Suchergebnisse

The so-called hotspots—identification and registration centres on the Aegean Islands in Greece and in Italy—are not only sites of remote detention, European intervention or differential inclusion, but also logistical set-ups, where data is generated and spread across state institutions. Such socio-technical assemblages are hard to research not only because of state actors' desire to keep things secret but also because of methodological issues. How does one disentangle their extensive, complex and rhizomatic nature? Which trajectories does one follow and which actors and voices does one assemble? Following recent work in the realm of STS, methods are understood as (b)ordering devices, which performatively enact an ordered world and produce accounts of the social, including some realities while excluding others. This article considers mapping a well-suited method for studying widespread socio-technical assemblages, but only if it is handled with caution. Based on an empirical inquiry into the Moria hotspot and following a praxeographic research approach, different types of small maps are developed that enfold complexity by being attentive to situatedness, symmetry, multi-sitedness and multiplicity. Furthermore, it emphasizes an on-going process of reflexive inversion of the mapping process that makes the crafted accounts contestable and its boundaries and blind spots visible. Finally, the article discusses how mappings can be used not only as research but also as a political device that contributes to the work of other collectives beyond the scientific production of truth.

We discuss situational analysis as an auspicious method for researchers in childhood studies due to its critical-reflexive approach towards power relations, marginalization, and relationalities of collective action—which are topical issues within childhood studies. Especially the position of "implicated actors" (CLARKE & MONTINI, 1993, p.45), a key concept of social worlds/arenas theory, seems conducive towards research about children. However, we also raise concerns about potentially re-marginalizing children in and through research when it is assumed that, as implicated actors, they are not involved in social worlds/arenas and therefore also not involved in social action. We discuss the methodological potentials and pitfalls of social worlds/arenas maps and the use of the concept of implicated actors to analyze children and childhood. We draw from empirical projects and central conceptual debates within childhood studies and focus on three theses: With social worlds/arenas maps 1. researchers are at risk of rendering children invisible; 2. researchers cannot (yet) capture the intragenerational relations of children (as implicated actors); 3. researchers cannot fully account for a relational understanding of children and childhood. Based on these considerations, we suggest how to enable and reconsider the analysis of children and childhood with social worlds/arenas maps using situational analysis.

The description of the way diverse groupings of individuals perceive objects in their environment has always been an intriguing area of soc-psychol'al res. The recent development of nonmetric multidimensional scaling techniques has opened up new res possibilities in this area. The specific res hereexplores how the differing views of the world of academic experts & members of the public can be represented geometrically by these new techniques. R's were asked to judge the 'similarity' of 17 countries, using whatever criteria of similarity they thought appropriate. In early 1964 this task was completed by 2 sets of R's: a random probability sample of 557 adults in the Detroit area & 148 faculty members from the U of Michigan. The mapping for the public sample showed a pronounced tendency to assign countries into 1 of 3 categories: pro-Western, Communist, & underdeveloped AfroAsian. The map for the academic sample indicated both finer perceptual diff'iation & far greater reliance on the criterion of ED than prevailed in the public. These maps remained essentially homogeneous within the 2 samples-for individuals with cliff educ'al backgrounds within the public, & for members of cliff academic disciplines at the U of Michigan. Attitudinal cliff's on internat'l issues were discovered that were congruent with cliff's in the 2 groups' perceptual maps of the world. AA.

Ancient trade. Catalhöyük and Neolithic trade -- Trade in ancient Egypt -- Greek and Phoenician trade -- Trade in the ancient Near East -- Petra and the frankinscence route -- Roman trade -- The periplus and Rome's eastern trade -- Trade in late antiquity -- The amber road -- Medieval trade. Charlemagne and Carolingian trade -- Trade in the Islamic world -- Europe and the world in 1300 -- The Trans-Saharan gold trade -- The Silk Road -- Marco Polo and the Silk Road -- The rise of the maritime republics -- The Venetian trading empire -- Bruges and the cloth trade -- Plagues and pandemics -- The voyages of Zheng He -- Trade in the age of discovery. The joining of the world -- The Portuguese trading empire in Africa -- Circumnavigating the globe -- Ottoman trade in the 16th century -- Aztec trade -- The silver trade -- Pirates and privateers -- Newfoundland and the cod trade -- The Dutch and Manhattan -- The Hudson's Bay Company and the fur trade -- Trade and the birth of the United States -- South America and the Spanish -- The Portuguese and the spice trade -- The Dutch East India Company -- The Portuguese and the Japan trade -- Portugal's China trade -- Sweden, Russia and North European trade in the 16th century -- Trade, revolution and empire (c. 1700-1900). The British in India -- The slave trade -- The sugar trade -- The cotton trade -- The coffee trade -- The China tea trade and the clippers -- The age of steam -- World cities -- Imperialism and trade -- The Erie Canal -- The Suez Canal -- The Panama Canal -- The US Transcontinental Railroad -- The Trans-Siberian Railway -- The Cape to Cairo Railway -- The wool trade -- Refrigeration and the meat trade -- The coal trade -- Trade in the Industrial Age (1900-present). The second industrial revolution -- A smaller world -- Tariffs and trade -- The oil trade -- Electronics and the internet -- Banking and finance -- Tourism and trade -- Trade blocs -- Threats to world trade.

International audience ; When the construction of a political space demands shared systems of measurement, ensuring that everything is made comparable, coding categories and procedures are brought into place. Attributing singular cases to measurable categories was for a long time a prerogative of the State, but new systems of metrology are now broadening the range of players. With this traversal, we aim to start deconstructing these metrological systems, both old and new, to prompt different readings of the rhetoric behind them. By focusing on the social and political dimensions, the aim is to understand how metrology operates, when knowledge means power.