in character and course of diseases that are competing for their prognostic significance and impact on quality of life. OA attributed to diseases with high comorbidity, and founded that patients with OA have a significantly higher risk of comorbid conditions than patients who do not suffering from OA [4].Clinical experience and numerous publications data suggest that OA is often associated with subsequent somatic disorders: hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and gastro- intestinal tract diseases. The greatest burden on society observed in cases of combination OA and osteodeficiency (osteopenia, osteoporosis (OP)), which significantly decreses the quality of life [5].Quality of life - integrated description of physical, psychological, emotional and social functioning of a person based on its subjective perception. Assessment of quality of life at modern stage have more increasing strong position in medicine, reflecting on the one hand, the presence of new medical technologies that do not affect the life expectancy, but significantly improve its quality, and from the other hand - expanding activity of the patient, increasing of its role in choice of methods of diagnostic and treatment [9].When selecting the questionnaires it is important to consider that to be used in a clinical studying suitable only those that give results of the evaluation quality of life in a form of a single summary score from 0 to 1.0. These includes a generic questionnaire EQ-5D (EuroQol) [8]. This general questionnaire is easy to fill , widely used in different countries and gives during the processing of collected data single score to measure the quality of life, represented by values between 0 and 1, which also provides the possibility of its using in clinical trials. This questionnaire is widely used in various clinical situations , including in assessing the quality of life patients with rheumatic diseases [7].The aging process is controversial, because on the background of regression processes - atrophy, degradation, etc., develops progressive trends of creating the new compensatory-adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in an aging body, which, however, does not fully offset the growing phenomena of degradation [2]. It should be noted that the adaptive capacity of the aging body is reduced, the possibility of development various diseases increases. In this context, particularly important in cases of illness in the elderly patient is the role of sanogenetic mechanisms, their stimulation and support. A special interest belongs to the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation, whose mission is the prevention of disease progression, stimulation of compensatory capacity of the muscle-skeletal system and the possible restoration of joint function.Spa treatment has a special place in the treatment and preventive care of elderly patients , as a stage in the system of rehabilitation of many chronic diseases. Multi-disciplinary nature of medical rehabilitation in spa conditions, a wide range of rehabilitation methods can embrace patients of all age groups with the most common diseases [1].Compared with medication treatment, natural and artificial physical factors, when they are properly used, characterized by the absence of allergies, lower incidence and severity of side effects, the ability of positively influencing on the number of pathological processes and the whole body, thus helping to improve the quality of life and are important in the prevention of premature aging [2]. In the resort conditions further rehabilitation is indicated for patients with initial stages of OA, disabled (groups I and II), patients with resistant synovitis and comorbidity with the possibility of self-servicing (including general contraindications for a spa treatment) [3].The aim of the study. To investigate the quality of life in elderly patients with osteoarthritis using international EuroQol questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of spa treatment.Materials and methods. In study were included 72 patients aged from 60 to 78 years, middle age was 67,6 ± 8,7 years. Among the patients predominates women - 88.4 %. I radiographic stage of osteoarthritis by J.H. Kellgren-Lawrence [ 6] was diagnosed in 23,3 % of patients , II stage - in 76,7 %. In the view of modern geriatric approaches applying of the physical factors in patients with OA who were in the spa rehabilitation stage in the appointment of balneotherapeutic procedures we gave preference to ultrasonic inhalation of mineral waters and baths , from physiotherapy usually prescribed magnetic-lazer therapy, interferential therapy, patients also performed massage and physical rehabilitation . In order to