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Despite the Reagan administration's ideological opposition to feminism & the Equal Rights Amendment, it has been obliged by the imperatives of the all volunteer force to continue to expand career opportunities for women in the military. Specifically, it has continued to narrow the definition of "combat," opening up previously barred military occupation specialties, & has placed women in technical combat positions. These reforms adversely affect combat readiness & should be abandoned, even at the risk of returning to an all M draft. The case for excluding women from combat is not analogous to the problems of racial integration. AA

Meet the new Glenn Loury. The old Glenn Loury touted supply-side economics and Jack Kemp's enterprise zones; the new Glenn Loury calls for 'broad-based, system-wide interventions' to attack the 'national disgrace' of racial inequality. The old Loury exhorted African Americans to stop bleating about 'racism' and to focus on 'the enemy within'--welfare dependency, teenage pregnancy, and other 'problematic behaviors' of the so-called 'underclass.' The new Loury describes the plight of black Americans as a 'collective' tragedy for which 'the entire nation bears a responsibility.' The old Loury enjoyed lavish support from Republican foundations and regular access to such journals as American Enterprise and Commentary. The new Loury bites the hand that once fed him, deriding 'conservative commentators' for their 'simplistic social ethics and sophomoric social psychology.' In promoting 'stigma' over more familiar concepts such as 'racism' and 'discrimination,' Loury has several goals in mind. Most obviously, he hopes to move discussions of race away from what he sees as fruitless moralizing: the sources of America's race problem, he insists, lay not in the realm of morality but in the realm of 'cognition,' in processes of meaning, classification, interpretation. Where the old Loury might have used such logic to deflect or minimize allegations of racism, his intent here is to highlight the severity of the problem. 'Stigma' entails more than distaste for certain groups or a susceptibility to negative 'stereotypes.' It represents nothing less than a 'withholding of the presupposition of common humanity' from an entire class of people. The problem is not simply in our institutions but in ourselves, embedded and reproduced in the very ways in which we see, interpret, and act upon the world. We are 'cognitive prisoners.' Whether the argument is proffered in terms of contact or cognition, the prospect Loury sketches is utterly bleak. Racial inequality is not simply a vestige of our nation's 'unlovely past' but an unfolding reality, routinely reproduced by ordinary, decent, rational people. It is woven into the fabric of our lives--our perceptions, our preferences, our personal relationships. As such, it is all but impervious to desegregation orders, antidiscrimination laws, and other traditional 'liberal' remedies. (Loury still manages to make 'liberal' sound like an epithet.) Curiously for a book heralding its author's break with conservatism, the voice that emerges from the pages is that of Dwight Eisenhower, warning his countrymen that no amount of legislative legerdemain can alter the 'hearts and minds' of men. Indeed, in one remarkable passage, Loury goes even further, suggesting that the dynamics of racial inequality, rooted as they are in the 'complex interactions of myriad, autonomous decision makers,' may be beyond 'human agency' altogether.

"This [book] is solid, coherent, original and adds to the corpus of knowledge. It is logically constructed, well written, based on original empirical research, from a case where little information is available'. - Geert Bouckaert, Public Governance Institute, University of Leuven, Belgium 'This is an outstanding [book] which significantly contributes to our knowledge both of public management (PM) reform (PMR) and of the administration of Bhutan ... What I would single out as the [book's] two most important features are its groundbreaking character, studying both an understudied and important topic (Bhutanese governance), and the [author's] ability to rise above and advance current scholarly discourse on PMR, while still demonstrating that he is fully familiar with the latter."--Wolfgang Drechsler, Chair of Governance and Vice Dean for International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia 'A very important contribution both to the understanding of a very crucial problem in Bhutan and to developing a focus on this kind of problem in small-scale societies.' - Mark Mancall, Emeritus Professor of Modern World History, Stanford University, USA This book describes the administrative system of Bhutan. Divided into two main parts, the first part of the book describes the Bhutanese public administration by examining the various paradigms and ideal types of public administration. Chapters examine the paradigms and ideal types in the field of public administration, and the paradigm concept helps in explaining the dynamics and the interaction of the application of public sector