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Gender Theory in Achieving Equality of Fighting New Fiqh actually ideally does not differentiate between men and women, let alone discriminate against women. Even bringing welfare and mercy to the whole of nature, Islam places the elevation and position of women as proof of its virtue. The gender bias is essentially derived from three basic assumptions about religious beliefs; 1) dogmatic assumptions that explicitly place women as complementary, 2) the matrealistic outlook, the ideologyb of the pre-Islamic Meccan society which despises the role of women in the production process. Initiating the new fiqh, it is hoped that there will be more humane and fairer views. Women have full access to political, economic, social and intellectual participation and are respected as men.Keywords: Gender, Equality, New Jurisprudence

This research explores the linking mechanisms and conditional processes underlying the relationship between psychological voice climate and individual change readiness. In accordance with the social identity theory, we argued that normative commitment would mediate the relationship between psychological voice climate and individual change readiness; furthermore, work engagement would moderate the proposed indirect effect. Two-wave survey data were collected from 187 full-time employees in a government-owned institute of research and development and were adopted for moderated mediation analysis. The results showed that normative commitment mediates the relationship between psychological voice climate and individual change readiness. Furthermore, work engagement strengthens the effect of psychological voice climate on individual change readiness in an indirect manner via normative commitment. Based on the findings, the theoretical implications and practical suggestions were discussed.

These unpublished writings of Beatrice Potter on the history of English economy and on Karl Marx's economic theory represent the first phase of her elaboration of a new science of society, in the face of the crisis of individualism and laissez faire. They are the first steps of an intellectual and political path that at the end of the Victorian age will lead her to become the patroness of British sociology and a leader of Fabian socialism. Her peculiar critique of political economy is also an essential contribution to the history of English and European political thought. Potter casts here the foundations of a different socialist doctrine that, starting from Fabian Society's reformism, will produce a conception of State and civilization that re-elaborates Marxian thought on the ethical and social level.

The paper presents information about risk in tourism and about terrorism as a threat for European tourism. If a terrorist attack occurs in a country, then it might make people think twice about visiting that place, and they may decide to change location. Risk is defined as uncertain event management in order to success. Risk is characteristic of all methods and means by which risk is managed to achieve the objectives described in the technical event, social, human and political analyzed, having as basis the uncertainty major risk factors. Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country.

Summary
Young people differ widely in their sports behavior and show high drop-out rates from organized sports. One explanation from socialization theory refers to the transgenerational mediation of sports behavior and orientations toward sports within the family. The present study investigates the relevance of orientations toward sports and behavioral patterns within the family to young people's sports behavior. Using methodological triangulation between multiple linear regression and qualitative interviews of young people between the ages of 15 and 20 (N = 1909; M = 17.3; SD = 1.7), the study investigates the relationship between individual sports behavior and family influences such as the importance of sports, regularity of sports activity within the family, social support, sports-related health awareness, and communication about sports in the family.

As the lever by which public authorities regulate social affairs, public policy must function through its implementation. The effectiveness of policy-implementation is affected by many factors, but it fundamentally depends on the institution. For people's behaviors are governed by institutions, and public policy is implemente by people. According to the theory of New Institutionalsim, institutions consist of both formal and informal institutions. Based on the theory's explanation of the constratins placed on people's behavior by informal institutions, this paper will explore how informal institutional factos prevent public policies from effective implemetnation in China, specifically interpersonal relations and the consideration of faces. We must eliminate the negative impacts of informal institutional factors on policy implementation through enforcing hearings, coordinating policies, publicizing policies, strengthening supervision and betterign ideologies.

Abstract
This study investigates relationships between reported assets growth, human capital effectiveness, ability to do business with state and firms' growth. Longitudinal data were extracted from annual financial reports. Sample includes 80 companies in construction industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2008-2013. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach is used for investigation of previously mentioned associations. We found that working with the state in Bosnian construction sector is dominant factor for outstanding increase in net reported income, while the human capital efficiency is negatively associated to its change. These findings support the theory of markets with asymmetric information, suggesting that the relational and social capital of the firm in the imperfect markets, where the state is dominant customer, drives the growth and that precedes firm's investments into development of intellectual capital.

This paper studies a learning network-based approach as an alternative programme theory to a traditional approach in working-life development that uses demonstration projects. Learning network projects of the Finnish Workplace Development Programme TYKES (2004–2010) are used as an example of the alternative approach in practice. Based on an empirical analysis of five learning network projects, a framework for weighting strengths and weaknesses of three different modes of programme leadership for directing learning networks is presented. Finally, this paper elaborates the role of programme theories in cases of complex objects for intervention, suggesting that in action research-based efforts that require commitment of and cooperation between many actors programme theories should be judged more on the basis of their social value than their truth value.

