The aim of this study is trying to interpret the crisis of legitimacy which faced the political system in Libya after the events of 2011, including the multiple legislative and executive bodies, based on specified theoretical perception is Crisis Theory for Jürgen Habermas, which he is trying to linking between the political system has legitimacy and its ability to overcome the different crises and challenges that faced, is a reliable perception in the case of Libya, in particular, every political party in the Libyan scene is consider himself the legal and legitimate representatives of the Libyan community, in light of political division and multiple parliamentary bodies and executive Governments in the country,the researcher adopted in this trying to analytical reading emphasize on specific points in many official and non-official studies and reports on the Libyan situation, study found that all successive political parties that topped the Libyan political scene form 2011, had failed to counter the various challenges whether security or constitutional, and were unable to manage the different crisis suffered by the Libyan citizen, specially economic, living and service, this place it in a real crisis of legitimacy at the level of society as a whole, in light of decrease what they have done in the past and what they can do in the future under the current situation, which contributed in create a case of distrust among the citizens in their programs and plans and lost motivation to participate in the various activities that they supervise on the one hand, and in increasing cases of disrespect for laws and decisions that represent their authority on the other hand,this leads us to say that the political system in Libya after the events of 2011, is faces a national crisis of legitimacy, accompanied by crises in motivation and non-normality, according to Habermas societal crisis theory, this is reflected in our reading of studies and reports that have been exposed to the Libyan crisis.
The study aimed to investigate the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in local community development in Jordan. A self-administrated questionnaire was designed in accordance with the research hypothesis and objectives, and distributed over a random sample of 120 NGO officials in Jordan. Analysis of the collected data revealed that NGOs have a statistically significant role (α ; The study aims at investigating the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Jordanian society development in Jordan. A descriptive analysis methodology is used . The study uses a questionnaire to collect the required data which is designed in accordance with the research hypothesis and objectives. The targeted population is the NGOs officials. A random sample of 120 NGO officials in Jordan. Analysis of the collected data reveals that NGOs have a statistically significant role (α
Every translator is, in a such way, consciously or not, an "unfaithful" missionary between two cultures. Both among the Arab scholars and Western academics, translation has always had an important role: between similarities and differences the literary world has produced a lot of theories about the techniques and the tasks connected to the translator's work. What happens if an unfaithful translation becomes a metaphor to express the writer's will to criticize the society where he lives? In al-Mutarğim al-ḫā'in (The Unfaithful Translator, 2008) by the Syrian writer Fawwāz Ḥaddād, the protagonist, Ḥāmid Salīm, voluntarily alters the final of the book he's translating. From this moment on, he will be victim of persecution by an Organization that deals with literature just in appearance. In this way Fawwāz Ḥaddād proposes a perspective on the political and literary scene of the contemporary Syrian society. The act of betrayal of Ḥāmid Salīm becomes an unusual act of subversion towards the autocratic political system of his country.
Bu araştırma gösteriyor ki ; vakıflar üzerinden ekonomik güçlendirme her hangi bir toplumda kalkınmayı ölçmek için nemli hale gelmiştir, vakıfların ekonomik durumunu güçlendirip kalkındırmak için hükümet ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının elinden geldiğince destek vermeleri gerekiyor. Aynı zamanda ekonomik güçlendirme ile alakalı tüm sıkıntıları ulusal , blgesel ve uluslararası kuruluşlara anlatılması gerekir çünkü güçsüz bir toplum ile hiç bir devlet kalkınmayı sağlayıp ayağa kalkamaz. Ayrıca , her hangi bir toplumu bir kalkınma sürecin içine katarsan demek oluyor ki bu adıma göre toplumların gelişip gelişmeyeceğine karar verilir, uluslararası arenada büyük devletlerden biri olabilmek için toplumu kalkınma sürecin içine katmakla olur . Hayırlı ve gnüllülük işi olduğu için bu alan her zaman fakirlik sıkıntısını çzüp ekonomik güçlendirmek için nemli rol almıştır. Vakıf