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In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models. ; In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models.

In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models. ; In the Europe of the European Union, policies and programmes on the social inclusion of millions of Euros have been presented for years in different countries, with a greater concentration in the countries of the South and neighbouring countries. This issue is of concern to state, regional and also local governments. The strategies proposed are also multilevel. It is the latter that have the most complicated role since they are the ones that are closest to the problem. For this last level of public administration, the main obstacle is the lack of resources, becoming clearly dependent on European, national and autonomous funds. The analysis of the plans guides us as to which aspects are the most important. This is the case of Barcelona, because it is an example of inclusive support measures and teamwork on a European and international scale. A theoretical model derived from the analysis of the theory and the results of the application of the different social policies of inclusion through training is presented, in which the leader has a determining role and a new actor is incorporated into the traditional models.

Nowadays, most people use the Internet and social media. However, the Internet is a space in which there are various types of violations that are difficult to counteract with the use of legal institutions and tools, which are often not compatible with the fast-developing environment. The COVID-19 pandemic, which forced people to rearrange their lives in all fields and often move a significant part of their activities to the network, intensified negative phenomena including spreading false and socially harmful information. This article is an original reflection on the effectiveness of Polish legislation against the backdrop of the current activities of European Union bodies aimed at increasing the security of Internet users on the example of counteracting the dissemination of misinformation. In the author's opinion, both national and EU authorities do not seem to be interested in searching for alternatives based on technological solutions that could foster prevention of such infringements on the Internet, but rather focus on improving conventional protection models, whose effectiveness seems to be questionable. The article aims to start an interdisciplinary debate on the possibility to reduce the number of negative phenomena in the social media environment using blockchain technology, including the discussion on the possibility of developing appropriate regulations in this regard. ; W dzisiejszych czasach większość społeczeństwa korzysta z Internetu i rozwijających się tam social mediów. Internet jest jednak przestrzenią, w której bezsprzecznie dochodzi do różnego rodzaju naruszeń, którym trudno przeciwdziałać przy wykorzystaniu instytucji i narzędzi prawnych, często nieprzystających do dynamicznie rozwijającego się środowiska. Pandemia COVID-19, która zmusiła do przeorganizowania życia ludzi na wszystkich polach i przeniesienia go nierzadko do sieci, nasiliła negatywne zjawiska, w tym rozpowszechnianie nieprawdziwych i szkodliwych społecznie informacji. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera oryginalne rozważania na temat skuteczności polskiego ustawodawstwa na tle dotychczasowej działalności organów Unii Europejskiej ukierunkowanej na zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa użytkowników Internetu na przykładzie przeciwdziałania rozpowszechniania nieprawdziwych informacji. Zdaniem autorki zarówno organy krajowe, jak i organy unijne nie wydają się być zainteresowane poszukiwaniem alternatyw opierających się na rozwiązaniach technologicznych, które mogłyby sprzyjać zapobieganiu dalszym naruszeniom w Internecie, a raczej są skoncentrowane na udoskonaleniu konwencjonalnych modeli ochronnych, których skuteczność wydaje się dyskusyjna. Celem artykułu jest rozpoczęcie interdyscyplinarnego dyskursu na temat szansy zmniejszenia ilości negatywnych zjawisk w środowisku social mediów przy użyciu technologii blockchain, nie wyłączając podjęcia dyskusji na temat możliwości opracowania odpowiednich przepisów w tym zakresie.

The study investigates genesis of the European Union Social Policy and the changes in common social issue over the years. The European Union is not only economic and monetary integration, it is also unify the activities in the social areas. Integration endeavors are not only based on the European Union further enlargement to new members, but also are based on adoption of new regulations on social issues, with the need to enforce them by the Member States. EU regulations only of an economic nature, without social guidelines may lead to incomplete and unstable functioning of the European Union and Single European Market. Over the past decade, the process of European integration has intensified and included more issues and life areas, therefore the position of social policy has strengthen consistently. The increasing globalization and regionalization of economic and social life causes more important role for international institutions such as the European Union, in solving various social matters. European countries are more acutely affected by problems such as high unemployment, poverty, social exclusion and the progressive aging of the population. Consequently cooperation at EU level can lead to stop these processes and can find ways to eliminate the negative effects that appeared among the citizens of Europe.

The local governments of settlements fulfi ll not only their basic duties but also a great deal of other tasks as well that infl uence the communities' living conditions and quality of life, and through the way inhabitants feel also have an impact on the retention capacity of the settlements. The social policy of local governments is fulfi lled by the governments. Financing the tasks and their risks have a great effect on the realization of sustainable local governing. The aim of this study is to review the Hungarian local governmental system assessing some anomalies of the fi nancing of local governments and to draw attention to the risk of local governments, to the possibilities of how to reduce their operational risks highly considering the social political goals of the local governments, the role it has in developing and improving the people's quality of life.

