Suchergebnisse

The article examines the processes of formation and acquisition of legal nature by social rights based on the legislative experience of the countries of the European community. The evolution of the functions of the state in terms of acquiring the legal nature by social rights is analyzed.Problem setting. Ensuring and realization of the social human rights is a complex and multifaceted process. As of this date, the cooperation of state bodies, international and national organizations, scholars and practitioners is aimed at achieving a new quality level of legislative support and recognition of the category of social rights, developing new and effective mechanisms for their provision and implementation.Recent research and publications analysis. The social rights are of interest to the scholars and practitioners of various fields of knowledge and branches of science. This is because the social rights are a rather complex category and in their content, generally and properly, they refer to different fields of science, such as economic, political, legal, social, public administration.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. In the context of public administration, the social rights are the subject of research as the object of forming a state policy for regulating relations related to the protection and realization of the social rights. In addition, the analytical part of the article was elaborated on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Social Charter (revised), the European Code of Social Security (revised) and other documents.Paper main body. At the end of the XIX century in Europe, several draft laws appeared that contained not only "classic" – personal and political rights, but also "the second-generation" rights – socio-economic and cultural rights. These constitutions set out the responsibilities of governments in the fields of employment, education, public health etc.Only in the late XIX century, the social rights gained the legal recognition in several drafts of the European constitutions. The classical human rights include "second generation" rights – socio-economic and cultural rights. For the first time, this legal extension broadened the obligations of the government in the fields of employment, education, public health etc. The first constitution in the world, which established a broad and sufficiently detailed list of socio-economic rights, was the Constitution of Mexico, adopted on January 17, 1917.In connection with the state social security obligations, by the end of the XIX century, there was a policy of non-intervention by the state in organization of social protection systems, the creation of social insurance, which was encouraged by the state mutual assistance of these two institutions. The significant changes took place in the middle of XX century; the emergence of a welfare state entailed the recognition of social rights and the assignment of social function to the state. Thus, the state had a duty to be concerned with the social justice, the well-being of its citizens and guaranteeing their social protection. The introduction of European experience and practices will help create conditions for high-level European social rights standards in Ukraine, such as a decent standard of living and quality of life, adequate social security standards and high standards of general social development, social well-being of the population.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Analyzing the above-stated, it should be said that the level of ensuring the realization of social rights depends on the level of development of the country. Therefore, different mechanisms are acting in different countries for the implementation of state programs to ensure the social rights. However, the cooperation of international organizations focused specifically on the social sphere sets the common standards for the level of social rights that other countries should strive for. ; Досліджено процеси формування та набуття соціальними правами правового спрямування на основі законодавчого досвіду країн європейської спільноти. Проаналізовано еволюцію функцій держави в умовах набуття соціальними правами юридичного спрямування. Зауважено, що важливим аспектом у роботі цього напряму є аналіз міжнародних стандартів, стандартів Ради Європи та Європейського Союзу щодо реалізації та забезпечення соціальних прав людини.