kuruluşların tarihine bakarsak grürüz ki ekonomik güçlendirme vakıflar için hep sağlam bir kaynak olup bağışçıların ilgisini çekmiştir bu da şundan kaynaklanıyor; ekonomik güçlendirme hem eğitim, sağlık, genel hizmetler, ulaşım hem de konut yapımı için kolaylık sağlayıp tüccarlara , çiftçilere ve çalışanlara maddi olarak kaynak bulup finans etmiştir . Araştırmalara gre , sivil toplum kuruluşları, hayırsever kurumlar ve vakıflar fakirlere ister maddi ister teknik ister de ayni yardımları vererek aktif bir rol oynamıştır . STK'lar, gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararası arenada ekonomik güçlendirmek için bir rol oynadığını gösteriyor bir de devletlerin ve bağış yapan kurumların güvenini kazanıyor . Allah'a çok şükür ki bir taraftan kuranı kerim ve sünnetteki metin -VIIIbir taraftan da iktisatçılar, araştırmacılar ve bilim adamların söylediklerine dayalı olarak çalışmamdaki bu açıklayıcı yaklaşımı kullandım çünkü ekonomik güçlendirmede vakıfların önemli rolünü açıklamak istedim.aynı zamanda , araştırmalarımın doğruluğunu göstermek için son yıllarda ve çeşitli çağlardaki vakıfların tarihine ulaşabilmek için çok büyük çaba gösteip önemli tavsiyelerde bulunmak istedim ki belki ümmetin bu ekonomik sıkıntılarından kurtulmak için bir vesile olur ve bu tavsiyeler bu araştırmanın sonucudur. ; This study shows that economic empowerment through foundations has gained importance to measure the development in any society and governments and non-governmental organizations need to support as much as they can to strengthen and develop the economic situation of foundations. At the same time, all the problems associated with economic empowerment must be addressed to national, regional and international institutions. Because, with a powerless society, no state can provide development and stand up. In addition, if you put any society into a development process, it means that it is decided according to this order whether societies will develop or not. In order to be one of the greatest states in the international arena, society must be involved in the development process. Because it is a voluntary and charity work, this area has always played an important role in solving poverty and strengthening the economy. If we look at the history of foundations, we can see that the economic empowerment has always been a solid source for foundations and has attracted the interest of donors. It is because the economic empowerment facilitated both education, health, general services, transportation and housing construction, and funded traders, farmers and employees by finding financial sources. According to researches, non-governmental organizations, philanthropic institutions and foundations have played an active role by providing financial, technical or in-kind aid to the poor. NGOs Show that they play a role in economic empowerment both nationally and internationally and they gain the trust of states and donor agencies as well. Thanks to Allah, I have used this explanatory approach in my study, on the one hand based on -VIthe texts of Quran Karim and Sunna, and on the other hand what are said by the economists, researchers and scientists, because I wanted to explain the importance of foundations in the economic empowerment. At the same time, in order to prove out my researches, I wanted to make great efforts and to make important recommendations to reach the history of foundations in recent years and at various times, so that it conduces to an opportunity for Ummah to get rid of these economic troubles and these recommendations are the result of my study.
The Syrian event formed a social laboratory that can test various theories of social sciences. Given the intensity of the conflict and the depth of the fluctuations and changes created, there are clear horizontal and vertical divisions and overlapping of the Syrian society's political attitudes towards what is happening. The importance of demographic factors in this regard was remarkable, which is an opportunity to study the factors that determine the political attitude and highlight the demographic factors. Due to the special circumstances of Syria and the difficulty of reaching all segments of society, we chose to study the political attitude of the Syrian students at Mardin Artuklu University. We distributed a questionnaire on a random sample and 212 could be accepted. After carrying out the statistical analysis of the data it was found that the most important demographic factors contributing to determining the age of political attitude, Where the older segments of the youth tended to opposition mood, and the ethnic factor, where it was found that Arabs have an attitude closer to the opposition mood compared to Kurds. While there was no significant effect on the factors such as religion, financial situation and gender.