Szukając nowych rozwiązań dla starych problemów, zwraca się uwagę na takie znaczące dla dobrego funkcjonowania współczesnego społeczeństwa kwestie jak sieci powiązań międzyludzkich, zaufanie czy normy. Pojęcie kapitału społecznego jest używane już od kilku dekad do opisu i wyjaśniania fenomenu zmian w sferze społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej, zaistniałych w wyniku transformacji społeczno-ekonomicznej. Odnosi się ono również do sfery działań obejmujących m.in. budowanie partnerskich i demokratycznych relacji we wspólnotach lokalnych, w których kapitał społeczny stanowi podstawę trwałych sieci społecznego zaangażowania zaufania i wzajemności. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest próba przedstawienia korzyści wynikających z posiadania przez wspólnotę lokalną zasobów kapitału społecznego, jak również wskazanie jego pozytywnego oddziaływania na bezpieczeństwo publiczne. ; When looking for new solutions to the old social problems, people pay attention to important issues for the good functioning of today's society, including interpersonal relations, trust, or standards. The term "social capital" has been used for several decades to describe and explain social and political as well as economic changes that took place as a result of the social and economic transformation. It also refers to activities including, among others, the creation of partnerships and democratic relations in local communities in which the social capital forms a basis of permanent networks of social involvement, trust, and mutuality. The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of the local community arising from social capital resources and their positive impact on public safety.

When looking for new solutions to the old social problems, people pay attention to important issues for the good functioning of today's society, including interpersonal relations, trust, or standards. The term "social capital" has been used for several decades to describe and explain social and political as well as economic changes that took place as a result of the social and economic transformation. It also refers to activities including, among others, the creation of partnerships and democratic relations in local communities in which the social capital forms a basis of permanent networks of social involvement, trust, and mutuality. The purpose of this article is to present the benefits of the local community arising from social capital resources and their positive impact on public safety. ; Szukając nowych rozwiązań dla starych problemów, zwraca się uwagę na takie znaczące dla dobrego funkcjonowania współczesnego społeczeństwa kwestie jak sieci powiązań międzyludzkich, zaufanie czy normy. Pojęcie kapitału społecznego jest używane już od kilku dekad do opisu i wyjaśniania fenomenu zmian w sferze społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej, zaistniałych w wyniku transformacji społeczno-ekonomicznej. Odnosi się ono również do sfery działań obejmujących m.in. budowanie partnerskich i demokratycznych relacji we wspólnotach lokalnych, w których kapitał społeczny stanowi podstawę trwałych sieci społecznego zaangażowania zaufania i wzajemności. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest próba przedstawienia korzyści wynikających z posiadania przez wspólnotę lokalną zasobów kapitału społecznego, jak również wskazanie jego pozytywnego oddziaływania na bezpieczeństwo publiczne.

This article comprises a sketch of the most important perspectives on local government. Among other things, it also aims to present the unique nature of government at the mezzo-social level. Here the concepts of political governing are considered as a social relationship and social resource; proposed, too, is the application of the category of the social field in the analysis of local government. Such social fields are characterized by both relations and resources associated with power when viewed from the standpoint of actions and structures. A separate aspect making itself known in the field of political power is its manifestations and influences.

Artykuł recenzowany / Peer-reviewed article ; With few exceptions the Arab world has made a big progress toward political liberalization in the recent two years. Morocco could be a model to follow for other countries if it sustains current direction of political change. The King Muhammad VI decided to lead important reforms: amendment to the Constitution, separation of the structures of power and independence of the judiciary. In this way, the situation has not led to signifiant outburst of citizen anger and rioting like in a number of Arab states. Political and social reforms were initiated by the King addressing the requests and needs of the society, for example the reform of family code called Mudawwana. Muhammad VI recognized the multicultural roots of Moroccan society, confirmed gender equality and extended the freedom of speech. Yet, these changes did not address the needs of all social groups. Demands for more responsive and accountable government, pressures for economic reforms, and greater pluralism in the shaping of public policy arose in Morocco. Nevertheless, opposition considered these changes insufficient, given the scale of youth unemployment, lack of prospects, failure of woman's rights and crisis of education. In Morocco state legitimacy does not decline because of a particular position of the King, religious legitimacy of power and specific political culture of Moroccan society. According to many analysts, the Kingdom of Morocco did not dismantle the basic structures of power, especially the influential elite institution – machzen.

Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie zależności pomiędzy akceptacją reguł demokratycznych i subiektywną oceną stopnia ich realizacji w poszczególnych krajach europejskich z wielkością kapitału społecznego pozostającego w dyspozycji obywateli tych państw. Dane wykorzystane do przeprowadzenia analizy porównawczej pochodziły z badań Europejskiego Sondażu Społecznego zrealizowanego w roku 2012. Pozwoliły one skonstruować trojakiego rodzaju klasyfikację: 1) poparcia dla demokracji, 2) oceny demokracji, 3) wielkości kapitału społecznego. Subiektywne opinie na temat ustroju demokratycznego oraz szacowana wielkość kapitału społecznego zostały dodatkowo skonfrontowane z obiektywnymi wskaźnikami makro określającymi funkcjonowanie badanych społeczeństw w wymiarze społeczno-politycznym: jakości rządzenia (Worldwide Governance Index), stabilności demokracji (Democracy Index), konkurencyjności gospodarczej (Global Competitiveness Index), rozwoju społecznego (Human Development Index) oraz kapitału ludzkiego (Human Capital Index). ; The article presents the relationship between the acceptance of democratic rules and subjective assessment of the degree of their implementation in different European countries with the size of social capital at the disposal of the citizens of those countries. The data used for the analysis of comparative studies came from the European Social Survey realized in 2012. Based on the data presented three types of classification: 1) support for democracy, 2) assessment of democracy 3) the amount of social capital. Subjective opinions on the democratic system and the estimated size of social capital are additionally confronted with objective macro indicators determining the functioning of societies in the socio-political dimension: the quality of governance (Worldwide Governance Index), the stability of democracy (Democracy Index), economic compet-itiveness (Global Competitiveness Index), social development (Human development Index) and human capital (Human Capital Index).

Nowosad Inetta, Społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania demokratyzacji edukacji na Tajwanie [Social and cultural preconditions for the process of democratization in Taiwanese education]. Kultura – Społeczeństwo – Edukacja nr 2(14) 2018, Poznań 2018, pp. 137–154, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2018.14.12. The article focuses on changes introduced in Taiwan's education since 1949, which reflect the social changes taking place in this country. Special attention is drawn to the origin and the course of two particularly important processes, i.e. democratisation and taiwanisation, which have radically changed the face of education, revealing Taiwan's 'balancing' between the East and the West. While depicting their essence, also complex links with Taiwan's policies towards China and its orientation onto economic growth were taken into account. ; Nowosad Inetta, Społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania demokratyzacji edukacji na Tajwanie [Social and cultural preconditions for the process of democratization in Taiwanese education]. Kultura – Społeczeństwo – Edukacja nr 2(14) 2018, Poznań 2018, pp. 137–154, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2018.14.12. The article focuses on changes introduced in Taiwan's education since 1949, which reflect the social changes taking place in this country. Special attention is drawn to the origin and the course of two particularly important processes, i.e. democratisation and taiwanisation, which have radically changed the face of education, revealing Taiwan's 'balancing' between the East and the West. While depicting their essence, also complex links with Taiwan's policies towards China and its orientation onto economic growth were taken into account.

The aim of the article is an in-depth analysis of the events related to the flood that affected the south-western part of Poland in 1997. It is worth noting that the entire undertaking was a phenomenon of special importance. The presented natural disaster showed a wide impact, especially on the social and institutional level. Although the discussed issue concerns an event that took place more than 20 years ago, the Millennium Flood significantly contributed to the process of shaping the internal security of the country. The material base is rich literature and numerous accounts of witnesses of those events. ; Celem artykułu jest pogłębiona analiza wydarzeń związanych z powodzią, która w 1997 roku dotknęła południowo-zachodnią część Polski. Warto zaznaczyć, że całość zdarzenia była zjawiskiem o szczególnym znaczeniu. Przedstawiona klęska naturalna wykazywała szerokie oddziaływania, szczególnie na płaszczyźnie społecznej oraz instytucjonalnej. Choć omawiane zagadnienie dotyczy wydarzenia, które miało miejsce ponad 20 lat temu, to jednak Powódź Tysiąclecia w znaczący sposób przyczyniła się do procesu kształtowania bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego kraju. Bazę materiałową stanowi bogata literatura oraz liczne przekazy świadków tamtych zdarzeń.