The article examines the processes of formation and acquisition of legal nature by social rights based on the legislative experience of the countries of the European community. The evolution of the functions of the state in terms of acquiring the legal nature by social rights is analyzed.Problem setting. Ensuring and realization of the social human rights is a complex and multifaceted process. As of this date, the cooperation of state bodies, international and national organizations, scholars and practitioners is aimed at achieving a new quality level of legislative support and recognition of the category of social rights, developing new and effective mechanisms for their provision and implementation.Recent research and publications analysis. The social rights are of interest to the scholars and practitioners of various fields of knowledge and branches of science. This is because the social rights are a rather complex category and in their content, generally and properly, they refer to different fields of science, such as economic, political, legal, social, public administration.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. In the context of public administration, the social rights are the subject of research as the object of forming a state policy for regulating relations related to the protection and realization of the social rights. In addition, the analytical part of the article was elaborated on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Social Charter (revised), the European Code of Social Security (revised) and other documents.Paper main body. At the end of the XIX century in Europe, several draft laws appeared that contained not only "classic" – personal and political rights, but also "the second-generation" rights – socio-economic and cultural rights. These constitutions set out the responsibilities of governments in the fields of employment, education, public health etc.Only in the late XIX century, the social rights gained the legal recognition in several drafts of the European constitutions. The classical human rights include "second generation" rights – socio-economic and cultural rights. For the first time, this legal extension broadened the obligations of the government in the fields of employment, education, public health etc. The first constitution in the world, which established a broad and sufficiently detailed list of socio-economic rights, was the Constitution of Mexico, adopted on January 17, 1917.In connection with the state social security obligations, by the end of the XIX century, there was a policy of non-intervention by the state in organization of social protection systems, the creation of social insurance, which was encouraged by the state mutual assistance of these two institutions. The significant changes took place in the middle of XX century; the emergence of a welfare state entailed the recognition of social rights and the assignment of social function to the state. Thus, the state had a duty to be concerned with the social justice, the well-being of its citizens and guaranteeing their social protection. The introduction of European experience and practices will help create conditions for high-level European social rights standards in Ukraine, such as a decent standard of living and quality of life, adequate social security standards and high standards of general social development, social well-being of the population.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Analyzing the above-stated, it should be said that the level of ensuring the realization of social rights depends on the level of development of the country. Therefore, different mechanisms are acting in different countries for the implementation of state programs to ensure the social rights. However, the cooperation of international organizations focused specifically on the social sphere sets the common standards for the level of social rights that other countries should strive for. ; Досліджено процеси формування та набуття соціальними правами правового спрямування на основі законодавчого досвіду країн європейської спільноти. Проаналізовано еволюцію функцій держави в умовах набуття соціальними правами юридичного спрямування. Зауважено, що важливим аспектом у роботі цього напряму є аналіз міжнародних стандартів, стандартів Ради Європи та Європейського Союзу щодо реалізації та забезпечення соціальних прав людини.

The subject of the study is the possibility of implementing the experience of social entrepreneurship in the world under the current economic conditions. The purpose of the study is to analyze the experience of regulating social entrepreneurship in the world. Research methods are based on scientific principles and methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. Results of work. The opportunities for using the experience of developed countries in the field of regulation of social entrepreneurship are grounded. The stages of development of social entrepreneurship in the world are revealed. The peculiarities of development of social enterprises of Great Britain, Germany, USA are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the role and place of the state in ensuring the realization of social entrepreneurship. The author also revealed the positive effects of social entrepreneurship. Area of application of results. Management of the national economy under conditions of sustainable development in terms of research and opportunities to realize the experience of regulating social entrepreneurship of developed countries for the economy of Ukraine. Conclusions. Foreign experience of social entrepreneurship demonstrates the opportunities and benefits of the non–profit sector, not only social but also economic. In addition, world experience is a benchmark that shows what needs to be changed in legislation, business and government. Indeed, business today is able to take on a large part of the social burden (health care, infrastructure) that is entrusted to the state, and in exchange it must receive favorable conditions and transparent guarantees of stable and unimpeded development. The key to successful development of social enterprises in Ukraine is the development of national strategies for the development of social entrepreneurship, which would coordinate the efforts of all stakeholders – entrepreneurs, public organizations, donor structures and the state.

The active use of social media can potentially jeopardize the quality of romantic relationships. The present study contributes to the existing research body investigating the connection between social media use and relationship satisfaction, by focusing on the users' social media activity, their relationship visibility, relationship satisfaction and the different types of intimacy. We conducted a web-based data collection where participants (n 418) completed various types of questionnaires, namely the Social Media Use Integration Scale (SMUIS) (Jenkins-Guarnieri, 2013), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, 1985), the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) (Hendrick, 1988), Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) (Schaefer & Olson, 1981), and an additional questionnaire created to study the visibility of romantic relationships on social media. To analyze the collected data, first a correlation analysis was conducted. The findings show that there is a negative correlation between social media activity and romantic relationship satisfaction. Besides, social media activity is negatively associated with emotional, intellectual, recreational and social intimacy. No negative correlation has been found regarding social media activity and sexual intimacy. The correlation analysis also indicates that the users' visibility on social networks is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction and with all types of intimacy, predominantly with social and recreational intimacy. In the second part of the study, a series of moderated regression analysis were carried out. These analyses have shown that social media activity does not moderate the association between romantic relationships' visibility on social media and relationship satisfaction.