Iraq is facing daunting challenges of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) insurgency, political upheaval, and profound economic and humanitarian crises. Compounding the ISIS-related crisis, the sharp decline in global oil prices has resulted in significant decline in oil export revenues. Implementation of political reforms, announced in August 2015, has been slow due to constitutional constraints and systemic resistance to changes. Iraq's economic prospects are subject to significant risks. Iraq has recently achieved some important steps towards strengthening its investment climate, but much remains to be done. An attractive investment climate is integral to economic growth and poverty reduction. A key task of the government is to balance the interests of society and individual firms. A stronger investment climate does not equate with a more comfortable life for individual firms. The government must manage these trade-offs: global analysis of the World Bank's investment climate surveys shows that firms facing strong competition are on average fifty percent more likely to innovate than firms reporting no such pressure. Innovation, in turn, is a key ingredient for productivity improvement. The special focus section explores the different aspects of the investment climate in order to better understand their importance. With this background, the authors then look at Iraq's investment climate and recent efforts to strengthen it. Finally, the authors look at priorities for improving Iraq's investment climate going forward.
ان حجم ظاهرة الفساد في العالمآخذة في التفاقم، إلى درجة أن اثاره صارت تهدد مجتمعات كثيرة بالانهيار ، لكن الدلائل القاطعة أثبتت انه كلما حقق المجتمعات قدرا اعلى من الديمقراطية والشفافية، يزداد دور مؤسسات المجتمع المدني والمنظمات الدولية ، في مكافحة الفساد ومحاصرته، أي كلما زادت جودة الحكم تقلص مستوى الفساد ، وظاهرة الفساد في الجزائر حقيقة موجودة منذ الاستقلال لاسبيل لانكارها، بل ان حجمه ازداد ودائرته اتسعت، وجرائمه انتشرت، لدرجة انها صارت اخطر على الدول من جرائم الارهاب، خاصة مع بداية انطلاق المشاريع التنموية مطلع القرن الحالي ، تاركة الجزائر في مؤخرة الترتيب العالمي لأقل الدول فسادا ; The size of the phenomenon of corruption in the world is getting worse to the point that its effects become threatening many societies to collapse. But the evidence unequivocal proved that whenever communities and societies achieved a higher level of democracy and transparency, the role of civil society organizations and international organizations increases to fight against corruption; i.e. the higher the governance's quality, the diminished level of corruption. The phenomenon of corruption in Algeria is a fact which exists since independence and there is no way to deny it. But its size has increased, his circle has widened and his crimes have propagated to the extent that it becomes more dangerous on the state than terrorism's crimes on the state. This raise was more apparent on the 21st century onset especially with the beginning of development projects. According to several international organizations interested in corruption, Algeria is in the front of the ranking of countries the most corrupted.
In Madīḥ al-karāhiya (The Praise of Hatred, 2006), Syrian novelist Khālid Khalīfa devotes his art to the literary representation of martyrdom. In this novel, the relationship between body, violence and identity is explored in order to represent and challenge any form of repression—be it political or religious—that ravaged Syria during the 1980s. The novel's female protagonist is a teenager from a Muslim family of Aleppo. Upset by the changes that are happening to her body—she is becoming a woman—her wish to escape sexual desire and to conceal the signs of her femininity brings her closer to a group of Muslim extremists who practice armed struggle. By focusing on this female character, Khālid Khalīfa questions the role of violence and religion in the process of the individual's subjectivation. The adolescent female body becomes the symbol of the individual's rejection of norms, a nonconformism that cannot be accepted by society. For the protagonist, martyrdom is the means to define her individual identity and to appropriate her body by imposing it on the public space and on her community. ; 1 ; open ; Non definito ; Dans Madīḥ al-karāhiya (L'éloge de la haine), roman publié en 2006, l'écrivain syrien Ḫālid Ḫalīfa se consacre à la représentation littéraire du martyre. Dans cette œuvre, la relation entre corps, violence et identité devient un moyen pour représenter et contester toute forme de pouvoir répressif – politique et religieux – ayant ravagé la Syrie pendant les années 1980. La protagoniste est une adolescente – issue d'une famille musulmane d'Alep – bouleversée par les changements de son corps. Sa volonté d'échapper à ses désirs sexuels et à la manifestation de plus en plus visible de sa féminité entraîne son rapprochement d'un groupe d'extrémistes musulmans qui pratiquent la lutte armée. En portant son attention sur l'individu féminin, Ḫālid Ḫalīfa s'interroge sur le rôle de la violence liée à la religion dans les processus de subjectivation des individus. Le corps féminin adolescent devient le symbole de ...