reforms within the context of the ideal types. Based on the historical and recent reforms, the Bhutanese administrative system has been mapped onto the ideal type typology to show hybridity with a mix and layering of characteristics of paradigms. The second part of the book examines the dynamics of implementing and evaluating the Position Classification System (PCS). This part includes chapters which evaluate the PCS and discusses the dynamics of the reform. It synthesizes the findings of the implementation of the PCS and connects it to the broader discussions on public sector reforms. It discusses the trajectory of public sector reform and the points of convergences and divergences within this trajectory. Lhawang Ugyel is Research Fellow at the Australian National University (ANU). He completed his PhD from the ANU and Masters from Cornell University, USA. He worked in various capacities for the Royal Government of Bhutan: as Senior Human Resource Officer and Policy Analyst with His Majesty the King of Bhutan

Diez anos atras, y en el marco de una reflexion colectiva sobre las formas de participacion politica de las minorias etnicas en la Europa postcomunista, propuse una clasificacion de las diversas formas en las que las leyes electorales de estos paises -entonces en plena transicion hacia la democracia-, estaban abordando el problema de la representacion parlamentaria de las minorias. En ese ensayo sostuve que las formulas contenidas en las leyes electorales vigentes en la region se movian desde la extrema hostilidad de las que prohibian la creacion de partidos de base etnica, hasta las formas altamente inclusivas de aquellas en los que la etnicidad se habia convertido en la base misma de la representacion politica, pasando por un amplia gama de estrategias intermedias como las de dificultar -sin impedir- la representacion de las minorias, ser indiferente hacia ellas, facilitarla con medidas legales, u otorgarle garantias normativas. Ahora bien: en un contexto como el actual, en el que la democracia ya esta consolidada, el legado de las guerras balcanicas esta desapareciendo gradualmente, y diez de estos paises ya son parte de la UE. es logico prever que la percepcion de lo que deberia ser el tratamiento mas adecuado para las minorias nacionales en las leyes electorales de la region deberia haber cambiado sustancialmente. Sobre la base de los paradigmas mencionados anteriormente, este trabajo examina las formas en que estas leyes han cambiado su trato a las minorias nacionales, tratando de hallar una explicacion al por que de estos cambios, y de evaluar sus implicaciones respecto de la representacion parlamentaria de las minorias y, mas aun, sobre las formas de integracion social y politica de estas en la region Some ten years ago, and within the framework of a collective reflection on the politics of national minority participation in post Communist Europe. I proposed a classification of the diverse ways in which the electoral laws of these countries were addressing the problem of the parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities. In that essay, I argued that formulas contained in these electoral laws had swung from the extreme hostility of those prohibiting the creation of ethnically based parties, to the inclusiveness of those where ethnicity had been converted into the very basis of political representation, going through a wide range of intermediate strategies like hindering that representation, being indifferent towards it, facilitating it in practice, and providing legal guarantees for it. Now in a context in which democracy is already consolidated, the legacy of the Balkan wars is gradually disappearing, and ten of these countries are already part of the EU, it is easy to anticipate that the perception of what should be an adequate treatment for national minorities in electoral laws should have substantially changed. On the basis of the above mentioned paradigms, this paper examines the manners in which these laws have changed their treatment of national minorities, seeks to give an explanation as to why these changes have taken place, and tries to assess their implications in the parliamentary representation of minorities -and, even more, in its social and political integration- throughout the region. Adapted from the source document.

Machine generated contents note: 0. How to start a meaningful relationship with your computer Introduction to R -- 0.1 What is R? -- 0.2 Why use R for this book? -- 0.3 Computing with a scientific package like R -- 0.4 Installing and interacting with R -- 0.5 Style conventions -- 0.6 Valuable R accessories -- 0.7 Getting help -- 0.8 Basic R usage -- 0.9 Importing data from a spreadsheet -- 0.10 Storing data in data frames -- 0.11 Exporting data from R -- 0.12 Further reading -- 0.13 References -- 1. How to make mathematical statements Numbers, equations and functions 1.1 Quantitative and qualitative scales? Habitat classifications -- 1.2 Numbers? Observations of spatial abundance -- 1.3 Symbols? Population size and carrying capacity -- 1.4 Logical operations -- 1.5 Algebraic operations? Size matters in garter snakes -- 1.6 Manipulating