The article is devoted to identifying deliberative function of social networks in modern society and resolving certain political issues. The research showed that appearance of social network meant a new stage in social development and marked emergence of new tools of influencing masses and new approaches to studying peoples national characteristics. The fact that Internet among others performs deliberative function has become a subject of numerous discussions and thinking among politicians and philosophers, as it might be helpful in reaching consensus in debates. Key words: deliberative politics, deliberative model of discourse, ethical collision, axiological status ; Стаття присвячена визначенню делиберативної функції і місця соціальних мереж у сучасному суспільстві та у вирішенні певних політичних ситуацій. Дослідження показало, що поява соціальних мереж стала новим етапом суспільного розвитку та ознаменувала виникнення нового способу впливу на маси і нових підходів до вивчення національних рис кожного народу. Той факт, що Інтернет виконує також і деліберативну функцію став предметом дискусій і роздумів у філософсько-політичних колах оскільки вона може звести позиції учасників до якогось спільного знаменника у спірних питаннях. Ключові слова: деліберативна політика, деліберативна модель дискурсу, етична колізія, аксіологічний статус.Статья посвящена определению делиберативной функции социальных сетей в современном обществе и в решении определенных политических ситуаций. Исследование показало, что появление социальных сетей стало новым этапом общественного развития и ознаменовала возникновение нового способа воздействия на массы и новых подходов к изучению национальных черт каждого народа . Тот факт, что Интернет выполняет также и делиберативную функцию стал предметом дискуссий и размышлений в философско-политических кругах, поскольку она может свести позиции участников к какому-то общему знаменателю в спорных вопросах. Ключевые слова: делиберативная политика, делиберативна модель дискурса, этическая коллизия, аксиологический статус.The article is devoted to identifying deliberative function of social networks in modern society and resolving certain political issues. The research showed that appearance of social network meant a new stage in social development and marked emergence of new tools of influencing masses and new approaches to studying peoples national characteristics. The fact that Internet among others performs deliberative function has become a subject of numerous discussions and thinking among politicians and philosophers, as it might be helpful in reaching consensus in debates. Key words: deliberative politics, deliberative model of discourse, ethical collision, axiological status.

Introduction. The rapid changes taking place in the age of globalization are modifying the attitudes toward time and disrupting its linear vision. Nowadays the absolute uncertainty looms over the image of the future. Mentioned above necessarily brings us to the problem of identity, which primarily concerns memory. After all, it is memory (individual, collective) that makes us who we are, shaping our identity and determining our belonging to a certain community. The aim and tasks of the research is to theoretically reconstruct speculative searches of the foundations of the phenomenon of collective memory. Research methods are to analyze the modern literature devoted to studying of phenomenon of a collective memory; to compare traditional and postmodern paradigms in understanding the essence of the phenomenon of a collective memory; to identify further prospects for the transformation of collective memory in a situation of postmodern disintegration. Research results. Theinterdisciplinary method was used to consider the phenomenon of collective memory in cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, philosophy; method of historiographical analysis – for the systematization of primary sources and scientific literature, devoted to studying the phenomenon of collective memory; hermeneutic method – for explanation and interpretation of works of contemporary authors who are specialists in this field of scientific knowledge today; comparative analysis – to compare traditional and postmodern understanding of the essence of collective memory. No less fruitful there was the method of categorical-conceptual analysis, which made it possible to specify and clarify the terminological chaos that prevails today in the scientific works of native and foreign scientists. Along with the above, such general scientific methods as comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, etc., have played an important role. Discussion At all times, at the individual memory level ...