هدفت هذه الد اسة إلى كلفلة الإ تق ل من الرؤية الفردية لا إدا ة المؤسس ت اللأقفلة إلى عأ مؤسسي ف ل۔ وق م البحث اولاً ببل ن مفالأم الحلأكأة لغة واصطلاح , ثم ا تق الى ت ريف ت المنظأ ت الدوللة لمفالأم الحلأكأة, وعلاقة الحلأكأة بم فحة الفس د الم لي والادا ي, وب ده است راض المؤسس ت اللأقفلة قديم , وحديث , ع لمل , وعربل , واوضح دو المؤسس ت اللأقفلة فى التنألة المستدامة للأجتأع, وبين البحث ال رك ت اللأقفلة الحديثة لغة واصطلاح , وبين كلفلة ا ء هذه ال رك ت. وك ت م لة البحث نين إدا ة ني لب المؤسس ت اللأقفلة, تغلب عللا الرؤية والإجتا دات الفردية, لا علر تنلأعت فلا ال للأم والما ات الادا ية الحديثة, لذلك اجتاد البحث لايج د وقد اقترح ,"SGPMO", ح لهذه الم لة, ببن ء الم تب الإستراتلجي لإدا ة الحلأكأة وا داء البحث نملأذج للحلأكأة وا داء, ق ئ على ثلاث مح و هي "المأ ن ت, والسأ ت, وال ألل ت" وك محلأ بداخلا ثم لة عن صر لتف للا, وي أ م تب الحلأكأة لا ثلاث مستلأيات داخ المؤسس ت اللأقفلة حتى يستطلع حلأكأة هذه المؤسس ت ب ك م , وهي " المستلأى الاستراتلجي, والمستلأى التنفلذي, والمستلأى الت غللي", وداخ ك مستلأى يت تنفلذ مجألأعة من اللأظ ئف۔ ; The Role of Governance in WAQF Development and Sustainability. This study aimed at "how to move from individual vision in the management of WAQF institutions to effective institutional work. The study first introduced the concept of governance in terms of language and terminology. He then went on to the definitions of international organizations for the concept of governance, as well as the relationship of governance to combating financial and administrative corruption. He explained the role of foundations in the sustainable development of society. The research of modern waqf companies has shown language and terminology, and how to establish these companies. The problem of research was that the management of most Waqf institutions, dominated by vision and individual judgments, in an age of diverse science and modern management skills. The research proposed a model of governance and performance, based on three axes: "enablers, themes, processes" and each axis with eight elements to activate it. The Corporate Governance and Performance Management Office operates at three levels within Waqf institutions, namely, "Strategic Level, Executive Level and Operational Level". A range of functions are implemented within each level. ; Bu çalışma Vakıf kurumlarının yönetiminde bireysel vizyondan etkin kurumsal çalışmaya nasıl geçileceğini hedef almıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak dil ve terminoloji açısından yönetişim kavramı tanıtıldı. Ardından yönetişim kavramı için uluslararası örgütlerin tanımlarına devam etti. Yönetişimin finansal ve idari yolsuzlukla mücadeleyle ilişkisinin yanı sıra. Vakfın toplumun sürdürülebilir kalkınmasındaki rolünü açıkladı. Araştırma modern vakıf şirketlerinin dili ve terminolojisi ile bu şirketlerin nasıl kurulacağı olarak tanımlandı. Araştırma sorunu, vizyon ve bireysel kararların hakim olduğu vakıf kurumlarının çoğunun, çeşitli bilim ve modern yönetim becerileri çağında yönetilmesiydi. Araştırma, üç eksene dayanan bir yönetişim ve performans modeli önerdi: "etkinleştiriciler, temalar, süreçler" ve her ekseni harekete geçirmek için sekiz unsurla birlikte. Yönetim ve Performans Yönetimi Ofisi, "Stratejik Seviye, Yönetici Seviyesi ve Operasyonel Seviye" olmak üzere üç düzeyde faaliyet göstermektedir.