numbers -- 1.7 Manipulating units -- 1.8 Manipulating expressions? Energy acquisition in voles -- 1.9 Polynomials? The law of mass action in epidemiology -- 1.10 Equations -- 1.11 First order polynomial equations? Linking population size to population composition -- 1.12 Proportionality and scaling? Simple mark-recapture? Converting density to population size -- 1.13 Second and higher-order polynomial equations? Estimating the number of infected animals from the rate of infection -- 1.14 Systems of polynomial equations? Deriving population structure from data on population size -- 1.15 Inequalities? Minimum energetic requirements in voles -- 1.16 Coordinate systems? Non-cartesian map projections -- 1.17 Complex numbers -- 1.18 Relations and functions? Food webs? Mating systems in animals -- 1.19 The graph of a function? Two aspects of vole energetics -- 1.20 First order polynomial functions? Population stability in a time series? Population stability and population change? Visualising goodness-of-fit -- 1.21 Higher-order polynomial functions -- 1.22 The relationship between equations and functions? Extent of an epidemic when the transmission rate exceeds a critical value -- 1.23 Other useful functions? Modelling saturation -- 1.24 Inverse functions -- 1.25 Functions of more than one variables -- 1.26 Further reading -- 1.27 References -- 2. How to describe regular shapes and patterns Geometry and trigonometry -- 2.1 Primitive elements -- 2.2 Axioms of Euclidean geometry? Suicidal lemmings, parsimony, evidence and proof -- 2.3 Propositions? Radio-tracking of terrestrial animals -- 2.4 Distance between two points? Spatial autocorrelation in ecological variables -- 2.5 Areas and volumes? Hexagonal territories -- 2.6 Measuring angles? The bearing of a moving animal -- 2.7 The trigonometric circle? The position of a seed following dispersal -- 2.8 Trigonometric functions -- 2.9 Polar coordinates? Random walks -- 2.10 Graphs of trigonometric functions -- 2.11 Trigonometric identities? A two-step random walk -- 2.12 Inverses of trigonometric functions? Displacement during a random walk -- 2.13 Trigonometric equations? VHF tracking for terrestrial animals -- 2.14 Modifying the basic trigonometric graphs? Nocturnal flowering in dry climates -- 2.15 Superimposing trigonometric functions? More realistic model of nocturnal flowering in dry climates -- 2.16 Spectral analysis? Dominant frequencies in Norwegian lemming populations? Spectral analysis of oceanographic covariates -- 2.17 Fractal geometry? Availability of coastal habitat ? Fractal dimension of the Koch curve -- 2.18 Further reading -- 2.19 References -- 3. How to change things, one step at a time Sequences, difference equations and logarithms -- 3.1 Sequences? Reproductive output in social wasps? Unrestricted population growth -- 3.2 Difference equations? More realistic models of population growth -- 3.3 Higher-order difference equations? Delay-difference equations in a biennial herb -- 3.4 Initial conditions and parameters -- 3.5 Solutions of a difference equation -- 3.6 Equilibrium solutions? Unrestricted population growth with harvesting? Visualising the equilibria -- 3.7 Stable and unstable equilibria? Parameter sensitivity and ineffective fishing quotas? Stable and unstable equilibria in a density-dependent population -- 3.8 Investigating stability? Cobweb plot for unconstrained, harvested population? Conditions for stability under unrestricted growth -- 3.9 Chaos? Deterministic chaos in a model with density-dependence -- 3.10 Exponential function? Modelling bacterial loads in continuous time? A negative blue tit? Using exponential functions to constrain models -- 3.11 Logarithmic function? Log-transforming population time series -- 3.12 Logarithmic equations -- 3.13 Further reading -- 3.14 References -- 4. How to change things, continuously Derivatives and their applications -- 4.1 Average rate of change? Seasonal tree growth -- 4.2 Instantaneous rate of change -- 4.3 Limits ? Pheromone concentration around termite mounds -- 4.4 The derivative of a function? Plotting change in tree biomass? Linear tree growth -- 4.5 Differentiating polynomials? Spatial gradients -- 4.6 Differentiating other functions? Consumption rates of specialist predators -- 4.7 The chain rule? Diurnal rate of change in the attendance of insect pollinators -- 4.8 Higher-order derivatives? Spatial gradients and foraging in beaked whales -- 4.9 Derivatives for functions of many variables? The slope of the sea floor -- 4.10 Optimisation? Maximum rate of disease transmission? The marginal value theorem -- 4.11 Local stability for difference equations? Unconstrained population growth? Density dependence and proportional harvesting -- 4.12 Series expansions -- 4.13 Further reading -- 4.14 References -- 5. How to work with accumulated change Integrals and their applications -- 5.1 Antiderivatives? Invasion fronts? Diving in seals -- 5.2 Indefinite integrals? Allometry -- 5.3 Three analytical methods of integration? Stopping invasion fronts -- 5.4 Summation? Metapopulations -- 5.5 Area under a curve? Swimming speed in seals -- 5.6 Definite integrals? Swimming speed in seals --