Стаття має оглядовий характер i присвячена сучасним дослiдженням фiлософських проблем суспiльства в межах аналiтичної соцiальної i полiтичної фiлософiї. Розглядаються основнi роздiли фiлософiї суспiльства, до яких належать соцiальна онтологiя, соцiальна методологiяi полiтична фiлософiя. Зазначається, що цi роздiли зосереджуються наонтологiчних, епiстемологiчних та етичних проблемах соцiуму. Соцiальнаонтологiя вивчає соцiальнi сутностi, їхню природу, а також рiзноманiтнiвластивостi соцiальних сутностей i вiдношення мiж ними. Центральнимтут постає питання про природу суспiльства як особливого роду реальностii про структуру цiєї реальностi. Головне завдання соцiальної методологiї— дослiдження природи, форм i методiв отримання знання про соцiальну реальнiсть, розгляд питання, яким чином може i має здiйснюватисясам процес пiзнання цiєї реальностi. Полiтична фiлософiя визначаєтьсяяк фiлософський розгляд полiтичної сфери суспiльства, що складаєтьсяз полiтичних iнститутiв i полiтичних вiдношень, у ходi яких вiдбуваєтьсяреалiзацiя полiтики як такої. ; This paper is of a review character and is devoted to contemporarydirections in the philosophical problems of society within the framework ofanalytical social and political philosophy. I consider the basic disciplines ofthe philosophy of society, which include social ontology, social methodologyand political philosophy. It is observed that these disciplines focus on theontological, epistemological and ethical problems of society respectively. Social ontology investigates social entities, their nature, as well as the variousproperties of social entities and the relationships between them. The centralissue here is the nature of society as a particular kind of reality and thestructure of that reality. The main task of social methodology is to study thenature, forms and methods of gaining knowledge about social reality, to consider how the process of knowing this reality can and should be accomplished.Political philosophy is defined as a philosophical examination of the politicalsphere of society, which consists of political institutions and political relations,during which politics as such is developing.

The development of most democracies has achieved social stability through the implementation of social dialogue and social partnership in the country, therefore, due to low efficiency of social activity in Ukraine, it is important to introduce such a phenomenon in our country. This article aims to reveal the essence and meaning of such concepts as "social partnership and social dialogue" through the historical acceptance of these social relations. The article reveals doctrinal approaches to the study of the above concepts, traces the genesis of legal regulation of the definition, as well as the introduction of social partnership and social dialogue in independent Ukraine. ; Розвиток більшості демократичних держав досягли соціальної стабільності завдяки реалізації соціального діалогу в країні, тому, через низькі показники ефективності соціальної активності в Україні, є актуальним запровадження такого явища і в нашій державі. Дана стаття спрямована на розкриття сутті і значення таких понять як «соціальне партнерство і соціальний діалог» через історичну приму даних суспільних відносин. В статті розкриваються доктринальні підходи до вивчення вище вказаних понять, простежується ґенеза правового регулювання дефініції, а також впровадження соціального партнерства і соціального діалогу в незалежній Україні.

Relevance. The first forms of tourism appeared already in Egypt, became popular in Ancient Greece and Rome. However, it went through a long period of formation until the end of the 19th century took its present form, and after the Second World War, it degenerated into a mass phenomenon. In the 21st century, tourism became an integral part of our leisure time (Baležentis and Žuromskaite, 2012). The tourism sector is identified as one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors in the world. Although tourism is currently one of the worst affected areas due to the pandemic, it has been observed that CSR activities gained momentum when company managers realised that they had to ensure that their immediate operating environment facilitated smooth business to achieve their profit-oriented goals (Idahosa, 2019). Tourism has great potential to affect the lives of local people and can have a positive and negative impact on the destination community (Su, Huang & Huang, 2018). We know that there are different views on corporate social responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gradually become a concern for many businesses in the tourism industry, with more than 70% of articles on the topic published in the last five years. (Font & Lynes, 2018). are currently facing a major challenge in adopting responsible treatment of the community and the environment (Ţigu, Popescu & Hornoiu, 2016). Responsible tourism and corporate social responsibility (CSR) can play a significant role in the sustainable development of tourism. The international community and therefore institutions such as the European Union (EU) invite the tourism industry to implement CSRs as part of its business strategy and to offer responsible tourism products (Manente, Minghetti & Mingotto, 2012). Problem of research the question is what is the level of social responsibility in the tourism organization from the point of view of managers and employees and how to increase it. The aim – of the research is to propose a plan of measures ...