Mimo ścisłych związków między technologią i stosunkami międzynarodowymi istnieje niewiele prac w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, które podejmują próbę teoretycznego połączenia obu tych sfer rzeczywistości społecznej. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest historyzacja technologii militarnej w społecznej historii stosunków międzynarodowych. Autor przedstawia proces historycznego wzrostu znaczenia technologii militarnej w funkcjonowaniu społeczeństw i jej destruktywny wpływ na życie społeczne. Przekonuje, że nowe technologie rozwinaje są przez istoty ludzkie, a nie "odkrywane". Dokonane wynalazki odzwierciedlają określone interesy, posiadanie adekwatnych zasobów do ich dokonania i istnienie określonego instytucjonalnego wsparcia. W takim rozumieniu nauka, technologia i innowacje są funkcją ludzkich wyborów, interesów, idei, instytucji i zasobów. ; Despite close connections between technology and international relations, there are few works in international relations studies that would make an attempt to theoretically connect both of these two spheres of social reality.The main aim of the article is a historization of military technology in a social history of international relations. The author presents the process of historical growth of importance of military technology in functioning of societies and its destructive influence on social life. He convinces one that new technologies are developed, not "discovered" by human beings. Inventions reflect specific interests, owning proper resources to develop them and the existence of determined institutional support. In this understanding, science, technology and innovations are functions of human choices, interests, ideas, institutions and resources.In the first part of the article, the author presents relations between science, technology and innovations, as well as main attitudes in international relations studies in the context of comprehending these relations. Problems caused by technological development are also discussed. In the second part of the article, the author presents the meaning of military technology in international relations through its historization. By showing different contexts of "war machines" (horse, chariot, cavalry, cannons, conventional and nuclear weapon, information technology),one can observe the influence of military technology on international relations in the process of uneven and related development of different societies in different times from antiquity to the present day. In particular, the results of transformation of relations between armed forces and scientific institutions after World War II into permanent structures of society and government are shown. On the example of United States of America, the author points negative consequences of forming bureaucratic national security services for many aspects of social life. Finally, referring to James Der Derian's analysis, the author presents transformative influence of information technology on international relations.

The aim of the publication is to present selected forecasting problems in social sciences. The article focused on the method of decision-making/simulation games that, especially with the development of game theory and computers, have increasingly been used in many fields. Using examples of decision/simulation games - Poznań International Model United Nations 2013/POZiMUN; S.E.N.S.E - and the online game EVE Online, the author recognised the importance of such exercises in an accurate prediction of the future. He drew special attention to the element of chance and confounding factors that may destabilise the process of prediction. He also raised the problem of decision-making in the context of classical and quantum logic. ; Treścią publikacji jest przedstawienie wybranych problemów prognozowania w naukach społecznych. W artykule skoncentrowano się na metodzie gier decyzyjnych/symulacyjnych, które – zwłaszcza wraz z rozwojem teorii gier oraz komputerów – są coraz częściej wykorzystywane w wielu dziedzinach. Na wybranych przykładach gier decyzyjnych/symulacyjnych – Poznań International Model United Nations 2013/POZiMUN; S.E.N.S.E. a także gry sieciowej EVE Online – wskazano jak ważne są takie ćwiczenia, by móc precyzyjniej przewidywać przyszłość. Zwrócono także szczególną uwagę na kwestię przypadku oraz czynników zakłócających, które mogą destabilizować proces przewidywania. Poruszono ponadto problem podejmowania decyzji w aspekcie klasycznej oraz kwantowej logiki.

The author addresses the social participation issue in the context of its significance to public policy in Poland. He examines the barriers limiting the expansion of participation. He notices them in the way a democracy functions ("failed democracy" according to Democracy Index), as well as in the way the dialogue has been organised (for example, two separate currents have been established – i.e. the social one and the civic one, which is quite unusual by Western European standards). He regards the politicians' perception of what a democracy is as a next barrier. As a result of that one can see lower standards of public sphere in place, antiquated public governance still in place, the underdevelopment of the legal framework for social dialogue and the low quality of policy-making. The author also describes the most important social phenomena relating to the functioning of the social and civic dialogue mechanisms. He analyses the sources of the current condition of the dialogue in terms of historical, structural as well as political factors. ; Autor analizuje problematykę partycypacji społecznej w Polsce w kontekście jej znaczenia dla polityki publicznej. Omawia bariery, które ograniczają rozwój partycypacji. Dostrzega je w sposobie funkcjonowania systemu demokracji ("wadliwa demokracja" wg rankingu Democracy Index) oraz po stronie dialogu (m.in. wyodrębnienie nurtów dialogu społecznego i obywatelskiego, co jest nietypowe, jak na zachodnioeuropejskie standardy). Za barierę uznaje również sposób postrzegania przez klasę polityczną tego, czym jest demokracja. Wywołuje on bowiem wiele konsekwencji, m.in. prowadzi do obniżania standardów funkcjonowania sfery publicznej, powielania przestarzałego modelu zarządzania państwem, niedorozwoju ram prawnych dialogu obywatelskiego czy do niskiej jakości polityki publicznej. Autor opisuje również najważniejsze zjawiska obrazujące sposoby funkcjonowaniadialogu społecznego i obywatelskiego. Analizuje źródła ich obecnej kondycji, zarównohistoryczne, jak strukturalne i polityczne.