prevent climate-adaptational and reaclimate-adaptational reactions and optimization process of climate-adaptation were included into the treatment complex ( based on established risk factors) adaptogens and treatment procedures that have adaptogenic action ( phytoaeroionisation , singlet-oxygen therapy). In the process of rehabilitation treatment in sanatorium conditions , we have selected the most effective combination of different methods of rehabilitation , which caused the most significant treatment effectiveness : a combination of balneotherapy , physiotherapy and exercise therapy. To improve continuity during medical rehabilitation, at discharging from the sanatorium patients were given written (in the form of special attractions ) recommendatitons about further treatment, lifestyle, physical activity, diet etc.By the method of randomization, patients were divided into two groups. A marked difference for the main source of clinical and functional parameters between the groups were not observed. The control group consisted of 14 patients of the same age without joint pathology. Treatment regimens differed between the studying groups the presence in one of the groups sanatorium stage of rehabilitation. In the first group (n=34) patients received Structum 500 mg 2 times a day ( within 6 months of the year ) and courses of NSAID, including mainly patients treated with meloxicam ( at a dose of 7,5 mg/d) or nimesulide (in dose of 100-200 mg/d) for 7-10 days during worcening. The patients of the second group (n=38) during the 18-21 day were on spa treatment ( once a year ), in the scheme of rehabilitation were: sitting hydrogen sulfide baths, a concentration of 80 mg/L for 10 minutes at a temperature of 360C , the course of 8 procedures every other day or ultrasonic inhalation by hydrogen sulfide water, period of 5 minutes; blue clay applications every other day at 260C temperature; interferential therapy and magnet-lazer therapy on the affected joints to 8 treatments alternately every other day ; pneumomassage ; classes of physical rehabilitation therapy, aromatherapy , singlet -oxygen therapy . After the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation patients are taking drugs containing chondroitin sulfate (within 6 months of the year), at worcening of NSAIDs.Assessment quality of life related to health , was conducted using an international EuroQol-5D-European Quality of Life instrument (EQ-5D), which consists of two parts. At first part the patient self- assessed his condition by 5 parameters: mobility, self-care , usual activities, pain and discomfort , anxiety and depression. In each variant patients could give three possible answers : No problem - 1 , there is some problem - 2, much of the problem - 3. In the second part of the questionnaire , patients assessed their health on a scale from 0 to 100 on the VAS, the so-called thermometer , where 0 means the worst condition , 100 - the best state of health of the patient. This part of the questionnaire is a quantitative assessment of general health.Statistical analysis of the results was done in the department of statistical system research at SHEE "Ternopil State Medical University by I. Y. Gorbachevsky Ministry of Health of Ukraine" in the software package Statsoft STATISTIC. To determine the reliability of the differences in the change of certain indicators were used parametric and non-parametric methods: criterion Wilkoksona, two-sided Fisher's criterion. A significant differences were considered when the degree of probability of error-free prognosis is (p) 95% (p <0.05). Results and discussion. General description of the health status of patients studied with OA according to EQ-5D questionnaire is given in the table.In all patients with osteoarthritis were found health problems of different severity degrees. Mostly suffers ability to travel and daily activity . This data confirms that the OA in the elderly age reduces quality of life. After 12 months, according to questionnaire, health status was different in two groups . Reliable positive trend was in patients from the second group 57,9 % (p < 0,05), as a result of improving the ability to travel in space , reducing pain and discomfort and increasing of daily activity.According to the second part of the questionnaire EQ-5D, at baseline, most patients had reduced general health assessment : the first group to 51,91 ± 1,07 ( median for «thermometer» EQ 52 points ) in the second group to 50,65 ± 1,17 ( median 48,5 points) in comparison with the best state of possible health. 