Suchergebnisse

The policy of positive discrimination in favour of areas of acute social need has resulted in a number of studies which concern themselves with methods of identification. Hatch and Sherrott found that deprivations are concentrated only to a limited extent, and that for this reason an index summarising a range of deprivations is not efficient, They suggest that a multi-dimensional approach might be indicated because different combinations of deprivations are found in different areas needing a variety of remedies. Barnes, in discussing the work done for the Inner London Education Authority, points out that the majority of disadvantaged children is to be found in areas not classified as priority, and that the majority of children in priority areas is not disadvantaged. Little and Mabey show that the reading achievement of disadvantaged children (unskilled and semi-skilled manual) does not vary as much in relation to either the social mix of the school or the degree of priority of the area as that of less disadvantaged pupils. The methods identifying deprivation are diverse and largely related to either objective criteria (absence of basic housing amenities, free school meals, etc.) or vulnerable groups (one-parent families, immigrants, unskilled, etc.).

The rise in the number of illegitimate births reached a peak of 69,928 in 1967 in England and Wales (6,663 in Scotland). Subsequently, numbers have steadied to between 8 and 8.5 per cent of all live births. Crellin, Pringle and West's examination of all births during a set period suggests that about 68 per cent of illegitimate births are to unmarried mothers living alone. Using the 1971 Census, the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) estimated that 90,000 unmarried lone mothers were caring for 120,000 children under the age of 16. Given these figures it is not surprising that unmarried mothers have attracted the attention of social workers and researchers, not to mention that of the public at large. During the 1950s studies were interested in the causes of illegitimacy. The following decade witnessed the development of casework skills for unmarried mothers, particularly in regard to helping them determine the future placements of their children. Both these foci tended to draw general conclusions from clinical samples. Subsequently, research developed by studying more representative groups of unmarried mothers and by examining their social as well as psychological deprivations.

AbstractThis article examines social deprivation at a regional scale using the case of Guangdong province, China. Counties, county‐level cities, and districts of prefecture cities are selected as the units of analysis. At the provincial level, a significant variation is found in terms of the social deprivation index, showing a pattern of increasing deprivation from the core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) to the peripheral areas of Guangdong province. In the PRD, social development conditions are significantly different among these units, whereas the level of economic development is less differentiated. Social deprivation in urban areas is considerably lower than in rural areas. The differences between cities are significant, showing a bifurcation trend, whereas rural areas seem to be similar. Social disparities in Guangdong province are derived from unequal economic growth as well as social and regional policies.

The development and electronic accessibility of indices of poverty and social deprivation have yet to be fully exploited by mainstream sociology, not least in the field of class analysis where it might seem likely to be taken up. While reasons for this can be suggested, there are several conceptual frameworks within sociological debates about class that might accommodate deprivation and its indicators, and also valuable empirical resources in the form of indices which are now available to researchers interested in contemporary social inequality. The potential of this approach in the UK is demonstrated by an examination of patterns of social deprivation in 1991 Census data for 391 wards in the South West of England, using the Townsend, Jarman, Breadline Britain and the new DoE Local Conditions indices. Urban and rural patterns are demonstrated in inter-pair correlations between index scores, component variable values, and social class represented as SEGs. A factor analysis similarly shows distinct patterns for urban areas, small towns and rural areas. However, in all cases class, single-parent families, and children living in low- income households show the strongest associations with other deprivation indicators. An explanation for the empirical findings may be found in two main strands of class analysis. First, following Weber, deprivation and occupational class both derive from market situations, but the reported deprivation patterns cannot be entirely explained in terms of class: other factors (such as life-cycle) need to be included. Second, while there is no clear evidence of residualization in the data, some aspects of consumption sector theory seem to be born out; for example, differential opportunities for access to consumption. In addition, it is suggested that the rural/urban differences raise issues for ameliorative policies, further demonstrating the potential for a closer integration of the social indicators approach into the techniques of sociological analysis.

This paper traces the evolution of the rented, late colonial slum into the post-independence Kingston ghetto. The change in nomenclature is associated with the violence of the ghetto since political competition became endemic in the 1970s, in short, the slum became a no-go area. Multiple deprivation was conditioned by low-class status, black race, and by high and persistent rates of rental and unemployment. Kingston's experience of slum/ghetto conditions is compared with evidence from Africa and America. (InWent/GIGA)