Suchergebnisse

The problem of collective identity can be delineated through a brief historical account of the evolution of societies. There are 4 stages of social evolution which trace the relation of ego & group identity: (1) the archaic stage with its kinship ties & mythical world images, (2) the stage of the city-state with centralization, the formation of self-identity, & the rise of community, making group identity possible, (3) the rise of a class society with an emphasis on the community of believers, & (4) the modern era with the demand for strong universalistic commitments & individualistic ego structures. According to Hegel, the last stage reflects the alienation of the subject from society & from nature. This separation of the 'I' from society signifies the modern problem of identity, which can only be solved if it is rendered incomprehensible. For Hegel it is the modern state which embodies rational identity, but there are 4 arguments against this thesis: (A) the bourgeois state is not 'real', (B) for Hegel, rational identity develops in a sovereign state, but the sovereignty of the modern state has become an anachronism-- society is global in nature operating within the worldwide network of communications, (C) it is questionable whether a society can formulate its identity when social integration gets substituted for systems integration, & (D) the historical development of the state in the 19th century reveals that the identity of a society no longer fits an organizational framework, be it a nation or a parastate party. Some aspects of a new identity which is possible in a complex society can only be grounded in a consciousness of universal & equal chance to participate in the kinds of communication processes by which identity formation becomes a continuous learning process. There must be counterarguments & revisions of values & norms; tradition must be appropriated critically. A. Karmen.

Data & concepts relative to the national integration & identity-building processes in Brazil are discussed. The present situation in Brazil is one of dualism between the modern & affluent sector & the large poor majority, rather than one moving in the direction of a homogenous & integrated society. Social & geographical mobility patterns are examined with reference to migration statistics. The introduction of market mechanisms to the countryside is studied as well as the social consequences of mobility at its point of origin & point of destination. General remarks on the kind of society which is evolving & emerging social identity patterns are presented. The chances of bringing the whole country up to the production, technology, & consumption levels of its rich centers are viewed as remote in the foreseeable future. Redistributive policies are discussed & problems encountered in the US War on Poverty relative to allocating resources to groups having no chances of joining the labor force are noted. 6 Tables. A. Rubins

Drawing on the work of the Survey Research Center of the U of Michigan on party identification (A. Campbell, G. Gurin, & W. Mitter, THE VOTER DECIDES, Evanston, Ill: Row, Peterson, 1954, & A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Miller, & D. Stokes, THE AMERICAN VOTER, New York, NY: Wiley, 1964) & the Likert approach to attitude measurement, a procedure is developed for measuring the concept of social identity among a number of individuals with a single instrument. Results of the Twenty Statements Test research were used to compile a wide-ranging sample of 40 stimulus groups (H. Mulford & W. Salisbury, II, "Self-conceptions in a General Population," in SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONS; A READER IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, J. G. Manis & B. N. Meltzer, Eds, Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon, 1967). A sample group of 146 Uc & graduate students at Temple U, Philadelphia were given the questionnaire during a class period. The sexual, racial, & religious make-up of the sample was calculated. Pearson product-moment correlations were measured from the raw data matrix. To extimate the N of meaningful factors present, the Cattell eigen value technique was used. The r matrix was factored & refactored with an iteractive principal axis routine to determine the 7 factors: 'Jewish' identity, 'black M' identity, 'sex' identity, 'respectable member of the community' identity, 'upper status' identity, 'blue-collar Roman Catholic' identity, & 'white race' identity. All proved reliable under Cronbach's alpha test for measurement equivalence, except the 'blue-collar Roman Catholic' identity. Applications of the instrument to the study of policy compliance & group support are suggested. 3 Tables. Modified HA.

"Most studies of minority identity have utilized black American children. Drawing on the diverse traditions of this research, four summary conclusions are advanced. Particularly relevant investigations of minority identity conducted on other groups are also reviewed, and they suggest two further conclusions about the generalization of these black American results. Implications are drawn for future research and social policy. To understand better how social policy shapes minority identity, a systematic program of cross-national studies of guestworkers in Western Europe is especially urged." (author's abstract)

The role of sports in the development of national identity is examined. A study of sports programs & their influence in Australia, Canada, & the USSR reveals: (1) sports can supports colonial attempts to gain a separate psychological & social identity from the mother country, as Australian cricket victories over GB did in the nineteenth century; (2) sports are used by some societies to validate a particular system's comparative worth; & (3) heavy national emphasis on athletic prowess & success may indicate an insecure national identity. In conclusion, it is also noted that sports function as a means of waging vicarious combat, & may be vital in absorbing conflict & maintaining peace. 4 Photographs, 3 Illustrations. J. Cannon.

This paper documents the rapid growth of unplanned settlements and describes conditions in the peri-urban communities. Reasons are then advanced to explain the lack of governmental involvement in peri-urban redevelopment