12 months after the sanatorium stage of rehabilitation of patients with repeated testing were produced the following results : The average index quality of life on the " thermometer " EQ-5D questionnaire in the first group of patients was 54,76 ± 1,23 ( median - 56 points), the second group was 69,28 ± 0,89 ( median - 70 points), reliability differences is high : p < 0,001.In the category quality of life most of all patients reacted on the presence of sanatorium stage of rehabilitation in the category " movement in space " ( GPA retesting 1,60 ± 0,08, p < 0,001), " daily activity " ( GPA retesting 1 68 ± 0,07, p < 0,001), " pain / discomfort " ( GPA retesting 1,92 ± 0,08, p < 0,001), " anxiety / depression ( GPA retesting 1 52 ± 0,08, p < 0,05).Thus, the data suggested that in elderly patients with OA who were once a year on a spa treatment and took over 6 months structure-modification drugs significantly upgraded quality of life during 12 months.Conclusions1. Based on the analysis were founded that elderly patients with OA who underwent rehabilitation treatment in sanatorium- health resorts have continued improving quality of life in comparison with patients who were treated only in outpatient conditions.2. Availability sanatorium stage of rehabilitation in the treatment of elderly patients with OA contributes more complex influence on the human organism.3. Multi-disciplinary nature of medical rehabilitation in spa conditions , a wide range of used restorative treatment methods can affect the quality of life and maintain remission for more longer period in comparison with outpatient treatment.4. Monitoring the quality of life can not only control the functional state of the organism in the elderly aged people at various stages of treatment , but also to properly evaluate the effectiveness of treatment , and, if necessary, to carry out the correction of rehabilitation activities .Perspectives for future research. Aimed at studying the impact of rehabilitative and preventive measures on the quality of life in elderly patients with osteoarthritis at other stages of rehabilitation. Further work in this direction is reasonable and economically justified.REFERENCES1. Golyachenko A.O., Martynyuk V.I., Bakalyuk T.G. Medical rehabilitation in the spa conditions // Journal of research. - 2007 . - № 4. - P. 8-9.2. Kazymyrko V.K., KovalenkoV.N., Flehontova V.V. Involutional osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. - Donetsk: Publisher Zaslavsky A.J., 2011. - 724 p.3. Kovalenko V.N., Bortkiewicz A.P. Osteoarthritis . Practical guidance . - K.: Moryon , 2005. - 592 p.4. Mendel O.I., Naumov A.V., Alekseeva L.I. et al Osteoarthritis as a factor of risk in cardio-vascular catastrophes // Ukrainian Journal of Rheumatology . - 2010 . - № 3. - P. 68-73.5. Povoroznyuk V.V. Osteoarthritis // Art of treatments. - 2004 . - № 3. - P.16 -23.6 . Altman R., Asch E., Bloch D. et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the knee // Arthritis Rheum. - 1986 . - № 29. - P. 1039-1049 .7 . Harrison M.J., Davies L.M., Bansback N.J. et al. The comparative responsiveness of the EQ-5D and SF-6D to change in patients with inflammatory arthritis // Qual Life Res. - 2009 . - № 18. - P. 1195-1205.8 . Herdman M., Gudex C., Lloyd A., et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) // Qual Life Res. - 2011 . - № 20 . - P. 1727-1736.9 . Langley P., Muller-Schwefe G., Nicolaou A., Liedgens H., Pergolizzi J., Varrassi G. The societal impact of pain in the European Union: health-related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization // J. Med Econ. - 2010 . - № 1. - P. 571-581. ; Мета: вивчення показників якості життя у хворих похилого віку на остеоартроз з використанням міжнародного запитальника EuroQol для оцінки ефективності санаторно-курортного лікування.Матеріали і методи. У дослідження було включено 72 пацієнти віком від 60 до 78 років, середній вік склав 67,6±8,7 року. Методом рандомізації пацієнтів було розподілено на дві групи. Пацієнти однієї з груп додатково проходили реабілітацію в умовах санаторію протягом 18-21 дня. Оцінка якості життя, пов'язаного зі здоров'ям, проводилась з використанням міжнародного запитальника EuroQol-5D-European Quality of Life instrument (EQ-5D).Результати. У всіх хворих на остеоартроз виявлено проблеми зі здоров'ям різного ступеня. Через 12 місяців за даними запитальника достовірна позитивна динаміка якості життя спостерігалася у пацієнтів, що проходили санаторно-куротне лікування, за рахунок покращення здатності до пересування, зменшення болю і дискомфорту та збільшення повсякденної активності.Висновки. Наявність санаторно-курортного етапу реабілітації у комплексному лікуванні остеоартрозу дозволяє вплинути на якість життя та зберегти ремісію на більш тривалий термін порівняно з амбулаторним лікуванням.КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: якість життя, санаторно-курортне лікування, остеоартроз.