During the last twenty years the concept of «social capital», which is built on the intuition that social ties and relations can serve as a useful resource for individuals and society, actively takes positions in the social sciences. The research program of social capital synthesizes various theoretical paradigms, going beyond those academic and ideological frameworks in which it arises. From the areas of theoretical sociology, and economic theory, where the concept of social capital is constructed, the theory goes into the policymaking, combines the perspectives of economic, sociological and political science.The limits of application of concepts of social capital in research practice through the reference to the history of concepts and theories were comprehended. Determined, that the critical importance of social capital for social theory is the result of claims for an interdisciplinary significance. Critical view of such interdisciplinary perspectives points to the ideological and methodological limitations of the use of some concepts of social capital. However, the undisputed fact of this research program, based on the integrative tendencies of a unified science of society. Consequences deriving from the social capital are identified in the margins of various disciplines. In the political sphere – is civil engagement and institutional effectiveness, in economics – the reduction of transaction costs, in social sphere – cohesion and solidarity, or even life satisfaction and well-being. The broad range of the research program of social capital at different levels of social phenomena stretches from the perspectives of historical macrosociology to micro-perspectives of network analysis. Within the framework of the research program is no consensus on how to operationalize and measure social capital, which significantly reduces the prospects of its indicators use in the determination the steps of policies. ; Осмыслено границы применения концепций социального капитала в исследовательской практике через обращение к истории понятия и теории. Определено, что исключительная важность понятия социального капитала для социальной теории является следствием существующих претензий на междисциплинарную значимость. Критический взгляд на такие междисциплинарные перспективы оказывает на идеологическую и методологическую ограниченность потребления отдельных концепций социального капитала наряду с неоспоримым фактом нахождения этой исследовательской программы в основе интегративных тенденций единой науки об обществе. ; Осмислено межі застосування концепцій соціального капіталу в дослідницькій практиці через звернення до історії поняття та теорії. Визначено, що виняткова важливість поняття соціального капіталу для соціальної теорії є наслідком існуючих претензій на міждисциплінарну значущість.Критичний погляд на такі міждисциплінарні перспективи вказує на ідеологічну й методологічну обмеженість вжитку окремих концепцій соціального капіталу поряд з беззаперечним фактом знаходження цієї дослідницької програми в осерді інтегративних тенденцій єдиної науки про суспільство.

In the context of solving the tasks of society's humanization, the possibilities of social partnership are being explored. Against the background of the strengthening of the European vector of international integration, the determining directions of its dynamics are fixed. To further improve the reforms, conclusions about the trends in the development of its forms and mechanisms are drawn. The results of the analysis of social partnership as a factor of social consent in the labour sphere and in society as a whole and, consequently, – sustainable security and development of cultural–civilizational world are given. The connection between social partnership and industrial democracy are learned. The dynamics of the conditions for realising of the balance of the strategy and tactics of change are examined. The potential of social partnership for the harmony of interests in society and the formation of socially responsible behaviour is analysed. Transformations of labour relations are considered in the context of the law of uneven historical development. From the author's point of view, the system of social partnership can contribute to the creation of favourable conditions for the development of organizational and managerial relations in the production sphere, and for the formation of civil skills and the position of workers. So, for a radical extension of the field of public participation in the work (especially in the labour and management) is necessary to further improve the conditions for a permanent methodological and professional training and retraining.