The thought of Ambedkar, explicitly or implicitly, has fascinating ecological dimensions. His ideas on the relationship between human beings and nature are useful to put equity at the centre stage of environmental discourse. Environmental problems and degradation for Ambedkar are not only because of over-exploitation of natural resources, but also due to iniquitous access of different social groups to the resource base. Particularly on the issue of access to drinking water to socially marginalized sections such as Dalits, Ambedkar reflected deeply in his intellectual and activist life. This article proposes that the ecological dimension of Ambedkar's thought offers a theory of environmentalism from below which is useful to capture differential impact of environmental problems on socially marginalized sections in general and Dalits in particular.

I examine the practices of fan productivity and gender negotiation in brony fandom, the community of primarily college-age men who are fans of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (2010–). I examine the contours of brony textual and material practices, noting how productivity within the fandom plays a role in the negotiation of identity and community ethos. I also consider the implications of cuteness in the fandom and discuss how this aesthetic and its corresponding narrative have led to the development of a unique discursive mode among bronies, which I term the discourse of friendship. Drawing on Matthew Gutmann's theory of contradictory consciousness, I argue that the discourse of friendship is an innovative framework that encourages new ways of taking part in existing social institutions that destabilize hegemonic masculinity.

ABSTRACT
This paper is a revised version, for this issue, of the keynote address to the Colloquium in Cape Town in honour of Lionel Cliffe. It maps out the key features of Lionel's life and his work starting in Tanzania in 1961, where through his long period of teaching, research and engagement, he formed much of what became his approach to the analysis of African social formations and appropriate policies for development and change. His founding role in this journal, his periods of further work in Zambia, the Horn, and then Southern Africa, are viewed through the three themes of the title. They add up to a major contribution to both theory and practice that has continuing relevance to answering the question he often put: what is to be done?

In the United States, academic research on local polices for international migration remains predominantly descriptive, methodologically localist, and focused on anti-immigrant policies. By contrast, this study offers a relational perspective on local immigration policy, arguing that a convergence of efforts by local governments and by immigrant communities at upward social mobility favors the emergence of inclusionary local immigration policies. This effect is facilitated by the predominance of Democratic partisanship and the presence of a bifurcated ethnic composition in localities. This theory is developed through a strategic narrative of the immigration policies of Baltimore City in the context of the U.S. rustbelt. Covering the period from the late 1970s to 2015, the narrative is based on information from official documents, news articles, academic literature, and official statistics.

Focusing on "new regimes of calculation" and the limits and possibilities of mobilizing critical theory to make sense of such shifts, the author uses Roderick Ferguson's Foucauldian call for a reordering of things to rethink of quantitative inquiry. The author is especially interested in race and the twists and turns of how the institutionalizing of the interdisciplines of area studies in higher education functioned to manage difference. The author pays particular attention to parallels between the institutionalization of the interdisciplines of area studies with the emerging interdisciplines– those forming between the humanities, the arts, and the social sciences and the mathematical sciences, computer sciences, digital studies, and the natural sciences. By elaborating both sociological and media studies disciplinary perspectives, something "beyond biopolitics and neoliberalism" becomes thinkable.

This qualitative analysis describes the parallels between Carolyn Heilbrun's nonfiction writing, her Amanda Cross novels, and Heilbrun's real-life experiences as the first woman tenured at Columbia University amid the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Heilbrun's nonfiction insightfully deconstructs gender issues in society. She turned to fiction as Amanda Cross, however, to expose the unrelenting differential privilege in the academy. Conflict theory, although not identified as such, permeates her writings, both novels and nonfiction. The underlying theme, differential privilege, is examined through four manifestations: response to war, women's perspectives on women, the attitudes of the privileged toward others, especially men toward women, and the institutionalized privilege in the highly stratified practice of higher education. These observations remain relevant and applicable for dealing with today's issues with differential privilege.

AbstractThis study develops a household enterprise model extended to encompass recent advances in collective theory. We use a simulation model in which production and consumption‐leisure choices are represented along with the rule governing intra‐household resource allocation, to analyze the income and wage responses of each family member. The household is treated as an equilibrium model whose accounts are based on a collective household accounting matrix, with the social dimension being the wife/husband classes. The simulation analysis illustrates the policy relevance of the collective approach to household behavior for inferring the impact of economic policies on individual behavior and welfare. We also propose insightful comparisons with the unitary model to make the behavioral and welfare policy relevance of the collective approach evident.