The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed.The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one's own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues.Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media.Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs.Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author's thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media.Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.Keywords: expression; social expression, expressive information; speech mimicry; persuasion; impressive language in the media. ; У статті досліджено функціональні техніки соціальної експресії в мультимедійних текстах; показано ефективність образних висловів як реакцію на сучасні події в Україні та їх вплив на формування суспільної думки. Проаналізовано публікації журналістів, мовлення медіарезонерів, експертів, громадських діячів, політиків, читачів.Ключові слова: експресія; соціальна експресія, експресивна інформація; мовленнєва мімікрія; персвазія; імпресивна мова в ЗМІ.

The article examines the psychological features of the implementation of socially communicative language intentions at non-specialized faculties, the mechanisms of speech formation from the standpoint of an active approach. The article revealed the essence of communicative competence by distinguishing the basic principles of communicative linguistics: the interaction of linguistic and social sides of communication; presence of the purpose, object, place and time of the specific cue in the linguistic intention of the person; training in foreign languages, based on the analysis of functions and conditions of communication, and then – on the identification of systematic features. There is an important role of the presence of linguistic intentions in the communicative competence, the ability to implement them in the process of communication and mastering a variety of linguistic formulas. Analyzing the subject of the study, we have identified some specific characteristics of foreign language as an academic discipline: the inability of foreign language to give a person direct knowledge of the reality; meaninglessness of foreign language, its infinity, dimensionlessness and homogeneity; the opportunity to realize the social and communicative needs of the subject of learning in the course of language activities and learning a foreign language. The subject of the article's analysis was also the differentiation and disclosure of the concepts of "speech", "language" and "speech activity" in terms of the active approach, in comparison with the linguistic concept of language, which is customary to be used in the methodology of teaching foreign languages. Thus language was considered as a mean, and speech – as a way of formulating thought in linguistic activity process of the subject of communication. It was concluded that linguistic means, on one hand, are the subjects of training, means and methods in process of activity are inseparable interconnection and interaction, and on the other hand – knowledge of the linguistic means is not the only condition for successful and effective mastery way of forming and formulating an opinion adopted in a foreign language environment.

It is determined that trade plays important role in providing the welfare and social security of the population, compliance with the balance between production and consumption, and forms significant share of the gross added value of the country. Trade is one of the key sectors of the national economy in the context of Ukraine's aspirations for European integration, despite the social and economic and political difficulties. Positive changes in the domestic trade development are substantiated; these positive changes are expressed in the growth of commodity turnover volume, reduction of the unprofitableness level, gradual increasing of the level of trade and technological process organization, improvement of the consumption culture. It is noted that the processes of formation of modern market trends of commodity turnover development are influenced by combination of destabilizing external and internal factors. Political and economic instability, volatility of legislation, insufficient provision of the population by objects of civilized trade, sometimes low level of technical support of the industry's enterprises, personnel skills, and corporate culture are the most important factors which suppress of trade enterprises development. It is proved that the development of the industry is also impeded by social and economic disproportions in the development of the network of retail trade enterprises, goods and resource supply of the national consumer market, and the capital structure. It is substantiated that the ability of trade enterprises to sustainable development is determined by the quality of management of the trade services sphere. Restructuring is proposed as an instrument for the destructive proportions of the industry's development overcoming. Implementation of restructuring measures will provide comprehensive structural changes which will create conditions for sustainable development of trade enterprises.

In the article the shortcomings, gaps and problems of women's social protection are analyzed. Thedirections of optimization of social protection of women are formulated. Proposals to improve thelegislation on social protection of women were argued ; У статті проаналізовано недоліки, прогалини та проблеми соціального захисту жінок.Сформульовано напрями оптимізації соціального захисту жінок. Аргументовано пропозиції щодоудосконалення законодавства щодо соціального захисту жінок.